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98-608: Prior to in-migration by Europeans, the area was populated by the Kumeyaay people. The Spanish arrived in 1542 and founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá nearby in 1769.Judge Hyde was one of the first settlers of Clairemont and began farming in Tecolote Canyon in 1872. Farming and ranching continued in the area until World War II. In 1887 the Morena Subdivision was mapped. The 1,200-acre (490 ha) subdivision

196-581: A biodiversity hotspot – a biological community with a large number of different species – that is under threat by human activity. The California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion , of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome , has three sub-ecoregions with ecosystem – plant community subdivisions: For the numerous individual plant and animal species found within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, see: Some of

294-470: A "proto-'Iipai-Tiipai culture" had been established by about 5000 B.C. Katherine Luomola suggests that the "nucleus of later Tipai-Ipai groups" came together around A.D. 1000. The Kumeyaay themselves traditionally hold that they have lived in San Diego since 10,000 B.C. At the time of European contact, Kumeyaay comprised several autonomous bands with thirty patrilineal clans. The first European to visit

392-728: A 20-year drought in the mid-20th century crippled the region's dry farming economy. For their common welfare, several reservations in the US formed the non-profit Kumeyaay, Inc. Cuts in Native American welfare programs under the Reagan and Bush Sr. administrations forced the reservation to find other means of income and capitalize on industries not possible off-reservation. In 1982, the Barona Band won its case in Barona Group of

490-595: A City", people started living in this new Clairemont subdivision in May 1951. The community was named after Tavares's wife, Claire. The design of this new subdivision represented a new concept in community living because it did not incorporate the traditional grid system of uniform blocks and streets. Instead, winding streets and scenic view lots took advantage of the canyons and bluffs overlooking Mission Bay. The first homes, built by Burgener and Tavares Construction Company, had highly customized floor plans. The developers assembled

588-476: A baseball field, a playground, and a comfort station. Tecolote Golf Course - This 18-hole 3,161-yard (2,890 m) golf course located within Tecolote Canyon. A natural creek-bed runs through the golf course, which was designed by Robert Trent Jones Sr. and Sam Snead. YMCA's Krause Family Skate & Bike Park - This destination park is affiliated with the Mission Valley YMCA but is located in

686-413: A day". It is also noted that Clairemont was the largest development of its kind in the country. Within a few years, several thousand houses had been constructed, including single family homes, duplexes and apartments. Since Clairemont was somewhat removed from the city proper, commercial business and retail shopping, schools, libraries and other city amenities were designed into the overall plan. Although

784-434: A fire. Plants that are long-lived in the seed bank or serotinous with induced germination after fire include chamise , Ceanothus, and fiddleneck . Some chaparral plant communities may grow so dense and tall that it becomes difficult for large animals and humans to penetrate, but may be teeming with smaller fauna in the understory. The seeds of many chaparral plant species are stimulated to germinate by some fire cue (heat or

882-619: A fort that would never return to service. After decades of debates and delays, the missions in Alta California were secularized in 1833, and Ipai and Tipais lost their lands; band members had to choose between becoming serfs , trespassers, rebels, or fugitives. This increased tensions between the Kumeyaay and the Mexican settlers as the economic instability threatened the security of Mexican and American merchants transiting through

980-483: A gesture of peace between warring groups or as part of a trade relationship. Kumeyaay generally lived in dome-shaped homes made from branches and covered with leaves of willow or tule, called 'ewaa. These structures had a hole at the top to let smoke out and rocks along its base to keep out wind and small animals. Some Kumeyaay who lived in the mountains made their home out of slabs of bark. These structures were often temporary. When families moved or if someone died in

1078-467: A high ratio of magnesium and iron to calcium and potassium, that are also generally low in essential nutrients such as nitrogen. Another phytogeography system uses two California chaparral and woodlands subdivisions: the cismontane chaparral and the transmontane (desert) chaparral. Cismontane chaparral ("this side of the mountain") refers to the chaparral ecosystem in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome in California, growing on

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1176-405: A high-intensity crown-fire regime, meaning that fires consume nearly all the above ground growth whenever they burn, with a historical frequency of 30 to 150 years or more. A detailed analysis of historical fire data concluded that fire suppression activities have been ineffective at excluding fire from southern California chaparral, unlike in ponderosa pine forests. In addition, the number of fires

1274-439: A native shrubland to non-native annual grassland and drastically reduce species diversity, especially under drought brought about by climate change. There are two older hypotheses relating to California chaparral fire regimes that caused considerable debate in the past within the fields of wildfire ecology and land management. Research over the past two decades have rejected these hypotheses: The perspective that older chaparral

