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64-911: The National University of Music is divided into two faculties: the Faculty of Composition, Musicology and Musical Pedagogy and the Faculty of Performing Arts. Administratively, it is divided into the Department of Scientific Research and Artistic Activities, the Department of International Relations and European Programs, the Teacher Training Department, the Music Shows Department, and the Low-Residency Program Department ( see also Education in Romania ). The main building and Rectorate

128-452: A 1 to 10 grading system is used with 10 being the best, 1 being the worst and 5 being the minimum passing grade. The system of continuous assessment is also used, with individual marks for each test, oral examination, project, homework or classwork being entered in the register ( catalog ) (these individual marks are known as "note"). There must be at least as many marks for a subject as the number of weekly classes for that subject plus three. At

192-520: A 1–4 value for each qualifier (for example, if a student has FB, FB, B, B in Mathematics, then the mark will be (4 + 4 + 3 + 3) : 4 = 3.5, therefore B – taking into account that the performance of the student has lowered over time a B, B, FB, FB will also be 3.5 but will be marked as FB because the performance has improved over time). There is no average calculated for the whole year, but only per subject per semester. For grades fifth to twelfth,

256-548: A College, Liceu or Grup Școlar must take the National Baccalaureate Exam ( Examenul Național de Bacalaureat — colloquially known as the bac ). Despite the similarity in name with the French word Baccalauréat , there are few similarities. The Bacalaureat comprises 2 or 3 oral examinations and 4 or 5 written examinations, usually spanning the course of one and a half weeks in late June and September. It

320-569: A foreign language, such as English, French, German or Spanish; a two-part examination (Grammar/Vocabulary and Speaking) is required for them. The passing mark is 5 for each of the exams. The finishing grade (also known as the admission grade) is computed, taking into account for 20% an average of all the Yearly General Averages starting with year 5 and for the rest of 80% the mark obtained at the National Test (1-10, 10 being

384-649: A former branch of the Art Academy , in 1954, to form the UNATC . During this period, from 1950 to 1953, the veteran conductor George Georgescu , a close associate of Enescu who had himself studied cello at the institution a half century before, took his sole academic post, teaching the conducting class. In 2001, twelve years after the Romanian Revolution , the Romanian government awarded the institution

448-527: A high school diploma, access to the Bacalaureat exam and therefore access to University studies. Unlike the Swedish or French systems, the choice of high school curriculum does not limit the choices for university. For example, a graduate of a Mathematics-Computer Programming (Real) Department of a National College may apply to a Language Department of a University without any problem. However, because of

512-529: A long schedule (typically 8 a.m. to 5–6 p.m., with three snacks and one meal, and almost always including after lunch sleeping periods). In rural areas, most kindergartens only have a short schedule. Rural kindergartens also suffer from underfunding and neglect. The private sector has a very large role in providing kindergarten and day care services, having a large proportion in the market share for preschool education. Typical tuition fees for private kindergarten range between 400 and 1,600 lei monthly, depending on

576-482: A maximum of two subjects, then the student must take a special exam ( corigență ) at the failed subject in August, in front of a school board. If he fails this exam, he must repeat the entire year ( repetenție ). If the yearly average per subject is below 5 for three subjects or more, the student is no longer entitled to the special exam and must repeat the year. The "preparatory school year" became compulsory in 2012, and

640-492: A package of two or three subjects at group level (not individual level). Usually optional subjects provide additional hours of the hardest subjects, through "extensions" and "development classes". Some high schools may offer unique classes (e.g. History of Film ) In addition, there are also a large number of specializations. A student can be, for example, enrolled in a National College, study a real program, specializing in mathematics-informatics. High school students graduating from

704-774: A perfect paper (42 points) for gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, doing it all three times he participated in the IMO (1995, 1996, 1997). Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China and Russia, and right after the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks 6th in the all-time medal count at the International Olympiad in Informatics with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that Romania

