Charles III
84-568: Clwyd ( / ˈ k l uː ɪ d / KLOO -id , Welsh: [ˈklʊɨd] ) is a preserved county of Wales , situated in the north-east corner of the country; it is named after the River Clwyd , which runs through the area. To the north lies the Irish Sea , with the English ceremonial counties of Cheshire to the east and Shropshire to the south-east. Powys and Gwynedd lie to
168-423: A pars pro toto for food and other necessities, hence for a "subsistence" income, notably in kind, as from assigned land. An appanage was a concession of a fief by the sovereign to his younger sons, while the eldest son became king on the death of his father. Appanages were considered as part of the inheritance transmitted to the puisné (younger sons). The word Juveigneur was specifically used for
252-595: A clear distinction had to be made between titles given as names to children in France, and true appanages. At their birth the French princes received a title independent of an appanage. Thus, the Duke of Anjou , grandson of Louis XIV , never possessed Anjou and never received any revenue from this province. The king waited until the prince had reached adulthood and was about to marry before endowing him with an appanage. The goal of
336-612: A deal. The seniormost woman in the Travancore royal family held the estate of Attingal , also known as the Sreepadam Estate, in appanage for life. All the income derived from this 15,000 acres (61 km ) estate was the private property of the senior maharani, alternatively known as the Senior Rani of Attingal ( Attingal Mootha Thampuran ). The Javanese kingdom of Majapahit , which dominated eastern Java in
420-405: A further set of "preserved counties", which were based on the eight created by the 1972 Act. These Preserved Counties, similar in respect to English Ceremonial counties , would be retained for a variety of purposes, including lieutenancy and shrievalty . Clwyd County Council and its six districts ceased operations at midnight on 1 April 1996, and local government was immediately transferred to
504-706: A number of request stops. The Shrewsbury–Chester line connects Wrexham General , northwards to Chester and southwards to other stations in the present-day county borough and to Shrewsbury . There are no motorways in Clwyd. The A55 dual carriageway road passes from Chester through St Asaph to the North Wales coast at Abergele, after which it runs parallel to the railway line through Conwy and Bangor to terminate at Holyhead. The A483 connects Wrexham northwards to Chester, and southwards to Ruabon and Chirk. The A548 passes from Chester to Abergele through Deeside and along
588-550: A particularly important role in France . It developed there with the extension of royal authority from the 13th century, then disappeared from the late Middle Ages with the affirmation of the exclusive authority of the royal state. It strongly influenced the territorial construction, explaining the arms of several provinces. The prerogative of Burgundy is also the origin of the Belgian , Luxembourgeois and Dutch states, through
672-577: A preserved county, with the name being retained for certain ceremonial functions. This area of north-eastern Wales has been settled since prehistoric times; the Romans built a fort beside a ford on the River Conwy , and the Normans and Welsh disputed the territory. They built their castles at strategic locations as they advanced and retreated, but in the end England prevailed, and Edward I conquered
756-640: A thriving dairy sector in the Vale of Clwyd. Many of the towns have livestock markets and the farming industry supports farm machinery merchants, vets, feed merchants, contractors and all the ancillary trades connected with agriculture. With their incomes on the decline, farmers have found opportunities in tourism, rural crafts, specialist food shops, farmers' markets and value-added food products. The upland areas with their sheep farms and small, stone-walled fields are attractive to visitors, and redundant farm buildings are often converted to self-catering accommodation while
840-509: A tributary of the Dee, the River Clwyd and the River Conwy in the west. The northern coastal strip is heavily developed for tourism and has many resorts, including Llandudno , Colwyn Bay , Colwyn , Abergele , Rhyl and Prestatyn . In the northeast lies Deeside , the coastal plain beside the Dee estuary, and this part of Clwyd is heavily developed for industry. The area around Wrexham and
924-654: A whole. The report recommended a single new Gwynedd incorporating Denbighshire, Flintshire, Caernarfonshire, Merionethshire and Anglesey . The white paper stated that "the need for early action is particularly urgent in Wales", and so the issue was not referred to a Royal Commission as in England. Opponents criticised the proposed new council for being too large, and in November 1968 a new Secretary of State announced that Gwynedd would be divided into two. This revised proposal