1372-605: A number of Kumeyaay clans, including Panto, met with Commissioner Oliver M. Wozencraft and negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel. The agreement was part of the "18 Treaties" of California , negotiated to protect Indian land rights. After the 18 Treaties were completed, the documents were sent to the United States Senate for approval. Under pressure from white settlers and the California Senate delegation,

1470-573: A professional soccer franchise by becoming the co-owner of San Diego FC , a Major League Soccer expansion team, and the second to have an ownership stake in any professional sports team. On the Mexican side of the border, Kumeyaay reservations manufacture traditional craftwork to sell on the American side of the border with partnering Kumeyaay souvenir gift shops and casinos. Many Kumeyaay there have moved into urban areas to seek better employment opportunities compared to their agrarian employment on

1568-551: A skirmish between the Kumeyaay and Mexican soldiers stationed in San Diego in 1826, killing 26 Kumeyaay. This provoked Lt. Juan M. Ibarra to lead several attacks on Kumeyaay-controlled lands, and killed 28 people in his attack on Santa Ysabel on April 5th of that year. In retaliation, the Kamia-Kumeyaay attacked Fort Romualdo Pacheco on April 26th with the support of the Quechan, resulting in three dead Mexican soldiers and

1666-475: A tennis court. MacDowell Neighborhood Park - Located at 5173 Arvinels Avenue in North Clairemont, just north of Innovation Middle School which was previously known as MacDowell School. This 3.14 acre park features wide lawns with shade trees and a playground. A walk/bike path begins in park and runs south to Clairemont Mesa Blvd west of I-805. Rough trails also lead north into San Clemente Canyon and

1764-520: A year. This makes the chaparral most vulnerable to fire in the late summer and fall. The chaparral ecosystem as a whole is adapted to be able to recover from naturally infrequent, high-intensity fire (fires occurring between 30 and 150 years or more apart); indeed, chaparral regions are known culturally and historically for their impressive fires. (This does create a conflict with human development adjacent to and expanding into chaparral systems.) Additionally, Native Americans burned chaparral near villages on

1862-819: Is a shrubland plant community found primarily in California , in southern Oregon and in the northern portion of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico . It is shaped by a Mediterranean climate (mild wet winters and hot dry summers) and infrequent, high-intensity crown fires . Many chaparral shrubs have hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the associated soft-leaved, drought-deciduous , scrub community of coastal sage scrub , found often on drier, southern facing slopes. Three other closely related chaparral shrubland systems occur in southern Arizona , western Texas , and along

1960-427: Is increasing in step with population growth and exacerbated by climate change. Chaparral stand age does not have a significant correlation to its tendency to burn. Large, infrequent, high-intensity wildfires are part of the natural fire regime for California chaparral. Extreme weather conditions (low humidity, high temperature, high winds), drought, and low fuel moisture are the primary factors in determining how large

2058-601: Is located at 5951 Printwood Way in the Clairemont Mesa East neighborhood. It was built on the site of an olive farm that was one of the area's previous uses before re-development as a residential suburb beginning in the 1950s. Mount Etna Neighborhood Park - Located at 4741 Mt. Etna Drive in Clairemont Mesa. A 7.32 acre park with three baseball fields, a playground, and a comfort station. Western Hills Neighborhood Park - Located at 4810 Kane Street in

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2156-478: Is often open, with only about 50 percent of the ground covered. Individual shrubs can reach up to 10 feet (3.0 m) in height. Transmontane chaparral or desert chaparral is found on the eastern slopes of major mountain range systems on the western sides of the deserts of California . The mountain systems include the southeastern Transverse Ranges (the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains ) in

2254-621: Is open to visitors with paid daily or monthly passes. As of summer 2017, the park was undergoing renovations; with old ramps being torn down and replaced in anticipation of the 2017 Clash at Clairemont, an event sponsored by professional skater Andy Macdonald . Public educational facilities in Clairemont consist of twelve elementary schools, two middle schools, two senior high schools and a community college. Five schools with specialized educational programs are also located in Clairemont. San Diego Unified School District operates public schools in

2352-549: Is similar to the observation that fire suppression and other human-caused disturbances in dry, ponderosa pine forests in the Southwest of the United States has unnaturally increased forest density. Historically, mixed-severity fires likely burned through these forests every decade or so, burning understory plants, small trees, and downed logs at low-severity, and patches of trees at high-severity. However, chaparral has

2450-746: Is unhealthy or unproductive may have originated during the 1940s when studies were conducted measuring the amount of forage available to deer populations in chaparral stands. However, according to recent studies, California chaparral is extraordinarily resilient to very long periods without fire and continues to maintain productive growth throughout pre-fire conditions. Seeds of many chaparral plants actually require 30 years or more worth of accumulated leaf litter before they will successfully germinate (e.g., scrub oak, Quercus berberidifolia ; toyon, Heteromeles arbutifolia ; and holly-leafed cherry, Prunus ilicifolia ). When intervals between fires drop below 10 to 15 years, many chaparral species are eliminated and

