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50-476: [REDACTED] Look up cluster in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cluster(s) may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Astronomy [ edit ] Cluster (spacecraft) , constellation of four European Space Agency spacecraft Cluster II (spacecraft) , a European Space Agency mission to study the magnetosphere Asteroid cluster ,

100-454: A colony Chemistry [ edit ] Cluster chemistry , an array of bound atoms intermediate in character between a molecule and a solid Computer science [ edit ] Computer cluster , a set of computers that work together Data cluster , a group of disk sectors used in a File Allocation Table Economics [ edit ] Business cluster , a geographic cluster of competitive businesses Cluster theory ,

150-417: A Buddhist concept of five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging Proper name (philosophy) , a cluster of propositions that in combination pick out a unique referent Arts and media [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Tone cluster , a musical chord comprising at least three consecutive tones in a scale Cluster (album) , the 1971 eponymous album by

200-417: A Buddhist concept of five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging Proper name (philosophy) , a cluster of propositions that in combination pick out a unique referent Arts and media [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Tone cluster , a musical chord comprising at least three consecutive tones in a scale Cluster (album) , the 1971 eponymous album by

250-403: A European Space Agency mission to study the magnetosphere Asteroid cluster , a small asteroid family Galaxy cluster , large gravitationally bound groups of galaxies, or groups of groups of galaxies Supercluster , the largest gravitationally bound objects in the universe, composed of many galaxy clusters Star cluster Globular cluster , a spherical collection of stars whose orbit

300-448: A cluster of two consonants: /ŋθ/ (although it may be pronounced /ŋkθ/ instead, as ⟨ng⟩ followed by a voiceless consonant in the same syllable often does); lights with a silent digraph ⟨gh⟩ followed by a cluster ⟨t⟩ , ⟨s⟩ : /ts/ ; and compound words such as sightscreen /ˈsaɪtskriːn/ or catchphrase /ˈkætʃfreɪz/ . Not all consonant clusters are distributed equally among

350-409: A cow's teats for automatic milking Linguistics [ edit ] Consonant cluster , a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel Language cluster or dialect cluster, a geographic distribution of languages Math and statistics [ edit ] Cluster analysis , a set of techniques for grouping a set of objects based on intrinsic similarities Cluster sampling ,

400-466: A freewheel, or cassette The set of tubes attached to a cow's teats for automatic milking Linguistics [ edit ] Consonant cluster , a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel Language cluster or dialect cluster, a geographic distribution of languages Math and statistics [ edit ] Cluster analysis , a set of techniques for grouping a set of objects based on intrinsic similarities Cluster sampling ,

450-468: A molecule and a solid Computer science [ edit ] Computer cluster , a set of computers that work together Data cluster , a group of disk sectors used in a File Allocation Table Economics [ edit ] Business cluster , a geographic cluster of competitive businesses Cluster theory , a theory that states concentrating industries in specific regions creates several advantages Education [ edit ] CLUSTER ,

500-686: A poetry collection by Souvankham Thammavongsa The Cluster, a character from the TV series Steven Universe Other uses [ edit ] Cluster, Pleasants County, West Virginia Cluster diagram , general type of diagram, which represents some kind of cluster Clusterfuck or cluster, slang term for a messy situation, arising in the US Marine Corps Clusters School of Digital Arts , an animation and visual effects training school See also [ edit ] Clustering (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

550-551: A poetry collection by Souvankham Thammavongsa The Cluster, a character from the TV series Steven Universe Other uses [ edit ] Cluster, Pleasants County, West Virginia Cluster diagram , general type of diagram, which represents some kind of cluster Clusterfuck or cluster, slang term for a messy situation, arising in the US Marine Corps Clusters School of Digital Arts , an animation and visual effects training school See also [ edit ] Clustering (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

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600-414: A post-coda sibilant, "s". Clusters of -ps, -ts, -ks, were then formed at the end of syllables. These clusters eventually collapsed into "-ts" or "-s", before disappearing altogether, leaving elements of diphthongisation in more modern varieties. Old Vietnamese also had a rich inventory of initial clusters, but these were slowly merged with plain initials during Middle Vietnamese, and some have developed into

650-602: A row per syllable. Finnish has initial consonant clusters natively only on South-Western dialects and on foreign loans, and only clusters of three inside the word are allowed. Most spoken languages and dialects, however, are more permissive. In Burmese , consonant clusters of only up to three consonants (the initial and two medials—two written forms of /-j-/ , /-w-/ ) at the initial onset are allowed in writing and only two (the initial and one medial) are pronounced; these clusters are restricted to certain letters. Some Burmese dialects allow for clusters of up to four consonants (with

