Misplaced Pages

#815184

42-432: In the 12th and 13th centuries, the abbey fostered the successful writers Robert of Cricklade and Alexander Neckam . They were supported in their work by other canons, including Walter of Mileto and Alexander's nephew Geoffrey Brito . A house called Abbey House was built on the site in the late 16th century, remodelled in the 1780s, and then demolished in 1964 to be replaced by a block of flats. The area that contained

84-467: A critical edition. The work survives in five manuscripts: The Mirror of Faith was a theological work that mainly collected texts from the Old and New Testament discussing basic theological concepts, dedicated to Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester . It was written between 1164 and 1168, but the surviving manuscript opens with an addition noting a decretal of Pope Alexander III from 1170. It

126-648: A new collection of decretals which he promulgated by the Papal Bull "Sacrosanctæ" of 3 March 1298. This is the "Sextus Liber Decretalium"; it has a value similar to that of the Decretals of Gregory IX . Boniface VIII abrogated all the decretals of the popes subsequent to the appearance of the Decretals of Gregory IX which were not included or maintained in force by the new collection; but as this collection later than that of Gregory IX, it modifies those decisions of

168-650: A sign of the growing importance of papal decretals. The fifth compilation, the Compilatio Quinta , was made by the canonist Tancred (d. about 1235) for Honorius III in 1226, who sent it immediately to the University of Bologna . It was organized into five books. Pope Gregory IX commissioned the Dominican Raymund of Peñafort to edit a comprehensive collection of papal decretals. This collection of nearly 2,000 decretals appeared in 1234 as

210-524: A title given to the collection by Jean Chappuis in the Paris edition of the "Corpus Juris" (1499 1505). He adopted the systematic order of the official collections of canon law and classified in a similar way the "Extravagantes" commonly met with (hence "Extravagantes communes") in the manuscripts and editions of the "Corpus Juris". This collection contains decretals of the popes Martin IV , Boniface VIII (notably

252-537: A wider sense, the Latin term decretalis (in full: epistola decretalis ) signifies a pontifical letter containing a decretum , or pontifical decision. In a narrower sense, it denotes a decision on a matter of discipline. In the strictest sense of the word, it means a papal rescript ( rescriptum ), an answer of the pope when he has been appealed to or his advice has been sought on a matter of discipline. Papal decretals are therefore not necessarily general laws of

294-483: Is an epitome of Pliny the Elder 's Natural History dedicated to King Henry II of England . It is of some importance in the transmission of Pliny's ideas to medieval Europe, although it is less important as a witness to Pliny's text than once thought. The book appears to have originally been composed in the 1130s, perhaps as a text for his students, and only later dedicated it to King Henry. It has been printed in

336-546: Is best known for Robert's refutation of the views of Peter Lombard 's theology. It survives in one manuscript: The Homilies on Ezechiel are a series of 42 homilies on the Book of Ezekiel and were written about 1172. They are a continuation of the homilies on Ezekiel by Gregory the Great . The work survives in two manuscripts: Robert wrote his Life and Miracles of St Thomas of Canterbury around 1173 to 1174. Though lost, it

378-693: Is employed to designate some papal decretals not contained in certain canonical collections, which possess a special authority: they are not found in the Decree of Gratian or the three official collections of the Corpus Juris (the Decretals of Gregory IX, the Sixth Book of the Decretals and the Clementines ). The term was first applied to those papal documents which Gratian had not inserted in his "Decree" (about 1140), but yet were obligatory upon

420-528: Is one of the main sources for an Icelandic saga on Becket entitled Thómas saga erkibyskups , which survives in a copy dating from the first half of the 14th century. This saga preserves several otherwise unknown details about Becket's life and remains one of the main sources for Becket studies. Robert's life also was a source for the work of Benet of St Albans , another biographer of Becket. A modern historian partially reconstructed Robert's biography from these sources. A major source for Robert's work on Becket