2548-722: The Barona Reservation and the Viejas Reservation , further cutting down the agricultural capacity of the Kumeyaay reservations. During the Mexican Revolution , the Magonistas gained the support of the Kumeyaay with an enthusiastic base, particularly in the Tecate region; many Kumeyaay from both sides of the border were enticed by their anarcho-syndicalist message of indigenous liberation from

2646-594: The California genocide . This was due to the strategic positioning of the Kumeyaay and the lack of gold in the mountains. Additionally, Mexican officials in Baja California Territory threatened to intervene in the conflict if they committed any atrocities on tribes along the border, due to a mix of Mexican sympathies towards the Native Californians and a fear of refugees coming across the border. On January 7, 1852, representatives of

2744-553: The Cocopa , Quechan , Paipai , and Kiliwa ). Native speakers contend that, within their territory, all Kumeyaay ('Iipay/Tiipay) can understand and speak to each other, if even after a brief familiarization. Nomenclature and tribal distinctions are not widely agreed upon. According to Margaret Langdon , who is credited with doing much of the early work on documenting the language, the general scholarly consensus recognized three separate languages: Katherine Luomala considered that

2842-824: The Diegueños , the former Spanish name applied to the Mission Indians living along the San Diego River . They are referred to as Kumiai in Mexico. The term Kumeyaay translates as "People of the west", with the word meyaay meaning "steep" or "cliff". All languages and dialects spoken by the Kumeyaay belong to the Delta–California branch of the Yuman language family , to which several other linguistically distinct, but related, groups also belong (including

2940-486: The Mexican War of Independence in 1821. The following year, Mexican troops confiscated all coastal lands from the Kumeyaay in 1822, granting much of the land to Mexican settlers, who became known as Californios , to develop the land for agriculture, beginning the California rancho era. Kumeyaay fell victim to smallpox and malaria epidemics in 1827 and 1832, reducing their population. Various disputes culminated to

3038-892: The Mojave Desert north and northeast of the Los Angeles basin and Inland Empire; and the northern Peninsular Ranges (San Jacinto, Santa Rosa , and Laguna Mountains ), which separate the Colorado Desert (western Sonoran Desert ) from lower coastal Southern California . It is distinguished from the cismontane chaparral found on the coastal side of the mountains, which experiences higher winter rainfall. Naturally, desert chaparral experiences less winter rainfall than cismontane chaparral. Plants in this community are characterized by small, hard ( sclerophyllic ) evergreen (non- deciduous ) leaves. Desert chaparral grows above California's desert cactus scrub plant community and below

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3136-611: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. However, border wall construction accelerated in 2020 and Kumeyaay representatives at the border to protect and preserve Kumeyaay artifacts were turned away from the construction area. This sparked protests among the bands and Kumeyaay women organized to lead a protest at the border in July. The La Posta Band filed a lawsuit in August against

3234-530: The desert shrubland habitat and chaparral plant community growing in the rainshadow of these ranges. Transmontane chaparral features xeric desert climate, not Mediterranean climate habitats, and is also referred to as desert chaparral . Desert chaparral is a regional ecosystem subset of the deserts and xeric shrublands biome , with some plant species from the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion . Unlike cismontane chaparral, which forms dense, impenetrable stands of plants, desert chaparral

3332-557: The pinyon-juniper woodland . It is further distinguished from the deciduous sub-alpine scrub above the pinyon-juniper woodlands on the same side of the Peninsular ranges. Due to the lower annual rainfall (resulting in slower plant growth rates) when compared to cismontane chaparral, desert chaparral is more vulnerable to biodiversity loss and the invasion of non-native weeds and grasses if disturbed by human activity and frequent fire. Transmontane (desert) chaparral typically grows on

3430-639: The scrub oak ". In its natural state, chaparral is characterized by infrequent fires, with natural fire return intervals ranging between 30 years and over 150 years. Mature chaparral (at least 60 years since time of last fire) is characterized by nearly impenetrable, dense thickets (except the more open desert chaparral). These plants are flammable during the late summer and autumn months when conditions are characteristically hot and dry. They grow as woody shrubs with thick, leathery, and often small leaves, contain green leaves all year (are evergreen ), and are typically drought resistant (with some exceptions ). After

3528-510: The Americas who live at the northern border of Baja California in Mexico and the southern border of California in the United States. They are an indigenous people of California . The Kumeyaay language belongs to the Yuman–Cochimí language family . The Kumeyaay consist of three related groups, the 'Iipai , Tiipai , and Kamia . The San Diego River loosely divided the 'Iipay and