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768-469: A school psychologist. An 8th grade schedule may contain up to 30–32 hours weekly, or 6 hours daily, thus making it quite intensive, for instance: In addition, schools may add 1 or 2 classes at their free choice. This possibility gave rise to Intensive English Classes or Informatics Groups, accessible only by special exams in the 5th grade. There are up to 15 compulsory subjects (usually 8–13) and up to 5 optional subjects (usually 1 or 2). However, unlike in

832-445: A sharp drop from nearly 30,000 units in 1996. This is mainly because many schools were brought together in order to form bigger schools and eliminate paperwork. In the same year, 3.2 million students and preschoolers were enrolled in the educational system, 500,000 more than in 2012. Throughout the 20th century, compulsory education has oscillated between 4 years, 7 years, again 4 years, 7 years, 8 years, 10 years, and again 8 years. In

896-404: A sufficiently high grade to enter academic high school, because secondary education is compulsory. Between 2003 and 2010, the main type of such education were Schools of Crafts and Trades ( Școli de Arte și Meserii ), but these have been abolished. The structure of vocational education is under constant reform, in an attempt to be connected to the work market. In order to enroll in a high school,

960-516: A total 123,619 scored a perfect 10 (0.11%) while 86.162 (69.70%) students passed the Bacalaureat. In case of failure ( respins ), the student is allowed to retake only the exams he failed, until he manages to graduate but no more than 5 times. A September session is held especially for those failing in the June/July session or for those unable to attend the exam in the summer. In case a student

1024-518: A total of 14 years. The 2011 law was replaced by a new law in 2023, which added one more year of compulsory education, namely the middle form ("grupa mijlocie") of kindergarten. Kindergartens offer preschool education for children (usually between ages 3–6) and typically last for 3 forms – "small group" ( grupa mică ) for children aged 3–4, "middle group" ( grupa mijlocie ), for children aged 4–5, and "big group" ( grupa mare ) for children aged 5–6, with this last form becoming compulsory in 2020, and

1088-447: Is a highly centralized, national exam. Usually the exam papers are taken to a centralized marking facility, sometimes even in another city, under police guard (for example in 2001 all the exams from Brașov were sent to Brăila for marking). The exam supervisors (always high school teachers or university professors) cannot teach in, or otherwise be related to, the high school they are sent to supervise. The 6 exams are : Except for

1152-473: Is a requirement in order to enter the first grade. According to Article 23 of the Education law no 1/2011 ( Legea Educației Naționale nr.1/2011 ) the preparatory class is part of the primary school and is compulsory. Primary school classes are taught by a single teacher ( învățător ) for the most subjects. Additional teachers are assigned only for a few specialized subjects (modern languages, sport, etc.). At

1216-485: Is compulsory for 15 years (from the second year of the kindergarten to the twelfth grade). With the exception of kindergarten (preschool) and tertiary education (university), the private sector has a very low presence in the Romanian education system. Education became compulsory in Romania in the 19th century, in 1864, under ruler Alexandru Ioan Cuza , when four years of primary school became free and compulsory for all children, regardless of social class and sex. Despite this,

1280-484: Is done based on local tests. Assessing the students' performance is also different between primary and gymnasium cycles. Starting with the 5th grade, students have a different teacher ( profesor ) for each subject. Furthermore, each class has a teacher designated to be class principal ( diriginte ), besides teaching his or hers usual subject. Additional counseling may be provided by a special counselor ( consilier pe probleme de educație – counselor on educational issues) or by

1344-486: Is done by a special exam besides the National Tests in music or art. Services and Economics programs — Profil economic will give a qualification in the fields of services, such as an economic, tourist, commerce, administrative operator, or a waiter, chef. Offering a quite balanced program, similar to the real studies in the theoretical program, but a bit lighter, and giving a valuable qualification, this program

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1408-433: Is especially obvious in state-run kindergartens, that charge no tuition fees, especially given the relatively high tuition fees of private venues. Local councils, especially in larger cities (such as Bucharest or Sibiu ), where both parents typically work, seeing an increase in demand, have begun investing in expanding existing kindergartens, building new ones or offering stipends for private kindergartens as to cover part of