462-669: Is the oldest official collection of the legislation of the Roman Church; for it was composed by Cardinal Petrus Collivacinus of Benevento by order of Innocent III (1198–1216), by whom it was approved in the Bull "Devotioni vestræ" of 28 December 1210. The second compilation, also called "Decretales mediæ" or "Decretales intermediæ", was the work of a private individual, the Englishman John of Wales (Johannes de Walesio, Walensis or Galensis). Around 1216, an unknown writer formed

SECTION 10

#1732801703816

504-773: The Decretales Gregorii IX , also known as the Liber Extra , which was also immediately sent to the universities of Bologna and Paris. In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII published the next major collection of decretals. He entrusted three canonists with its redaction. This collection is known as the Liber Sextus . In the 14th century, a few small collections followed: the Constitutiones Clementinae or Clementines (1317), edited by Anastasius Germonius and published by pope John XXII , and

546-512: The Extravagantes Johannes XXII (1325–1327). Collections are known as systematic or primitive, the chief distinguishing characteristic being the use of headings to organize the work. This organizational scheme makes a collection systematic. The Decretum of Gratian was considered in the middle of the 12th century as a corpus juris canonici , i. e. a code of the ecclesiastical laws then in force. As such however, it

588-537: The "Compilatio quarta", the fourth collection, containing the decretals of the pontificate of Innocent III which are of a later date than 7 January 1210 and the canons of the Fourth Lateran Council held in 1215. Finally, the fifth compilation is, like the third, an official code, compiled by order of Honorius III (1216–1227) and approved by this pope in the Bull "Novæ causarum" (1226 or 1227). Several of these collections contain decretals anterior to

630-457: The "Decretum" of Gratian, were glossed (notes bearing on the explanation and interpretation of the text were added to the manuscripts). The first collection, the "Breviarium extravagantium" or summary of the decretals not contained in the "Decretum" of Gratian ( vagantes extra Decretum ), was compiled by Bernardus Papiensis in 1187–1191. It contains papal decretals to the pontificate of Clement III inclusive (1187–1191). The compilation known as

672-483: The "Decretum" of Gratian. Eventually some of these collections received official recognition; they form what is now known as the Corpus Juris Canonici . An account follows of the collections of decretals, particularly of those of Pope Gregory IX . Decretals are known by the first two Latin words that begin the letter, called the incipit . The early collections of decretals were not commissioned by

714-444: The 1917 code. Many canons in this code can easily be retraced in their relationship to and dependency on medieval decretals as well as Roman law . In themselves, the medieval decretals form a very special source which throws light on medieval conflicts and the approaches to their solution. They are sometimes concerned with very important issues touching on many aspects of medieval life, for example: marriage or legal procedure . In

756-731: The Psalms is also attributed to him, preserved in a single manuscript, but this is more likely the work of Robert of Bridlington . On the Marriage of Jacob was written while Robert was at Cirencester. It is an allegorical treatment of the Jacob story from the Bible, written after 1137 and before Robert's move to Oxford in 1138/9. He mentions Bernard of Clairvaux and William of Malmesbury as major influences on his writing. It survives in five manuscripts: The Anthology of Pliny's Natural History

798-476: The canonical laws not contained in the "Decree" of Gratian. This term is now applied to the collections known as the "Extravagantes Joannis XXII" and the "Extravagantes communes", both of which are found in all editions of the Corpus Juris Canonici . When Pope John XXII (1316–1334) published the decretals known as the Clementines, there already existed some pontifical documents, obligatory upon

840-492: The celebrated Bull Unam Sanctam ), Benedict XI , Clement V , John XXII , Benedict XII , Clement VI , Urban V, Martin V , Eugene IV , Callistus III , Paul II and Sixtus IV (1281–1484). Chappuis also classified the "Extravagantes" of John XXII under fourteen titles, containing in all twenty chapters. These two collections are of lesser value than the three others which form the "Corpus Juris Canonici"; they possess no official value, nor has custom bestowed such on them. On