3626-518: The Bay Park neighborhood of Clairemont. This 12.82 acre park has basketball courts, a playground, and a scenic canyon location. Mount Acadia Neighborhood Park - Located at 3865 Mt. Acadia Boulevard in Clairemont Mesa. This 9.13 acre park has two softball fields, a playground, a tot lot, and a comfort station. East Clairemont Athletic Area - Located at 3451 Mt. Acadia Boulevard in Clairemont Mesa. This 9.13 acre sports park has three softball fields,

3724-468: The California Academy of Sciences, Mediterranean shrubland contains more than 20 percent of the world's plant diversity. The word chaparral is a loanword from Spanish chaparro , meaning place of the scrub oak , which itself comes from a Basque word, txapar , that has the same meaning. Conservation International and other conservation organizations consider chaparral to be

3822-649: The Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians v. Duffy (1982) to operate high-stakes bingo games, leading to the expansion of many Kumeyaay bingo operators into the casino industry. This helped establish Las Vegas-style gaming operations in the reservations in the region, evaporating reservation unemployment and poverty in a short time. In total, the Kumeyaay operate six casinos: Barona Valley Ranch Resort and Casino, Sycuan Resort and Casino, Viejas Casino & Resort, Valley View Casino and Hotel, Golden Acorn Casino and Travel Center, and Jamul Casino. In response to

3920-472: The City of San Diego in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1976, the first Price Club (which would become Costco ) opened on Morena Boulevard. Price Club operated at the site until its merger with Costco in 1993. Clairemont's main geographical characteristics appear as a terrain of sandstone coastal mesas with canyons eroded by seasonal streams that support riparian woodlands. The predominant topographical features are

4018-431: The Clairemont neighborhood. Elementary and middle schools Special education Senior high schools College Supplementary education 32°49′13.66″N 117°11′24.48″W  /  32.8204611°N 117.1901333°W  / 32.8204611; -117.1901333 Kumeyaay The Kumeyaay , also known as 'Iipai-Tiipai or by the historical Spanish name Diegueño , is a tribe of Indigenous peoples of

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4116-844: The Colorado River. The Spanish mediated peace talks between the two warring factions in the mid-1770s, largely siding with the Quechan-aligned alliance. However, increased tensions between the Spanish and the Quechan led to resumed conflict in 1781, but with the Spanish being denied overland access to Alta California and siding with the Maricopa-aligned coalition. The Spanish would then refocus their attention westwards to secure their maritime access to Alta California on 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay lands. The Mexican Empire assumed ownership of Kumeyaay lands after defeating Spain in

4214-699: The Guadalupe Valley. Many bands began launching wine tours and festivals to attract tourists and foreign visitors from southern California and cruise passengers stopping at the Port of Ensenada . In 1998, the Kumeyaay established the Kumeyaay Border task force to work with federal immigration officials to secure free passage of Baja Kumeyaay bands to visit the US Kumeyaay bands and ensure their rights to protected graves and artifacts protected by

4312-457: The Kumeyaay led an attack on Rancho Tecate in 1836, forcing the alcalde of San Diego to send an expedition to suppress the Kumeyaay, but returned unsuccessfully. Because of the failed venture, Mexico failed to adequately suppress talk of Californian secession from American settlers in northern Alta California. Further Kumeyaay raids on El Cajon (1836) and Rancho Jamul (1837) threatened the security of San Diego, as many residents of San Diego fled

4410-686: The Kumeyaay village of Cosoy (Kosa'aay) to recover and resupply. After their recovery, the Spanish established a presidio over the village and the Misión San Diego de Alcalá , incorporating the village into the settlement of San Diego. In 1769, under the Spanish Mission system, bands living near Misión San Diego de Alcalá (overlooking the San Diego River, in present-day Mission Valley), were called Diegueños; later bands, living near Mission San Luis Rey de Francia , were called

4508-471: The Luiseño. The Spaniards brought with them new, non-native, invasive flora and domestic animals, which brought about some level of degradation to local ecology. This included grazing and foraging livestock animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, donkeys, and various birds, like chickens, pheasants and ducks; the latter dirtying local water sources considerably. After years of sexual assaults from

4606-552: The Marion Bear Memorial Park trail system. Gershwin Neighborhood Park - Located at 3508 Conrad Avenue in North Clairemont. This 5.39 acre park features basketball courts, a playground, comfort station, and a tennis court. Cadman Community Park - Located at 4280 Avati Drive in Clairemont, this 8.36 acre park has baseball, basketball, tennis and a tot lot. Olive Grove Park - Olive Grove Park