700-428: A sampling technique used when "natural" groupings are evident in a statistical population Cluster graph , in graph theory, a disjoint union of complete graphs Clusterable graph, in balance theory Cluster algebra , a class of commutative rings used in representation theory Cluster expansion , a technique in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory Physics [ edit ] Cluster (physics) ,

750-428: A sampling technique used when "natural" groupings are evident in a statistical population Cluster graph , in graph theory, a disjoint union of complete graphs Clusterable graph, in balance theory Cluster algebra , a class of commutative rings used in representation theory Cluster expansion , a technique in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory Physics [ edit ] Cluster (physics) ,

800-407: A small asteroid family Galaxy cluster , large gravitationally bound groups of galaxies, or groups of groups of galaxies Supercluster , the largest gravitationally bound objects in the universe, composed of many galaxy clusters Star cluster Globular cluster , a spherical collection of stars whose orbit is either partially or completely in the halo of the parent galaxy Open cluster ,

850-453: A small group of atoms or molecules Urban development [ edit ] Cluster home , a type of housing development Research-intensive cluster , a region with a high density of research-oriented organizations Urban agglomeration , a cluster concept in urban development (a human settlement with a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment ) Philosophy and religion [ edit ] Khandha ,

900-453: A small group of atoms or molecules Urban development [ edit ] Cluster home , a type of housing development Research-intensive cluster , a region with a high density of research-oriented organizations Urban agglomeration , a cluster concept in urban development (a human settlement with a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment ) Philosophy and religion [ edit ] Khandha ,

950-538: A spherical collection of stars that orbits a galaxy in the galactic plane Biology and medicine [ edit ] Cancer cluster , in biomedicine, an occurrence of a greater-than-expected number of cancer cases Cluster headache , a neurological disease that involves an immense degree of pain Cluster of differentiation , protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on white blood cells Winter cluster , in beekeeping,

1000-576: A theory that states concentrating industries in specific regions creates several advantages Education [ edit ] CLUSTER , the Consortium Linking Universities of Science and Technology for Education and Research (a collection of twelve European universities which focus on science and engineering) Equipment [ edit ] Cluster bomb , a type of air-dropped or ground-launched shells Instrument cluster of an automobile A bicycle cogset , either

1050-413: A well-defined cluster of honey bees in cold temperatures Disease cluster , a grouping of cases of disease Gene cluster , a group of genes (or proteins, or metabolites) whose expression or concentration is similar across a range of conditions Cluster of microorganisms, as in a colony Chemistry [ edit ] Cluster chemistry , an array of bound atoms intermediate in character between

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1100-417: Is a root meaning 'to shine, to be bright' and is also present in ⟨glee⟩ , ⟨gleam⟩ , and ⟨glade⟩ . Consonant clusters can also originate from assimilation of a consonant with a vowel. In many Slavic languages, the combination mji, mje, mja etc. regularly gave mlji, mlje, mlja etc. Compare Russian zemlyá , which had this change, with Polish ziemia , which lacks

1150-952: Is almost as strict, but allows a sequence of a nasal consonant plus another consonant, as in Honshū [hoꜜɰ̃ɕɯː] (the name of the largest island of Japan). (Palatalized consonants, such as [kʲ] in Tōkyō [toːkʲoː] , are single consonants.) It also permits a syllable to end in a consonant as long as the next syllable begins with the same consonant. Standard Arabic forbids initial consonant clusters and more than two consecutive consonants in other positions, as do most other Semitic languages , although Modern Israeli Hebrew permits initial two-consonant clusters (e.g. pkak "cap"; dlaat "pumpkin"), and Moroccan Arabic , under Berber influence, allows strings of several consonants. Like most Mon–Khmer languages , Khmer permits only initial consonant clusters with up to three consonants in

1200-505: Is analysed as CCCCCCCCVC. Many Slavic languages may manifest almost as formidable numbers of consecutive consonants, such as in the Czech tongue twister Strč prst skrz krk ( pronounced [str̩tʃ pr̩st skr̩s kr̩k] ), meaning 'stick a finger through the neck', the Slovak words štvrť /ʃtvr̩c/ ("quarter"), and žblnknutie /ʒbl̩ŋknucɪɛ̯/ ("clunk"; "flop"), and

1250-453: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages cluster [REDACTED] Look up cluster in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cluster(s) may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Astronomy [ edit ] Cluster (spacecraft) , constellation of four European Space Agency spacecraft Cluster II (spacecraft) ,

1300-400: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Consonant cluster Some linguists argue that the term can be properly applied only to those consonant clusters that occur within one syllable . Others claim that the concept is more useful when it includes consonant sequences across syllable boundaries. According to the former definition,

1350-445: Is either partially or completely in the halo of the parent galaxy Open cluster , a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galaxy in the galactic plane Biology and medicine [ edit ] Cancer cluster , in biomedicine, an occurrence of a greater-than-expected number of cancer cases Cluster headache , a neurological disease that involves an immense degree of pain Cluster of differentiation , protocol used for