882-504: The church, but frequently the pope ordered the recipient of his letter to communicate the papal answer to the ecclesiastical authorities of the district to which he belonged; and it was their duty then to act in conformity with that decree when analogous cases arose. It is generally stated that the most ancient decretal is the letter of Pope Siricius (384–398) to Himerius , Bishop of Tarragona in Spain, dating from 385; but it would seem that

SECTION 20

#1732801703816

924-438: The document of the fourth century known as Canones Romanorum ad Gallos episcopos is simply an epistola decretalis of his predecessor, Pope Damasus (366–384), addressed to the bishops of Gaul . The decretals ought to be carefully distinguished from the canons of the councils; from pontifical documents touching on Catholic doctrine, from the constitutiones , or pontifical documents given motu proprio (documents issued by

966-629: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life Decretals ( Latin : litterae decretales ) are letters of a pope that formulate decisions in ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church . They are generally given in answer to consultations but are sometimes given due to

1008-725: The four other collections the same logical division of the subject-matter was adopted. Pope Gregory IX ordered in 1230 his chaplain and confessor , Raymond of Peñaforte (Pennafort), a Dominican , to form a new canonical collection destined to replace all former collections. The decretals of the successors of Gregory IX were also arranged in collections, of which several were official, notably those of popes Innocent IV, Gregory X and Nicholas III, who ordered their decretals to be inserted among those of Gregory IX. In addition to these, several unofficial collections were drawn up. The inconveniences which Gregory IX had wished to remedy presented themselves again. For this reason, Boniface VIII made

1050-569: The initiative of the pope himself. These furnish, with the canons of the councils, the chief source of the legislation of the church, and formed the greater part of the Corpus Iuris Canonici before they were formally replaced by the Codex Iuris Canonici of 1917 . However, Cardinal Pietro Gasparri led the papal commission for the revision of canon law and later on published a guide to the fontes (sources) used in

1092-597: The last in the Corpus Juris Canonici , are the work of private individuals. They are called "Extravagantes", because they are not included in the official collections. The first contains twenty Constitutions of John XXII, and is named "Extravagantes Joannis XXII"; the second is called "Extravagantes communes" and contains the decretals of different popes commonly met with in the manuscripts and editions. They were brought to their modern form by Jean Chappuis in 1500 and 1503. This term (Latin Extra 'outside' + vagari 'to wander')

1134-453: The latter collection which are irreconcilable with its own. Clement V also undertook to make an official collection, but death prevented him from perfecting this work. His collection was published by John XXII on 25 October 1317, under the title of " Liber Septimus Decretalium", but it is better known under the name of "Constitutiones Clementis V" or "Clementinæ". This is the last official collection of decretals. The two following collections,

1176-620: The nucleus of the monastery is now a public park, and only the Norman Arch, an original gateway to the abbey, and parts of the precinct wall remain above ground. The impressive and substantial three-storey porch of the parish church was built as an administrative building of the abbey and after 1539 the upper levels were used for some time as the town hall. 51°43′09″N 1°57′58″W  /  51.7191°N 1.9660°W  / 51.7191; -1.9660 Robert of Cricklade Robert of Cricklade ( c.  1100 –1174 × 1179)

1218-474: The patron of Robert's priory in Oxford, has been shown to have been written by Robert, and has been critically edited. It is a revision of another earlier work. It survives in three manuscripts: Robert died after 1174, and was probably buried in his priory. His successor was Philip of Oxford , who was in office by 1179. Besides his theological works, Robert also searched throughout England for Hebrew texts of

1260-489: The pope without being asked or being consulted upon a subject). Finally, under the name "decretals" are known certain collections, containing especially, but not exclusively, pontifical decretals. These are the canonical collections of a later date than the Decretum of Gratian (about 1150). The commentators on these collections are named decretalists , in contradistinction to the decretists , or those who commented upon

1302-547: The popes. A number of bishops collected decretals and tried to organize them into collections. Burchard of Worms and Ivo of Chartres made influential collections. From the Collectio Francofurtana (around 1180) onwards, collections get a more systematic character, and a school appears, the decretalists , who compile, organise and study the decretals as the basis of canon law. In quick succession, four so-called compilationes appeared between 1191 and 1226, as