4704-770: The Mexican and American colonial nation-states starting with the end of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship. The Kumeyaay supported the Magonistas as guides throughout the land, whose aid allowed them to control Mexicali, Tecate, and Tijuana during the Magonista rebellion of 1911 . However, the Kumeyaay did not participate in much of the active fighting in the Magonista Rebellion, and did not participate with Cocopah , Kiliwa , and Paipai tribes in raiding on small towns or looting Chinese-Mexican businesses in

4802-635: The Mexican–American War, further threatening Mexican control of the southern Alta California coast. The Kumeyaay prevented Mexican usage of the ranchos around San Diego and evicted most of the Californios in the area by 1844, and continued launching raids deep into the Mexican controlled coast up until the start of the Mexican–American War. The Mexican settlers became refugees on Point Loma as they waited for ships, hoping to evacuate from San Diego as Kumeyaay victories challenged their ability to hold

4900-655: The Pacific Ocean from present Oceanside, California , in the north to south of Ensenada, Mexico , and extending east to the Colorado River . The Cuyamaca complex , a late Holocene complex in San Diego County is related to the Kumeyaay peoples. The Kumeyaay tribe also used to inhabit what is now a popular state park, known as Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve . One view holds that historic 'Iipai-Tiipai emerged around one millennium ago, though

4998-419: The San Diego community of Clairemont Mesa at 3401 Clairemont Drive, San Diego, CA 92117. Skateboards, bikes, scooters, and inline skates are allowed. The large facility includes beginner, intermediate and advanced skate and BMX courses, a street area, mini ramps, a concrete pool, and the former Dew Tour vert ramp. In addition, the park houses the world's first and only Skatercross track, completed in 2016. The park

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5096-605: The San Diego region, such as the Sycuan Green Line of the San Diego Trolley and the SDSU Viejas Arena . Some reservations have also diversified their economic profile such as Campo Reservation -based Muht Hei inc which oversees the reservation's wind farm or Sycuan Band's acquisition of the U.S. Grant Hotel . Additionally, Sycuan also became the first Native American tribe to own part of

5194-560: The Spanish soldiers in the Presidio, and physical torture of Mission Indians using metal-tipped whips (by Mission staff), the Tiipay-Kumeyaay villages led a revolt against the Spanish, burning down Mission San Diego and killing Father Luis Jayme along with two others. Missionaries and church leaders “apologized” and forgave the Kumeyaay, rebuilding their mission closer to the Kumeyaay village of Nipaquay or Nipawai . Ultimately,

5292-600: The Spanish solidified their control over the area until the end of the mission era. In the east, the Kamia-Kumeyaay were engaged in an armed regional conflict in the Colorado River region against a coalition of Yuman speaking tribes east of the Colorado River and the Cahuilla led by the Maricopa . The Kumeyaay aligned with Quechan -led coalition, along with the Mohave , Yavapai , Chemehuevi , and other smaller groups on

5390-635: The Tiipai historical homelands, while the Kamia lived in the eastern desert areas. The 'Iipai lived to the north, from Escondido to Lake Henshaw , while the Tiipai lived to the south, in lands including the Laguna Mountains , Ensenada , and Tecate . The Kamia lived to the east in an area that included Mexicali and bordered the Salton Sea . The Kumeyaay or 'Iipai-Tiipai were formerly known as

5488-525: The Trump administration seeking to block further construction of the border wall through their sacred cemetery (burial sites). Prior to Western assimilation , the Kumeyaay were organized into bands or clans called sibs or shiimull, which were grounded in family lineages with each sib home for 5 to 15 families. Each sib had their own territory and had the right to enforce land property rights in punishing thieves and trespassers. However, Kumeyaay did recognize

5586-510: The area. Under territorial governor José Figueroa , some of the Kumeyaay from Mission San Diego were allowed to resettle and establish San Pasqual pueblo in 1835, who would later become the San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians . The Kumeyaay pueblo fought against hostile bands and protected Mexican settlers, with a decisive victory over an anti-Christian uprising and capturing its leader, Claudio. With conditions worsening,

5684-472: The canyons includes coyotes , rabbits, squirrels, feral parrots, and owls (from which Tecolote Canyon takes its name). Many neighborhoods have views of Mission Bay and the Pacific Ocean on the west, and Fortuna Mountain and Cowles Mountain to the east. Neighborhoods along Tecolote Canyon have views of this preserved open space canyon system. City of San Diego Parks in and around Clairemont Mesa - Tecolote Canyon Natural Park - Tecolote Canyon runs through

5782-627: The casino construction boom, the San Diego County government maintained a policy of opposition to any growth in tribal expansion under any circumstance in fears that land would be used to build more casinos, which broke down relations between the County and the Kumeyaay, Payomkawichum (Luiseño) , and Kuupangaxwichem (Cupeño) tribal reservation governments. This San Diego County Board of Supervisors repealed these policies in May 2021. The relative success of gaming operations on many reservations has allowed them to buy naming rights of infrastructure around