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#17327722275861008-540: Is a ferry service to Ireland. Passengers can change at Shotton for the Borderlands Line , which links Wrexham with Bidston on the Wirral Peninsula in England. The Conwy Valley Line links Llandudno Junction to Blaenau Ffestiniog via Betws-y-Coed and was constructed mainly for use as a freight line for the transport of slate to the quay at Deganwy for export by sea. It is a scenic route with
1092-627: Is in the northeastern corner of Wales. It is bounded by the Irish Sea to the north, the Welsh preserved counties of Gwynedd to the west and Powys to the south, and the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire and Cheshire to the southeast and east respectively; much of the eastern boundary follows the course of the River Dee and its estuary. Other large rivers in the area include the River Alyn ,
1176-597: Is the Conwy Suspension Bridge , one of the first such bridges in the world. The North Wales Coast Line is the railway line from Crewe to Holyhead , served by Transport for Wales and Avanti West Coast services. Trains leaving Crewe pass through Chester, cross the River Dee into Wales, and continue through stations such as: Shotton , Flint , Prestatyn , Rhyl , Colwyn Bay , Llandudno Junction , Conwy and Bangor , to Holyhead, from where there
1260-531: Is the Local Government pension scheme inherited from Clwyd County Council, now providing pension schemes for Wrexham, Flintshire and Denbighshire unitary authorities and former districts. The position of Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd also continues as the Monarch 's personal representative, as with the other seven preserved counties of Wales. The current Lord Lieutenant is Henry George Fetherstonhaugh, who
1344-675: The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust is one of four archaeological trusts covering the whole of Wales. The Clwyd County Darts Association organises tournaments and takes part in inter-county matches. The Clwyd East Football League was created in 2011 to represent the North East Wales area at the fifth tier of Welsh Football. It has subsequently changed its name to the North East Wales Football League. The Clwyd Pension Fund
1428-778: The Denbigh Moors and the Berwyn range are here. The central and western parts are much more rural than the coastal area and the east, with part of the Snowdonia National Park lying in the western part. The population as of 2007 is estimated at 491,100, based on figures for the four component unitary authority areas. Since the 2003 boundary changes, its coastline has extended from the Dee Estuary in Flintshire through to Llanfairfechan . Clwyd consists of
1512-955: The Ilkhanate , and after their success rewarded them with lands. After the Mongol conquest in 1238, the port cities in Crimea paid the Jochids customs duties and the revenues were divided among all Chingisid princes in Mongol Empire in accordance with the appanage system. As loyal allies, the Kublaids in East Asia and the Ilkhanids in Persia sent clerics, doctors, artisans, scholars, engineers and administrators to and received revenues from
1596-662: The Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod in July each year. The Gop is a Neolithic mound, the second largest such structure in Britain being only superseded by Silbury Hill . Caer Drewyn is one of many Iron Age hill forts in Clwyd that attest to human occupation of this area for millennia. Maen Achwyfan Cross is a carved 10th century wheel cross depicting Celtic and Viking symbols. The castles of Rhuddlan and Flint were built by
1680-581: The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 , and local government would be replaced by the four unitary authorities of Flintshire , Wrexham County Borough , Denbighshire , and parts of Conwy (along with some smaller communities moving to Powys). The Act also abolished the County, and states the term "county" would be synonymous with the "principal areas" created by the 1994 Act. However the Act then created
1764-687: The Local Government Act 1972 duly created Clwyd as a merger of Flintshire with most of Denbighshire, along with the Edeyrnion Rural District from Merionethshire. The 1970 white paper had introduced the name of Clwyd by reference to the River Clwyd and the Clwydian range of hills; Clwyd was the only new Welsh county which did not take its name from an ancient kingdom. For second-tier local government purposes, Clwyd