1400-407: Is pronounced without the /k/ . Final clusters of four consonants, as in angsts in other dialects ( /ˈæŋsts/ ), twelfths /ˈtwɛlfθs/ , sixths /ˈsɪksθs/ , bursts /ˈbɜːrsts/ (in rhotic accents ) and glimpsed /ˈɡlɪmpst/ , are more common. Within compound words, clusters of five consonants or more are possible (if cross-syllabic clusters are accepted), as in handspring /ˈhændsprɪŋ/ and in

1450-422: The ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ are digraphs representing single consonants: [ʎ] and [ɲ] , respectively. In Dutch , clusters of six or even seven consonants are possible (e.g. angstschreeuw ("a scream of fear"), slechtstschrijvend ("writing the worst") and zachtstschrijdend ("treading the most softly")). Some Salishan languages exhibit long words with no vowels at all, such as

1500-555: The Nuxálk word /xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ/ : he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant . It is extremely difficult to accurately classify which of these consonants may be acting as the syllable nucleus, and these languages challenge classical notions of exactly what constitutes a syllable . The same problem is encountered in the Northern Berber languages . There has been a trend to reduce and simplify consonant clusters in

1550-633: The Slovene word skrbstvo /skrbstʋo/ ("welfare"). However, the liquid consonants /r/ and /l/ can form syllable nuclei in West and South Slavic languages and behave phonologically as vowels in this case. An example of a true initial cluster is the Polish word wszczniesz ( /fʂt͡ʂɲɛʂ/ ("you will initiate"). In the Serbo-Croatian word opskrbljivanje /ɔpskr̩bʎiʋaɲɛ/ ("victualling")

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1600-405: The Consortium Linking Universities of Science and Technology for Education and Research (a collection of twelve European universities which focus on science and engineering) Equipment [ edit ] Cluster bomb , a type of air-dropped or ground-launched shells Instrument cluster of an automobile A bicycle cogset , either a freewheel, or cassette The set of tubes attached to

1650-1160: The Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area , such as Chinese and Vietnamese . Old Chinese was known to contain additional medials such as /r/ and/or /l/ , which yielded retroflexion in Middle Chinese and today's Mandarin Chinese . The word 江 , read /tɕiɑŋ˥/ in Mandarin and /kɔːŋ˥⁻˥˧/ in Cantonese , is reconstructed as *klong or *krung in Old Chinese by Sinologists like Zhengzhang Shangfang , William H. Baxter , and Laurent Sagart . Additionally, initial clusters such as "tk" and "sn" were analysed in recent reconstructions of Old Chinese, and some were developed as palatalised sibilants . Similarly, in Thai , words with initial consonant clusters are commonly reduced in colloquial speech to pronounce only

1700-471: The SSP such as Proto-Indo-European /st/ and /spl/ (which many of its descendants have, including English). Certain consonants are more or less likely to appear in consonant clusters, especially in certain positions. The Tsou language of Taiwan has initial clusters such as /tf/ , which doesn't violate the SSP, but nonetheless is unusual in having the labio-dental /f/ in the second position. The cluster /mx/

1750-456: The Yorkshire place-name of Hampsthwaite /hæmpsθweɪt/ . It is important to distinguish clusters and digraphs . Clusters are made of two or more consonant sounds , while a digraph is a group of two consonant letters standing for a single sound. For example, in the word ship , the two letters of the digraph ⟨sh⟩ together represent the single consonant [ʃ] . Conversely,

1800-776: The addition of the /-l-/ medial, which can combine with the above-mentioned medials). At the other end of the scale, the Kartvelian languages of Georgia are drastically more permissive of consonant clustering. Clusters in Georgian of four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, /brtʼqʼɛli/ ( flat ), /mt͡sʼvrtnɛli/ ( trainer ) and /prt͡skvna/ ( peeling )—and if grammatical affixes are used, it allows an eight-consonant cluster: /ɡvbrdɣvnis/ ( he's plucking us ), /gvprt͡skvni/ ( you peel us ). Consonants cannot appear as syllable nuclei in Georgian, so this syllable

1850-442: The band Cluster Cluster (band) , a German electronic group "Cluster", a track from the album Ben Bu Sarkiyi Sana Yazdim by Cem Adrian "Cluster", a song by P-Model from the album Big Body Cluster One , the first track on Pink Floyd's 1994 album The Division Bell "Cluster", an extended play by the pop-punk band Waterparks Other media [ edit ] Cluster (novels) by Piers Anthony Cluster ,