1472-479: Is free to offer one or more academic programs ( profile ). These are: Theoretical program Both Science and Humanities can provide bilingual programs (extended hours in a second language) which reward the students with a translator's diploma. The Math and Computer programming branch can also provide an intensive course in programming which also ends with a diploma. These are not, however, available at every highschool (different schools decide their own programs) and

1536-466: Is fulfilling only 65.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Romania's income level, the nation is achieving 48.5% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 81.6% for secondary education. Education in Romania

1600-402: Is marked from 1 to 10 with 10 being the best, using two decimals for written exams (e.g. 9.44 or 9.14 is a valid mark) and an integer for an oral exam. Each exam is corrected and graded by two separate correctors (no computers are involved, as this is not a standardized test) agreeing on the mark based on a nationwide guideline. The total mark for the Bacalaureat is the arithmetic mean average of

1664-666: Is no formal limitation: if that student manages to understand calculus, they are free to apply. High school enrollment is conditioned on passing the National Test and participating in the National Computerized Repartition. High school studies are four years in length, all four years compulsory since 2020. There are no exams between the 10th and the 11 years. There is also a lower frequency program taking 5 years for those wishing to attend high school after abandoning at an earlier age. The Romanian secondary education system includes: Each type of high-school

1728-413: Is not content with the mark received, one may contest it in 24 hours after finding his or her score. If passed, unlike the case with most high school completion exams, he or she may not retake it (although this matters less in Romania than in the United States or Germany). Ministry of Education (Romania) The Ministry of Education ( Romanian : Ministerul Educației ) is one of the ministries of

1792-470: Is quite poorly trained, with illiteracy being higher than the previous generation, especially among the Roma population in rural areas. A new law come into force in 2011. This law came into force after years of political debate regarding not only the number of years in compulsory education, but also how they should be structured. The original form of the law, which would have moved the 9th grade to middle school,

1856-513: Is situated at Știrbei Vodă Street, 33. As of 2023, UNMB's Rector is Diana Asinefta Moș. The university was established in June 1863 as the Music and Declamation Conservatory ( Conservatorul de Muzică și Declamațiune , also translated as Music and Drama Conservatory ), by decree of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza . Initially, it was a secondary education institution which included two main sections,

1920-402: Is taken by all students called Evaluarea Națională (The National Test ) also known as Examen de Capacitate (Capacity Exam) and can be taken only once, in June. The subjects are Romanian Language and Literature and Mathematics (and additionally the language of the school for ethnic minority schools or classes and for bi-lingual schools). Many high schools provide classes with intensive study of

1984-446: Is very sought after (being second only to the real program). Some economic high schools, such as Colegiul Economic Virgil Madgearu (Bucharest), are more academically focused; while others focus more on the vocational specializations. The following high-schools forms (no longer existent today) did not allow entrance to universities: Optional subjects are either imposed by schools on the students or, at best, students are allowed to choose

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2048-736: The Government of Romania . Over the years the Ministry changed its title. Initially it was called Ministry of Religion and Public Instruction ( Romanian : Ministerul Religiei și Instrucțiunii Publice ), then Ministry of Public Instruction ( Romanian : Ministerul Instrucțiunii Publice ), then it changed to Ministry of Teaching ( Romanian : Ministerul Învățământului ), Ministry of Teaching and Science ( Romanian : Ministerul Învățământului și Științei ), then changed back to Ministry of Teaching ( Romanian : Ministerul Învățământului ). When Andrei Marga became Minister, it introduced

2112-458: The downfall of the communist regime , the Romanian educational system has gone through several reforms. Kindergarten is optional under the age of five. Compulsory schooling usually starts at age 4, with the second year of kindergarten ( grupa mijlocie ), which is mandatory in order to enter primary school. Schooling is compulsory until the twelfth grade (which corresponds with the age of eighteen or nineteen). The school educational cycle ends in