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#17327722275861848-915: The Local Government Act 1972 . However, it created the concept of preserved counties based on their areas, to be used for purposes such as lieutenancy . This usage was consolidated by the Lieutenancies Act 1997 . Certain statutes already in force were amended to include reference to them. The preserved counties were originally almost identical to the 1974–96 counties, but with a few minor changes in line with local government boundary changes: Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant , Llansilin and Llangedwyn were transferred from Clwyd to Powys , and Wick , St Brides Major , Ewenny and Pentyrch were transferred from Mid Glamorgan to South Glamorgan . There were however two local government areas, Caerphilly and Conwy , split between preserved counties. The Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales were instructed by
1932-529: The Mongol Empire owned the largest appanages in the world because of their enormous empire. In 1206, Genghis Khan awarded large tracts of land to his family members and loyal companions, most of whom were of common origin. Shares of booty were distributed much more widely. Empresses, princesses, and meritorious servants, as well as children of concubines, all received full shares including war prisoners. For example, Kublai summoned two siege engineers from
2016-586: The National Assembly for Wales on 11 March 2002 to undertake a review of preserved county boundaries. In their final proposals the part of the local government area of Caerphilly which had been in Mid Glamorgan was to be part of Gwent and the part of the local government area of Conwy which had been in Gwynedd was to be part of Clwyd . The boundary between Mid Glamorgan and South Glamorgan
2100-587: The North Wales Coalfield , particularly around Wrexham . The Bersham Ironworks at Bersham , in the same area, was at the forefront of technological advances and was most famous for being the original working site of the industrialist John Wilkinson who invented new processes for boring cannons . The Williams-Wynn family of Wynnstay had become rich after the dissolution of the monasteries and owned vast estates in Clwyd with resources including lead, tin and copper as well as corn and timber. Clwyd
2184-501: The Ruthin branch, so there was no problem in segregating the records. The Preserved County of Clwyd came into effect on the same day that Clwyd County Council was abolished. The preserved county was almost identical to the 1974–96 county, but had a few minor changes in line with changes to local government boundaries, the communities of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant , Llansilin and Llangedwyn being transferred from Clwyd to Powys. In 2003,
2268-720: The Wars of the Roses , were both established when the Duchies of York and Lancaster were given as appanages for Edmund of Langley and John of Gaunt respectively, two of the four younger sons of King Edward III . In modern times, the Duchy of Cornwall is the permanent statutory appanage of the monarch's eldest son, intended to support him until such time as he inherits the Crown. Other titles have continued to be granted to junior members of
2352-510: The 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into nagara (provinces). The administration of these nagara was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of Bhre i.e. Bhra i , "lord of" (the word bhra being akin to the Thai Phra ), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example a sister of King Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–1389) was "Bhre Lasem" , "lady of Lasem ". The royal family of
2436-528: The Capetians broke away from the Frankish custom of partible inheritance, to instead have the eldest son alone become King and receive the royal domain (except for any appanages). Most Capetians endeavored to add to the royal domain through incorporation of additional fiefs, large or small, and thus gradually obtained direct lordship over almost all of France. Their first king Hugh Capet (elected King of
2520-644: The Crown's lands in north and west Wales formed part of the appanage of England's heir apparent, who was given the title "Prince of Wales". Under the Laws in Wales Act 1535 , Wales became permanently incorporated under the English Crown and subject to English law. Although the Industrial Revolution did not much affect the rural parts of the area, there was considerable industrial activity in
2604-613: The Duchy of Burgundy at the death of its last duke, Charles the Bold . Francis I confiscated the Bourbonnais , after the treason in 1523 of his commander in chief, Charles III, Duke of Bourbon , the 'constable of Bourbon' (died 1527 in the service of Emperor Charles V ). The first article of the Edict of Moulins (1566) declared that the royal domain (defined in the second article as all