5880-418: The chaparral biota native to California, all of which tend to regrow quickly after fires, include: The complex ecology of chaparral habitats supports a very large number of animal species. The following is a short list of birds which are an integral part of the cismontane chaparral ecosystems. Transmontane chaparral or desert chaparral — transmontane ("the other side of the mountain") chaparral —refers to

5978-400: The chemicals from smoke or charred wood). During the time shortly after a fire, chaparral communities may contain soft-leaved herbaceous, fire following annual wildflowers and short-lived perennials that dominate the community for the first few years – until the burl resprouts and seedlings of chaparral shrub species create a mature, dense overstory. Seeds of annuals and shrubs lie dormant until

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6076-487: The city, transforming the village into a neighborhood integrated into the city fabric. The village was then demolished in the early 1900s in preparation for the 1915 Panama–California Exposition , displacing the residents of the village. In 1932, the Coapan Kumeyaay living and farming on the San Diego River were removed to make way for El Capitan Dam and El Capitan Reservoir and relocated their inhabitants at

6174-591: The city. The Kumeyaay were able to attack San Diego in the late 1830s. Kumeyaay advancements into Rancho Bernardo in the north and San Ysidro and Tijuana to the south at the end of the decade threatened to cut off San Diego from the rest of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. The Kumeyaay made preparations to lay siege on San Diego in the early 1840s and launched a second attack on San Diego in June 1842. However, San Diego managed to defend itself once more. While

6272-425: The coastal plain to promote plant species for textiles and food. Before a major fire, typical chaparral plant communities are dominated by manzanita , chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum and Ceanothus species, toyon (which can sometimes be interspersed with scrub oaks ), and other drought-resistant shrubs with hard ( sclerophyllous ) leaves; these plants resprout (see resprouter ) from underground burls after

6370-414: The community of Clairemont Mesa and was dedicated by the City of San Diego as Tecolote Canyon Natural Park in 1977. This park is about 903 acres (365 ha) and is approximately six miles (10 km) long. There are multiple entrances to park throughout the community; some of these entrances provide public parking and bathroom facilities. Marian Bear Memorial Park - Also known as San Clemente Canyon, it

6468-399: The concept of suburban living is commonplace today, this approach was considered novel. Tavares' vision for Clairemont had far-reaching implications for San Diego, as it stretched the city limits outward and began the now familiar pattern of migration from city to suburb. Marian Bear Memorial Park (aka San Clemente Canyon) and Tecolote Canyon Natural Park were officially designated as parks by

6566-483: The county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up. This led to the San Diego Tax Rebellion of 1851 or "Garra's Revolt", with the destruction of Warner's Ranch led by the Cupeño , opening up a new western front of the Yuma War . The Kumeyaay agreed to join the revolt alongside Cahuilla , Cocopah , and Quechan warriors, but made no military commitments to attack San Diego or capture Fort Yuma . However, not all Kumeyaay bands fought on

6664-496: The early 1920s. In 1936 the Bay Park Village Subdivision was approved by the City Council. This project, located immediately south of Morena Subdivision and south of Milton Street featured 60 by 100 feet (18 m × 30 m) or larger lots for single-family homes. In 1939 Bay Park Elementary School was constructed at 2433 Denver Street. In 1950, Carlos Tavares and Lou Burgener developed what became San Diego's largest post-war subdivision. Originally dubbed "The Village Within

6762-408: The eastern side of central Mexico's mountain chains, all having summer rains in contrast to the Mediterranean climate of other chaparral formations. Chaparral comprises 9% of California's wildland vegetation and contains 20% of its plant species. See US Forest Service map and details of distribution and occurrence The name comes from the Spanish word chaparro , which translates to "place of

6860-537: The first rains following a fire, the landscape is dominated by small flowering herbaceous plants, known as fire followers, which die back with the summer dry period. Similar plant communities are found in the four other Mediterranean climate regions around the world, including the Mediterranean Basin (where it is known as maquis ), central Chile (where it is called matorral ), the South African Cape Region (known there as fynbos ), and in Western and Southern Australia (as kwongan ). According to

6958-426: The gently rolling mesas which are separated by canyons. These mesas are where most of the development is confined. The main canyon system was given the name Tecolote, by Spanish speaking persons after the native owl that lives in this canyon. Tecolote Canyon Natural Park is a protected part the City of San Diego's large parks system. Tecolote Canyon runs north-south through the center of this community, with branches to