2176-410: The 21st century, it was raised to 10 years, then to 11 years, and then to 14 years. When the communists came into power in 1947, compulsory education was 7 years, but this was not enforced. Originally, the communist regime lowered compulsory education to 4 years, but with a strong enforcement. Next they increased it gradually to 7, 8 and ultimately 10 years. After the 1989 revolution, compulsory education

2240-852: The Institute of Vocal Music and the School of Instrumental Music, with branches in Bucharest and Iași , Moldavia 's former capital. The Bucharest branch replaced the Philharmonic School ( Școala Filarmonică ), which also offered lessons in acting . The institution's first director was composer Alexandru Flechtenmacher  [ ro ] , under whose leadership the Conservatory gave courses in violin , solfege , Christian music choir , piano , harmony , and singing. In 1900, composer Alfons Castaldi  [ ro ] set up

2304-671: The Law 198/2023. During the transition period after the law of 2012 was enacted, transfers of teachers occurred in order to fill in the educational needs of this year. Kindergarten services differ from one kindergarten to another, and from public (state) to private ones, and may include initiation in foreign languages (typically English, French or German ), introduction in computer studies , dancing , swimming , etc. All kindergartens provide at least one meal or one snack, some having their own kitchens and their own cooks, others opting for dedicated catering services. Many kindergartens (especially

2368-466: The United Kingdom or France, these optional subjects are chosen by the school and imposed on the student – they are known as School Decided Curriculum ( Curriculum la Decizia Școlii – CDȘ ) and are usually extensions to the compulsory subjects. For the duration of the elementary school, each student must take: At the end of the 8th grade (usually corresponding to age 14 or 15) a nationwide test

2432-558: The beginning of September and ends in the middle or end of June the following year. It is divided into five periods called modules, each followed by a holiday: Additionally, each school decides when to organise the programmes Săptămâna altfel (Different Week) and Săptămâna Verde (Green Week). A class ( clasă ) can have up to about 30 students (25 is considered optimum), and there can be as few as one class per grade or as many as twenty classes per grade. Usually, each group has its own classroom . Each group has its own designation, usually

2496-419: The efforts of one of Romania's most celebrated composers, George Enescu , who was later named Honorary Professor. In the 1940s, the academy was led by Mihail Jora , whom the institution itself credits with having revolutionized teaching methods by imposing more rigor and innovative approaches. In the 1950s, under the communist regime , the academy took the name of composer Ciprian Porumbescu , and reverted to

2560-484: The end of primary school, curriculum is diversified. For instance, a 4th grade student (10–11 years of age) may have on a weekly basis: Notes: These subjects commonly have teachers other than the main teacher. Classes are reshaped at the end of the 4th grade, often based on academic performances. Many schools have special classes (such as intensive English classes or Informatics classes, providing one or two more courses in these subjects). Selection for such classes

2624-411: The end of the school year, an average is computed for each subject using the arithmetical average of all marks. The last step is adding all the yearly averages per subject (rounded to the nearest integer) and dividing that amount by the total number of subjects. This forms the yearly grade average ( media generală ). This is neither weighted nor rounded. If the yearly average per subject is below 5 for

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2688-403: The first chamber music course. During the interwar period , the Conservatory grew to accommodate counterpoint , orchestration , aesthetics and music history classes. On July 17, 1931, it was turned into an academy placed under the patronage of King Carol II , and renamed Royal Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( Academia Regală de Muzică și Artă Dramatică ). This was largely due to

2752-508: The grade followed by a letter of the alphabet (for example, VII A means that the student is in the 7th grade in the 'A' class). Primary schools commonly give them names, usually animals. For the first four years a system similar to E-S-N-U is used, known as calificative . These are Foarte bine (FB) – Excellent, Bine (B) – Good, Satisfăcător/Suficient (S) – Satisfactory, actually meaning (barely) passing, Nesatisfăcător/Insuficient (N/I) – Failed. Students who get an N/I must take an exam in