Cirencester Abbey - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-407: The third ( Compilatio tertia ), written however prior to the second collection ( Compilatio secunda ), contains the documents of the first twelve years of the pontificate of Innocent III (8 January 1198—7 January 1210), which are of a later date than those of the second compilation, the latter containing especially the decretals of Clement III and Celestine III (1191–1198). The "Compilatio tertia"

1386-424: The time of Gratian, but not inserted by him in the "Decretum". Bernard of Pavia divided his collection into five books arranged in titles and chapters. The first book treats of persons possessing jurisdiction ( judex ), the second of the civil legal processes ( judicium ), the third of clerics and regulars ( clerus ), the fourth of marriage ( connubium ), the fifth of delinquencies and of criminal procedure (crimen). In

1428-499: The whole church but not included in the "Corpus Juris". This is why these Decretals were called "Extravagantes". Their number was increased by the inclusion of all the pontifical laws of later date, added to the manuscripts of the "Corpus Juris", or gathered into separate collections. In 1325, Zenselinus de Cassanis added a gloss to twenty constitutions of Pope John XXII, and named this collection "Viginti Extravagantes pap Joannis XXII". The others were known as "Extravagantes communes",

1470-409: The whole church, also to other decretals of a later date, and possessed of the same authority. Bernardus Papiensis designated under the name of "Breviarium Extravagantium" or Digest of the "Extravagantes", the collection of papal documents which he compiled between 1187 and 1191. Even the Decretals of Gregory IX (published 1234) were long known as the "Liber" or "Collectio Extra", i.e. the collection of

1512-689: The works of Josephus , according to Gerald of Wales , who claims in De principis instructione that Robert knew the Hebrew language. Decretal Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

1554-512: Was a medieval English writer and prior of St Frideswide's Priory in Oxford . He was a native of Cricklade and taught before becoming a cleric. He wrote several theological works as well as a lost biography of Thomas Becket , the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury . Robert was from Cricklade in Wiltshire and was of Anglo-Saxon descent. At some point, he taught in the schools , where he

1596-415: Was called "master" for his learning. He became an Augustinian canon at Cirencester Abbey before becoming prior of the priory of St Frideswide in Oxford, an office he occupied from sometime before the end of 1139, when he is first securely attested in the office, until after 1174, his last appearance as prior. In 1158 he went to Rome, extending his travels to Sicily and Paris on the same trip. Another trip

1638-418: Was incomplete and many new laws were made by succeeding popes; hence the necessity of new collections. Five of these collections exhibited pontifical legislation from the "Decretum" of Gratian to the pontificate of Gregory IX (1150–1227). These are known as the "Quinque compilationes antiquæ". On account of their importance they were made the text of canonical instruction at the University of Bologna and, like

1680-472: Was similarly healed. The account is printed as part of the Rolls Series . The earliest account of the death of Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney , whose Latin original is lost but partially survives in an Icelandic translation was written by a 'Meistari Roðbert'. It has been suggested 'with some confidence' that this may be the work of Robert of Cricklade. A Life of St Frideswide , on Frithuswith ,

1722-466: Was the writings of John of Salisbury . A modern biographer of Becket, Frank Barlow , speculates that Robert's biography was lost because it favored the king's side of the story, rather than Becket's. Benedict of Peterborough quotes in his Miracula S. Thome Cantuariensis a letter to him from Robert, giving an account of his healing from a serious illness, for which he credits the intercession of Thomas Becket. Another canon in Oxford, also named Robert,

Cirencester Abbey - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-496: Was to Scotland in the 1160s. Possibly he also traveled to Rome in 1141 and Paris in 1147, but these trips are not securely attested. Although earlier historians claimed that he was chancellor of Oxford , this office did not yet exist during Robert's lifetime. There were students at Oxford in his lifetime, though his precise role in local teaching is unclear. Robert was the author of many works, most of which survive in one or more manuscripts, but some of which are lost. A commentary on

#815184