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2688-555: The Franks on the death of Louis V in 987) only had one son, Robert II . But Robert had multiple sons. One of them, Henry I of France , became the first king to create an appanage in 1032, when he gave the Duchy of Burgundy to his younger brother Robert I of Burgundy (whose descendants retained the duchy until 1361 with the extinction of the first Capetian House of Burgundy by the death of Philip de Rouvre ). Louis VIII and Louis IX also created appanages. The king who created
2772-547: The Great Khan Temür , and asked for the share of lands and revenues held by his great-grandfather in the territories ruled by the Yuan dynasty (in modern-day China and Mongolia). It is claimed that Ghazan received revenues that were not sent since the time of Möngke Khan. The appanage holders demanded excessive revenues and freed themselves from taxes. Ögedei decreed that nobles could appoint darughachi and judges in
2856-633: The Ilkhanate in 1269, ostensibly to investigate his appanages there. (The vizier's real mission was to spy on the Ilkhanids.) After a peace treaty declared among Mongol khans Temür, Duwa , Chapar, Tokhta and Oljeitu in 1304, the system began to see a recovery. During the reign of Tugh Temür , the Yuan court received a third of revenues of the cities of Transoxiana ( Mawarannahr ) under Chagatai Khans while Chagatai elites such as Eljigidey , Duwa Temür , Tarmashirin were given lavish presents and sharing in
2940-593: The Mongols gave them some autonomy. The appanage system was severely affected beginning with the civil strife in the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1304. Nevertheless, this system survived. For example, Abagha of the Ilkhanate allowed Möngke Temür of the Golden Horde to collect revenues from silk workshops in northern Persia in 1270, and Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate sent his Muslim vizier to
3024-715: The Normans during their invasion of North Wales and Castell Dinas Brân was a Welsh fortress of the same period. St Asaph Cathedral also dates from the thirteenth century as does the medieval Cistercian abbey of Valle Crucis . Bodnant Garden is a formal garden in a landscaped setting, and Erddig Hall is a stately home, both owned by the National Trust . Other fine country houses in Clwyd include Trevor Hall and Faenol Fawr, Bodelwyddan , while Plas Mawr and Aberconwy House are historic town houses in Conwy. Also in Conwy
3108-611: The North Wales coast in the mid-19th century made it easy for urban dwellers from Lancashire and Cheshire to visit the seaside towns of North Wales. North Wales has had human settlements since prehistoric times. By the time the Romans reached Britain, the area that is now Clwyd was occupied by the Celtic Deceangli tribe. They lived in a chain of hill forts running through the Clwydian Range and their tribal capital
3192-700: The Opposition Andrew RT Davies MS ( C ) Shadow Cabinet ( current ) Prime Minister Rt Hon Keir Starmer MP ( L ) Secretary of State for Wales Rt Hon Jo Stevens MP (L) Principal councils ( leader list ) Corporate Joint Committees Local twinning see also: Regional terms and Regional economy United Kingdom Parliament elections European Parliament elections (1979–2020) Local elections Police and crime commissioner elections Referendums The preserved counties of Wales ( Welsh : siroedd cadwedig ) are
3276-549: The Vale of Clwyd and the Clwydian Range lying between the two parts. The cross and choughs come from Flintshire's shield, which itself incorporated the traditional arms of Edwin of Tegeingl , while the black lion of the Princes of Powys Fadog is taken from Denbighshire's shield. The motto, Tarian Cyfiawnder Duw can be translated as "The shield of Justice is God". Clwyd County Council and its districts were abolished by
3360-747: The Yuan Dynasty's patronage of Buddhist temples . Tugh Temür was also given some Russian captives by Chagatai prince Changshi as well as Kublai's future khatun Chabi had servant Ahmad Fanakati from Fergana Valley before her marriage. In 1326, the Golden Horde started sending tributes to Great Khans of the Yuan Dynasty again. By 1339, Ozbeg and his successors had received annually 24 thousand ding in paper currency from their Chinese appanages in Shanxi, Cheli and Hunan . H. H. Howorth noted that Ozbeg's envoy required his master's shares from
3444-494: The Yuan court, the headquarters of the Mongol world, for the establishment of new post stations in 1336. This communication ceased only with the breakup, succession struggles and rebellions of Mongol Khanates. After the fall of the Mongol Empire in 1368, the Mongols continued the tradition of appanage system. They were divided into districts ruled by hereditary noblemen. The units in such systems were called Tumen and Otog during Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia. However,