2816-407: The high school he or she desires, while somebody with 5.50 has almost no chance to attend a top-ranked high school. However, based on this system, the last admission averages for some prestigious high schools are over 9.50 or 9.60. There are five types of high schools in Romania allowing access to university, based on the type of education offered and their academic performance. All of these allow for

2880-455: The highest, not rounded, precision 0.01). The exam marks were public, with results lists being placed both in schools and on the Internet until 2020, when the student's names were replaced with examination codes. After the 8th grade, students go to secondary education; since 2020, all four years are compulsory. Various types of vocational schools exist in Romania for students who do not have

2944-470: The languages exams, the subjects are provided in any language desired by the candidate (demands can be made "on the spot" for a number of languages — Hungarian, German and Romanian subjects are available in all high schools nationwide, with other languages in areas where the respective language is spoken, while for other languages the request must be filed alongside the registration form, two months in advance). Braille can also be provided. Each exam ( Proba )

3008-465: The largest reform measures, starting with the name of the institution: Ministry of National Education ( Romanian : Ministerul Educației Naționale ). In 2000 the name was changed to Ministry of Education and Research ( Romanian : Ministerul Educației și Cercetării ). This title was kept until April 2007, when it changed to Ministry of Education, Research and Youth ( Romanian : Ministerul Educației, Cercetării și Tineretului ). On 21 December 2012

3072-709: The law was not enforced, and mass illiteracy persisted well into the 20th century: in the 1930s, 43% of adults were illiterate. The Romanian literacy campaigns started in 1948 largely eradicated illiteracy in the 1950s. The education system of Romania resembles the French education system . During the communist era , it was influenced by the Soviet education system (especially in the 1950s), and it included political propaganda, as well as hours of compulsory physical work by school children (usually in agriculture). As of April 2013, there were about 7,200 opened schools in Romania,

3136-576: The majority of students make their highschool choice based on what classes they want to take. Every student has a fair chance of entering a higher level of education regardless of the chosen profile. Technical programs — Profil tehnic will give a qualification in a technical field such as electrician, industrial machine operator, train driver, and mechanic, etc. A lot of subjects are technically based (e.g. Calibration of Technical Measurement Machines, Locomotive Mechanics), with some math, physics and chemistry and almost no humanities. Natural resources and

3200-480: The middle form becoming compulsory in 2023. The "preparatory school year" ( clasa pregătitoare ) is for children aged 6–7, and since it became compulsory in 2012, it usually takes place at school. The preparatory school year has been a requirement in order to enter the first grade since 2012, being part of the primary education stage, according to Article 23 of the Education law no 1/2011 ( Legea Educației Naționale nr.1/2011 ) and currently according to Article 31 of

3264-555: The name of Conservatory—the Ciprian Porumbescu Conservatory or Conservatorul Ciprian Porumbescu . At the time, it was divided into two faculties: Performing Art and Composition, and Musicology, Orchestra Conducting and Pedagogy. In 1950, the drama department was turned into a separate Theater Institute, named after playwright Ion Luca Caragiale . It reunited with the Film Art Institute,

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3328-473: The private ones) provide children with transportation to and from kindergarten. Groups typically have 1–2 teachers ( educatori ) and 10–15 children (typically more in state kindergartens). Most public kindergartens in urban areas offer parents three types of programs, in order to better suit the parents' schedules – a short schedule (typically 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., with one snack or meal), a medium schedule (typically 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., with one snack and one meal) and

3392-758: The protection of the environment programs — Profil resurse naturale si protectia mediului , will give a qualification in agriculture, sylviculture, protection of the environment, food industry. Like the technical programs, it is focused more on training for a job, and is lighter on academics. Vocational programs — Profil vocațional will give a qualification in a non-technical field, such as kindergarten educator, assistant architect, or pedagogue. A lot of subjects are based on humanities, with specifics based on qualification (such as Teaching) and almost no math, physics or chemistry. Art, music, and design high schools are grouped here. High schools belonging to religious cults are also included. Usually, admission in these high schools