7056-711: The house, they were often burned down. During warm seasons, men wore nothing except for a hide breechcloth to hold tools while women wore an apron or a skirt made from willow or elderberry bark. In the colder months, they would wear blankets made from willow bark or rabbit skins. They wore agave sandals made from yucca and agave fibers when going over long distances, over sharp rocks, or hot sand. Some would wear bead necklaces as jewelry, with beads made of clam, abalone, or olivella shells . Additionally, men could get their nose pierced and women might have their chins tattooed. Chaparral Chaparral ( / ˌ ʃ æ p ə ˈ r æ l , ˌ tʃ æ p -/ SHAP -ə- RAL , CHAP - )

7154-446: The indicator plants of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion include: Chaparral soils and nutrient composition Chaparral characteristically is found in areas with steep topography and shallow stony soils, while adjacent areas with clay soils, even where steep, tend to be colonized by annual plants and grasses. Some chaparral species are adapted to nutrient-poor soils developed over serpentine and other ultramafic rock, with

7252-630: The interior of the deserts, such as in the upper New York Mountains within the Mojave National Preserve in the Mojave Desert. The California transmontane (desert) chaparral is found in the rain shadow deserts of the following: There is overlap of animals with those of the adjacent desert and pinyon-juniper communities. Chaparral is a coastal biome with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The chaparral area receives about 38–100 cm (15–39 in) of precipitation

7350-431: The loss of obligate seeding shrub species such as Manzanita spp. This high frequency disallows seeder plants to reach their reproductive size before the next fire and the community shifts to a sprouter-dominance. If high frequency fires continue over time, obligate resprouting shrub species can also be eliminated by exhausting their energy reserves below-ground. Today, frequent accidental ignitions can convert chaparral from

7448-586: The lower (3,500–4,500 feet (1,100–1,400 m) elevation) northern slopes of the southern Transverse Ranges (running east to west in San Bernardino and Los Angeles counties) and on the lower (2,500–3,500 feet (760–1,070 m)) eastern slopes of the Peninsular Ranges (running south to north from lower Baja California to Riverside and Orange counties and the Transverse Ranges). It can also be found in higher-elevation sky islands in

7546-533: The necessary acreage to develop Clairemont from three primary land holdings: the Peavey Cattle Ranch, Mission Bay Heights (owned by the Hazard Family), and Tecolote Heights (owned by Jack & Dan Danciger). Before any homes were built in the new development, Tavares & Burgener invested $ 125,000 in off-street improvements including sewers, water, and access roads; this was necessary because

7644-549: The next fire creates the conditions needed for germination. Several shrub species such as Ceanothus fix nitrogen, increasing the availability of nitrogen compounds in the soil. Because of the hot, dry conditions that exist in the California summer and fall, chaparral is one of the most fire-prone plant communities in North America. Some fires are caused by lightning, but these are usually during periods of high humidity and low winds and are easily controlled. Nearly all of

7742-418: The northeast. Tecolote Creek, a seasonal stream, runs through the canyon. San Clemente Canyon runs east-west, bordering the community on the north side. Trails extend through both canyons for hiking or mountain biking. The geology in Clairemont is primarily sedimentary. The native vegetation is primarily chaparral . Trees include coast live oak , California sycamore , and formerly Engelmann oak . Wildlife in

7840-487: The proposed development was not adjacent to any developed areas. The original subdivision map that used the name “Clairemont” for the first time was approved and recorded by the County of San Diego on October 16, 1950. The map was named "Clairemont Unit #1, Map #2725". This is the area in Clairemont that includes Deerpark Drive, Burgener Boulevard, and Grandview Street from Field Street to Jellett Street. According to Burgener, "Between 1952 & 1954, seven homes were constructed

7938-686: The pueblo. During the Mexican–American War, the Kumeyaay were initially neutral. The Kumeyaay of the San Pasqual pueblo were evacuated as the Americans approached the town. The Mexicans and the Californios were victorious over the Americans at the Battle of San Pasqual . A Kumeyaay leader, Panto, called on the Mexicans to cease hostilities with the Americans so that the Kumeyaay could tend to

8036-566: The region was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. He had initially met with the Kumeyaay, but this did not lead to any colonial settlement. Sebastián Vizcaíno also visited in 1602 and met with a band of Kumeyaay during the feast of San Diego de Alcalá , thus giving the region of San Diego its name; however, this also did not lead to colonial settlement. In 1769, the Portolá expedition anchored in San Diego Bay and, once on land, traveled to

8134-650: The region, and may have even smuggled Chinese-Mexican refugees to the American side of the border. By the end of June, the rebellion was suppressed by the Madero administration. After the revolution, the ban on Ejidos and other forms of communal living were lifted and the Kumeyaay were able to resume their traditional communal way of life legitimately with their communities in Valle de Las Palmas , Peña Blanca, and their five other reservations. Kumeyaay people supported themselves by farming and agricultural wage labor; however,