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3528-407: The action of its dukes favored by their position in the court of the kings of France . Primogeniture avoids territorial splintering, which the earlier Frankish tradition of partible inheritance (equal division) suffered from (e.g. under the Merovingians and subsequent Carolingians ). But primogeniture creates resentment in younger sons who inherit nothing. Appanages thus were used to sweeten
3612-457: The appanage was to provide him with a sufficient income to maintain his noble rank. The fief given in appanage could be the same as the title given to the prince, but this was not necessarily the case. Only seven appanages were given from 1515 to 1789. Appanages were abolished in 1792 before the proclamation of the Republic . The youngest princes from then on were to receive a grant of money but no territory. Appanages were reestablished under
3696-600: The appanages in each other's khanates. The Great Khan Möngke divided up shares or appanages in Persia and made redistribution in Central Asia in 1251–1256. Although the Chagatai Khanate was the smallest in size, the Chagatai Khans held the cities of Kat and Khiva in Khorazm , and some cities and villages in Shanxi and Iran , as well as their nomadic grounds in Central Asia. The first Ilkhan , Hulagu , owned 25,000 households of silk-workers in China, valleys in Tibet , and lands in Mongolia. In 1298, his descendant Ghazan of Persia sent envoys with precious gifts to
3780-585: The appanages instead of direct distribution without the permission of the Great Khan, due to Khitan minister Yelü Chucai . Both Güyük and Möngke restricted the autonomy of the appanages, but Kublai Khan continued Ögedei's regulations. Ghazan also prohibited any misfeasance of appanage holders in the Ilkhanate, and Yuan councillor Temuder restricted Mongol nobles' excessive powers in appanages in China and Mongolia. Kublai's successor Temür abolished imperial son-in-law King Chungnyeol of Goryeo 's 358 departments which caused financial pressures to Korean people, though
3864-414: The area. The main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port of Mostyn builds and supports offshore windfarms . Agriculture, largely based on livestock, has traditionally been the main occupation in the central and western parts. There are a mix of large and small farm businesses, and
3948-414: The bitter pill of primogeniture and deter revolt of younger sons by diverting their aspirations of claiming their eldest brother's throne. Unlike their predecessors (the Carolingians), the Capetian dynasty 's hold on the crown was initially tenuous. They could not afford to divide the kingdom among all their sons, and the royal domain was very small, initially consisting solely of the Île-de-France . So
4032-403: The borders of Clwyd were changed to cover the remainder of Conwy (which had previously been part of Gwynedd), which was part of a Wales-wide re-organisation of the preserved counties, so that boundaries of the preserved counties would contain whole current principal areas only. This led to some areas, such as the Aberconwy district, moving to a preserved county it had never been administered by in
4116-476: The coast, before leaving the coast and terminating at Llanrwst . The main road from London is the A5 which enters Clwyd at Chirk and passes northwestwards through Llangollen, Corwen and Betws-y-Coed to join the A55 and terminate at Bangor. The A543 crosses the Denbigh Moors from southeast to northwest, and the A525 links Ruthin with St Asaph. There are local bus services between the main centres of population. Several services by Arriva Buses Wales run along
4200-412: The commuter settlements close to Chester are also heavily built up. To the west of this is a ridge of mountains with a steep scarp slope to the west, the Clwydian Range. The highest point of these hills is Moel Famau at 1,820 ft (555 m). The north-central part is the broad Vale of Clwyd , and the best agricultural land lies here. To the south of this, the land is much higher and more rugged,
4284-436: The country in 1282. The Laws in Wales Act 1535 incorporated Wales under the English Crown and made it subject to English law. Traditionally, agriculture was the mainstay of the economy of this part of Wales, but with the Industrial Revolution , the North Wales Coalfield was developed and parts of eastern Clwyd around the Dee estuary and Wrexham became industrialised. The advent of the railway running from Chester along
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#17327722275864368-419: The custom was particularly important between the mid-13th and the mid-15th centuries; some historians refer to this era as the Appanage Period or Appanage Russia . The last appange Russian prince was Vladimir of Staritsa . In the late Russian Empire, appanages for members of the imperial family were created by Emperor Paul I in 1797. By decree of the emperor, the members of the imperial family who were in