3456-503: The school nearest to his or her residence. Some schools that have a good reputation are flooded with demands from parents even two or three years in advance. A negative consequence of this is that in many schools classes are held in two shifts lasting from as early as 7 a.m. to as late as 8 p.m. Education is free in public schools (including some books ), but not entirely (some textbooks, notebooks, writing instruments, consumables and uniforms may be required to be purchased). School starts in

3520-478: The six or eight marks obtained (0.01 precision). To pass, a student must obtain an average score of at least 6.00 and at least 5.00 at each of the individual exams. A student scoring a perfect 10 will be awarded with special honors ( Absolvent cu Merite Deosebite ), a monetary award from the government and in the last few years free entrance at two of the biggest music festivals in the country ( Untold Festival and Neversea Festival). In July 2018, 132 candidates out of

3584-590: The status of a National University. Education in Romania Education in Romania is based on a free-tuition, egalitarian system. Access to free education is guaranteed by Article 32 in the Constitution of Romania . Education is regulated and enforced by the Ministry of National Education . Each step has its own form of organization and is subject to different laws and directives. Since

3648-408: The student must choose a list of high schools he or she desires to attend (there is no automatic enrolment this time), based on his mark and options by filling in a nationwide form . A national computer system does the repartition, by taking into account students in the order of their preferences and their "admission grade". Thus, somebody with a 9.85 average (this is a top 5% mark) will certainly enter

3712-488: The subjects taught, the quality of education and the requirements for admission in universities, artificial barriers may appear: for example, a graduate of a Humane and Social Studies Department will find it very hard to apply for a Mathematics Department at a University because the admission exam for that university department requires knowledge of calculus , a subject not taught in Humanities and Social Studies. But there

3776-423: The summer with a special assembly of teachers, and if the situation is not improved, the student will repeat the whole year. The "qualifiers" ( calificative ) are given throughout the year, in a system of year-long assessment, on tests, schoolwork, homework or projects. The average for a subject (that will go in the mark register) is calculated by the teacher taking into account the progress of the student and by using

3840-488: The town/city where the institution is located and on the services offered, whereas for public kindergarten there is no tuition fee (some may, however, charge for meals and/or transportation). The private sector is quite expensive, catering to upper and upper-middle-class families. The relative number of available places in kindergartens is small, many having waiting lists or requiring admission and formalities to be done at least six months in advance. The lack of available places

3904-420: The tuition fees. Elementary school includes primary school (the preparatory school year and the next 4 grades of primary school) and then four more grades (grades 5–8 of gymnasium). Most elementary schools are public; the Ministry of Education's statistics show less than 2% of elementary school students attend private school. Unless parents choose a school earlier, the future student is automatically enrolled in

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3968-655: The twelfth grade, when students graduate the baccalaureate . Higher education is aligned onto the European Higher Education Area . In addition to the formal system of education, to which was recently added the equivalent private system , there is also a system of tutoring , semi-legal and informal. Romania ranks 6th in the all-time medal count at the International Mathematical Olympiad with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. Ciprian Manolescu managed to write

4032-417: Was lowered again to 8 years. The new government cited as reasons the poor quality of education, high strain on the state budget, and inflation of diplomas. In 2003, compulsory education was raised again to 10 years, through Law nr. 268/2003, modifying Article 6 of Law nr. 84/1995. During the 1990–2003 period, there was very little concern for education in Romania, and the generation who studied in this period

4096-448: Was never implemented. With the adding of the preparatory school year as part of compulsory primary education in 2012, compulsory education consisted of 5 years of primary school, 4 of middle school/gymnasium and 2 of high school/vocation school. There were 2 more optional high school years. In 2020, the last year of kindergarten, as well as the last two years of high school were added to compulsory education, bringing compulsory education to

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