1900-442: The band Cluster Cluster (band) , a German electronic group "Cluster", a track from the album Ben Bu Sarkiyi Sana Yazdim by Cem Adrian "Cluster", a song by P-Model from the album Big Body Cluster One , the first track on Pink Floyd's 1994 album The Division Bell "Cluster", an extended play by the pop-punk band Waterparks Other media [ edit ] Cluster (novels) by Piers Anthony Cluster ,

1950-436: The change, both from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē. See Proto-Slavic language and History of Proto-Slavic for more information about this change. All languages differ in syllable structure and cluster template. A loanword from Adyghe in the extinct Ubykh language , psta ('to well up'), violates Ubykh's limit of two initial consonants. The English words sphere /ˈsfɪər/ and sphinx /ˈsfɪŋks/ , Greek loanwords, break

2000-414: The identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on white blood cells Winter cluster , in beekeeping, a well-defined cluster of honey bees in cold temperatures Disease cluster , a grouping of cases of disease Gene cluster , a group of genes (or proteins, or metabolites) whose expression or concentration is similar across a range of conditions Cluster of microorganisms, as in

2050-536: The initial consonant, such as the pronunciation of the word ครับ reducing from /kʰrap̚˦˥/ to /kʰap̚˦˥/ . Another element of consonant clusters in Old Chinese was analysed in coda and post-coda position. Some "departing tone" syllables have cognates in the "entering tone" syllables, which feature a -p, -t, -k in Middle Chinese and Southern Chinese varieties. The departing tone was analysed to feature

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2100-608: The language. Other factors that affect clusters when loaned to other languages include speech rate, articulatory factors, and speech perceptivity. Bayley has added that social factors such as age, gender, and geographical locations of speakers can determine clusters when they are loaned crosslinguistically. In English , the longest possible initial cluster is three consonants, as in split /ˈsplɪt/ , strudel /ˈstruːdəl/ , strengths /ˈstrɛŋkθs/ , and "squirrel" /ˈskwɪrəl/ , all beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/ , containing /p/ , /t/ , or /k/ , and ending with /l/ , /r/ , or /w/ ;

2150-536: The languages of the world. Consonant clusters have a tendency to fall under patterns such as the sonority sequencing principle (SSP); the closer a consonant in a cluster is to the syllable's vowel, the more sonorous the consonant is. Among the most common types of clusters are initial stop- liquid sequences, such as in Thai (e.g. /pʰl/ , /tr/ , and /kl/ ). Other common ones include initial stop-approximant (e.g. Thai /kw/ ) and initial fricative-liquid (e.g. English /sl/ ) sequences. More rare are sequences which defy

2200-514: The letter ⟨x⟩ can produce the consonant clusters /ks/ (annex), /gz/ (exist), /kʃ/ (sexual), or /gʒ/ (some pronunciations of "luxury"). It is worth noting that ⟨x⟩ often produces sounds in two different syllables (following the general principle of saturating the subsequent syllable before assigning sounds to the preceding syllable). Also note a combination digraph and cluster as seen in length with two digraphs ⟨ng⟩ , ⟨th⟩ representing

2250-551: The longest consonant clusters in the word extra would be /ks/ and /tr/ , whereas the latter allows /kstr/ , which is phonetically [kst̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷ] in some accents. Each language has an associated set of phonotactic constraints . Languages' phonotactics differ as to what consonant clusters they permit. Many languages are more restrictive than English in terms of consonant clusters, and some forbid consonant clusters entirely. For example, Hawaiian , like most Malayo-Polynesian languages, forbid consonant clusters entirely. Japanese

2300-407: The longest possible final cluster is five consonants, as in angsts ( /ˈæŋksts/ ), though this is rare (perhaps owing to being derived from a recent German loanword ). However, the /k/ in angsts may also be considered epenthetic ; for many speakers , nasal-sibilant sequences in the coda require insertion of a voiceless stop homorganic to the nasal. For speakers without this feature, the word

2350-487: The palatal nasal. Some consonant clusters originate from the loss of a vowel in between two consonants, usually (but not always) due to vowel reduction caused by lack of stress. This is also the origin of most consonant clusters in English, some of which go back to Proto-Indo-European times. For example, ⟨glow⟩ comes from Proto-Germanic *glo-, which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-ó, where *gʰel-

2400-644: The rule that two fricatives may not appear adjacently word-initially. Some English words, including thrash, three, throat, and throw, start with the voiceless dental fricative /θ/, the liquid /r/, or the /r/ cluster (/θ/+/r/). This cluster example in Proto-Germanic has a counterpart in which /θ/ was followed by /l/. In early North and West Germanic, the /l/ cluster disappeared. This suggests that clusters are affected as words are loaned to other languages. The examples show that every language has syllable preference based on syllable structure and segment harmony of

2450-411: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cluster . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cluster&oldid=1243831897 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2500-411: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cluster . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cluster&oldid=1243831897 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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