4452-439: The economy of North Wales are being attempted in 2016. These include the Northern Gateway project on the former Sealand RAF site on Deeside, and a redevelopment project for the former Rhyl seafront and funfair . The Local Government Commission for Wales set up in 1958 was the first to recommend wholesale amalgamation of the administrative counties outside Glamorgan and Monmouthshire , with extensive boundary changes; however
4536-418: The eight current areas used in Wales for the ceremonial purposes of lieutenancy and shrievalty . They are based on the counties which were used for local government and other purposes between 1974 and 1996. Each comprises one or more of the 22 single-tier principal areas which are used for administrative purposes. The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the eight ceremonial counties created by
4620-454: The farmhouses themselves supply bed-and-breakfast opportunities. The arrival of the railway on the coast in the mid-nineteenth century opened up travel from Merseyside and caused a boom in tourism, with guesthouses in seaside towns offering board and lodging for the urban visitors. More recently caravan sites and holiday villages have blossomed and there has been an increase in the ownership of "second homes". Various initiatives designed to boost
4704-562: The first French empire by Napoleon Bonaparte and confirmed by the Bourbon restoration-king Louis XVIII . The last of the appanages, the Orléanais , was reincorporated to the French crown when the Duke of Orléans, Louis-Philippe , became king of the French in 1830. The word apanage is still used in French figuratively, in a non-historic sense: "to have appanage over something" is used, often in an ironic and negative sense, to claim exclusive possession over something. For example, "cows have appanage over prions". Although Napoleon restored
4788-401: The idea of appanage in 1810 for his sons, none were ever granted, nor were any new appanages created by the restoration monarchs. English and British monarchs frequently granted appanages to younger sons of the monarch. Most famously, the Houses of York and Lancaster , whose feuding over the succession to the English throne after the end of the main line of the House of Plantagenet caused
4872-423: The imperial family (see ru:Удельные крестьяне ). Appanage estates were managed by the Department of Appanage Estates . In medieval Serbia , an appanage was predominantly given to a younger brother of the supreme ruler, called a Župa . Its use began in the 9th century and continued into the 14th century, with the fall of the Serbian Empire . In the Indian subcontinent , the jagir (a type of fief)
4956-437: The king was recognized there reluctantly. In particular the line of Valois Dukes of Burgundy caused considerable trouble to the French crown, with which they were often at war, often in open alliance with the English. Theoretically appanages could be reincorporated into the royal domain but only if the last lord had no male heirs. Kings tried as much as possible to rid themselves of the most powerful appanages. Louis XI retook
5040-447: The land controlled by the crown for more than ten years) could not be alienated, except in two cases: by interlocking, in the case of financial emergency, with a perpetual option to repurchase the land; and to form an appanage, which must return to the crown in its original state on the extinction of the male line. The apanagist (incumbent) therefore could not separate himself from his appanage in any way. After Charles V of France ,
5124-435: The line of succession of the throne received civil list payments from state revenues; those not in the line of succession were given appanages from revenues of special estates called an udel estate ( appanage estate , Russian : удельное имение , see ru:Удельное имение ). Revenues of appanage estates were created by tribute of state (unlike private owned) peasants who lived on the territory of appanage estates and owned by
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#17327722275865208-763: The main coast road between Chester and Holyhead, linking the coastal resorts. Other routes include: Llandudno to Llanrwst and Betws-y-Coed via Conwy and Dolgarrog ; Rhyl to Denbigh; Wrexham to Chester; and Wrexham to Mold. 53°05′N 3°16′W / 53.09°N 3.27°W / 53.09; -3.27 Preserved counties of Wales Heir Apparent William, Prince of Wales First Minister ( list ) Rt Hon Eluned Morgan MS ( L ) Deputy First Minister Huw Irranca-Davies MS ( L ) Counsel General-designate – Elisabeth Jones Chief Whip and Trefnydd – Jane Hutt MS (L) Permanent Secretary Sixth Senedd Llywydd (Presiding Officer) Elin Jones MS ( PC ) Leader of
5292-422: The monarch, the House of the Infantado . The Infantado included several land grants and palaces, along with a heightened royal pension. The principalities of European Russia had a similar practice; an appanage given to a younger male of the princely family was called udel principalities ( appanage principalities , Russian : удельное княжество , see ru:Удельное княжество ). The frequency and importance of
5376-403: The most powerful appanages for his sons was John II of France . His youngest son, Philip the Bold , founded the second Capetian House of Burgundy in 1363. By marrying the heiress of Flanders, Philip also became ruler of the Low Countries. King Charles V tried to abolish the appanage system, but in vain. Provinces conceded in appanage tended to become de facto independent and the authority of
5460-425: The new principal areas of Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire and Wrexham . However, although bearing the same names, the boundaries of Flintshire and Denbighshire were substantially different from those of the historic counties . As it happened, the county records for historic Flintshire had been retained at the Hawarden branch of the Clwyd Records Office while those for historic Denbighshire had continued to be held at
5544-403: The past, and limestone quarried from Llantysilio Mountain , Ruabon Mountain and Minera Mountain near Wrexham. The Minera Limeworks were once the largest lime workings in North Wales. Later, road building stone was extracted but the quarries closed in 1992. Coal mining in the North Wales Coalfield ceased in the second half of the twentieth century but used to be a large source of employment in
5628-416: The past, and therefore these moves went generally unreported due to the preserved county's limited status. The Boundary Commission proceeded to retain the eight preserved counties, and modified their borders in 2003 to match with the incumbent principal area boundaries. The 2003 arrangement brings towns such as Llandudno and Conwy into the preserved county of Clwyd. Some local organisations still make use of
5712-421: The patrimony of the Prince of Scotland , currently Prince William, Duke of Rothesay . In the only crusader state of equal rank in protocol to the states of Western Europe, the Kingdom of Jerusalem , the County of Jaffa and Ascalon was often granted as an appanage. With the installation of the House of Braganza on the Portuguese throne in 1640, an official appanage was created for the second eldest son of
5796-415: The royal family, but without associated grants of land directly connected with those titles, any territorial rights over the places named in the titles, or any income directly derived from those lands or places by virtue of those titles. The defunct Kingdom of Strathclyde was granted as an appanage to the future David I of Scotland by his brother Edgar, King of Scots. Remnants of this can be found within
5880-457: The royal princes holding an appanage . These lands returned to the royal domain (the territory directly controlled by the king) on the extinction of the princely line, and could not be sold (neither hypothetically nor as a dowry ). Daughters were initially able to inherit the appanages under the Capetian Kings . However, under the House of Valois , Salic law was applied which prohibited women from inheriting. The system of appanage has played
5964-452: The south and west respectively. Clwyd also shares a maritime boundary with Merseyside along the River Dee . Between 1974 and 1996, a slightly different area had a county council , with local government functions shared with six district councils. In 1996, Clwyd was abolished, and the new principal areas of Conwy County Borough , Denbighshire , Flintshire and Wrexham County Borough were created; under this reorganisation, "Clwyd" became
6048-493: The system of primogeniture (where only the eldest inherits). It was common in much of Europe . The system of appanage greatly influenced the territorial construction of France and the German states and explains why many of the former provinces of France had coats of arms which were modified versions of the king's arms. Late Latin * appanaticum , from appanare or adpanare 'to give bread' ( panis ),
6132-496: The then Minister of Housing and Local Government Sir Keith Joseph decided not to accept the report, noting that county amalgamations in England had been highly unpopular when proposed. In 1967, after a change of government, the Secretary of State for Wales Cledwyn Hughes published a white paper which revived the idea of amalgamation, but instead of the boundary changes proposed in the previous report, treated each county as
6216-457: The whole of the historic county of Flintshire , and most of Denbighshire . Since 2003 it has also included the former district of Aberconwy , which lies in the historic county of Caernarfonshire , and also the former Edeyrnion Rural District in the historic county of Merionethshire . The land uses of any region depend on the underlying geology which influences the soil types. In the Clwydian Range, lead and spar minerals have been mined in
6300-548: The word "Clwyd" in their name, often because their membership covers a wider area than their present unitary authority. These organisations include the Theatr Clwyd , which is based in Mold and is the largest producing arts centre in Wales. It provides young people the opportunity to get involved in drama. The Clwyd Family History Society can help its members to access many historical documents concerning northeastern Wales, and
6384-557: Was Canovium , at an important crossing of the River Conwy . This fell to the Romans, who built their own fort here, in about AD 75; and the whole of Wales was soon under their control. After the Roman departure from Britain in AD 410, the successor states of Gwynedd and Powys controlled the area. From about 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led to Rhodri Mawr inheriting the kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys . After his death, this kingdom
6468-438: Was also to be re-aligned to reflect small changes in local government boundaries. The Assembly accepted these proposals such that from 2 April 2003 each preserved county encompassed between one and five whole local government areas. The boundary between West Glamorgan and Powys was further modified on 1 April 2005 as a result of boundary changes between Ystalyfera and Ystradgynlais. The boundary between Mid Glamorgan and Powys
6552-610: Was appointed in 2013. The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct was built by Thomas Telford in 1805 and is the largest aqueduct in the United Kingdom; it carries the Llangollen Canal over the River Dee and is a World Heritage Site , being considered a masterpiece of civil engineering. The Clwydian Range and Dee Valley constitute an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , one of just five in the whole of Wales . Denbigh , Colwyn and Ruthin are historic towns and Llangollen hosts
6636-541: Was continued in a further white paper in March 1970, although this proposed that the councils be unitary authorities which would have no district councils below them. The incoming Conservative government resurrected two-tier local government in a consultative document published in February 1971, again with the same upper-tier boundaries. Some minor changes having been made to the existing boundaries due to special local factors,
6720-400: Was divided among his three sons and further strife followed: not only Welsh battles were fought, but there were also many raids by Danes and Saxons . The Normans conquest of England at first had little effect on North Wales. This was to change as the city of Chester on the River Dee became the base for successive campaigns against the country in the 13th century. The coastal plain of Clwyd
6804-541: Was divided into six districts: Alyn and Deeside , Colwyn, Delyn , Glyndŵr , Rhuddlan and Wrexham Maelor , each being operated by a district or borough council . These were abolished, along with the county itself, on 1 April 1996. Clwyd County Council 's coat of arms was granted in December 1974. The design of the shield, crest and motto includes elements taken from the arms of the former councils of Flintshire and Denbighshire. The green and white wave represents
6888-424: Was further modified on 1 April 2010 to reflect the 2009 local government boundary changes in the area around Vaynor , Merthyr Tydfil . Appanage An appanage , or apanage ( / ˈ æ p ə n ɪ dʒ / ; French : apanage [apanaʒ] ), is the grant of an estate, title, office or other thing of value to a younger child of a monarch , who would otherwise have no inheritance under
6972-439: Was often thus assigned to individual junior relatives of the ruling house of a princely state , but not as a customary right of birth, though in practice usually hereditarily held, and not only to them but also to commoners, normally as an essentially meritocratic grant of land and taxation rights (guaranteeing a "fitting" income, in itself bringing social sway, in the primary way in a mainly agricultural society), or even as part of
7056-498: Was the main invasion route, and a number of castles were built there to assist these advances. The castles at Flint and Rhuddlan date from this period, and were the first to be built by Edward I of England in North Wales during his successful conquest in 1282. After this, the rule of the Welsh princes was at an end and Wales was annexed to England. This area was known as the Principality of Wales from 1216 to 1536. From 1301,
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