8232-409: The reservation. The depopulation of their reservations has allowed neighboring non-native Ejidos to encroach on their lands. The Kumeyaay reservations on the Mexican side of the border have largely retained their traditional heritage. Some reservations faced water shortages, making it difficult to continue agricultural operation. This led many communities to enter wine-tasting and tourism industries in

8330-477: The right to water and were also obligated to share food with visitors. The Kumeyaay had a patriarchal society where the position of chief, or Kwaapaay , was inherited from the father to son, although widows were sometimes permitted to assume the position. It was the Kwaapaay's role to protect traditions, hold ceremonies, and resolve disputes and was responsible for political, religious, and economic activities of

8428-724: The same side of the Yuma war; the San Pasqual Band of Kumeyaay fought against the Quechan campaign to attack San Diego and defeated the Quechan in the San Pasqual Valley. The Kumeyaay withdrew from the war after the capitulation of the Cahuilla to the US and the failed attempt to capture Fort Yuma. Compared to other California tribes, the Kumeyaay did not face the same magnitude of destruction and exploitation under

8526-520: The sib's welfare. Each family in the sib was allowed to follow and participate in the decision making, or could leave the sib and pursue their own decision. The Kumeyaay practiced arranged marriage made by parents of different sibs. The future husband was expected to demonstrate his ability to hunt and needed to present the future bride the game he had killed. The bride would move into the husband's sib once they were married. Marriage relations were also made between sibs and other neighboring tribal groups as

8624-455: The sib. Future Kwaapaays were often selected by a Kwaapaay of another with no family relations to ensure impartiality. Kwaapaays were also accompanied by assistants and had a council of Kuseyaays . Kuseyaays were made up of male or female priests, doctors, and other specialists in the fields of health, ecology, resource management, tradition, and religion. Kuseyaays could be called by the kwaapaay to provide information or to make decisions for

8722-406: The siege failed, the Kumeyaay managed to control much of the south, east, and most of the north of the settlement, with the town becoming dependent on sea access maintain connections to the rest of Mexico. Together with Quechan resistance in the east, the Kumeyaay cut off Alta California of all land routes to the rest of the Mexican republic between the Colorado River and the Pacific Ocean up until

8820-465: The system is typically replaced by non-native, invasive, weedy grassland. The idea that older chaparral is responsible for causing large fires was originally proposed in the 1980s by comparing wildfires in Baja California and southern California. It was suggested that fire suppression activities in southern California allowed more fuel to accumulate, which in turn led to larger fires. This

8918-470: The treaties were all rejected. From 1870 to 1910, American settlers seized lands, including arable and native gathering lands. In 1875, President Ulysses S. Grant created reservations in the area, and additional lands were placed under trust patent status after the passage of the 1891 Act for the Relief of Mission Indians. The reservations tended to be small and lacked adequate water supplies. The situation

9016-425: The very large wildfires are caused by human activity during periods of hot, dry easterly Santa Ana winds . These human-caused fires are commonly ignited by power line failures, vehicle fires and collisions, sparks from machinery, arson, or campfires. Though adapted to infrequent fires, chaparral plant communities can be eliminated by frequent fires. A high frequency of fire (less than 10-15 years apart) will result in

9114-747: The western (and coastal) sides of large mountain range systems, such as the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the San Joaquin Valley foothills, western slopes of the Peninsular Ranges and California Coast Ranges , and south-southwest slopes of the Transverse Ranges in the Central Coast and Southern California regions. In Central and Southern California chaparral forms a dominant habitat. Members of

9212-532: The wide range of dialect variations reflected only two distinct languages, 'Iipai and Tiipai, a view mostly supported by other researchers. Evidence of the settlement in what is today considered Kumeyaay territory may go back twelve millennia. Circa 7000 B.C. marked the emergence of two cultural traditions: the California Coast and Valley tradition and the Desert tradition. The Kumeyaay had land along

9310-752: The wounded Americans, to which provided Panto and the San Pasqual Kumeyaay resupplied the Americans and helped ensure the American capture of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles and San Diego. After the Mexican–American War , Kumeyaay lands were split between the U.S. and Mexico through the Mexican Cession resulting from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . In 1851, San Diego County unilaterally charged property taxes on Native American tribes in

9408-402: Was bounded by streets that are known today as Morena Boulevard on the west, Milton Street on the south, Illion Street on the east, and on the north by an east-west line approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) north of Gesner Street. In 1887 a train depot was constructed in the vicinity of Kane Street and Morena Boulevard to accommodate potential buyers in the Morena Subdivision. It was torn down in

9506-645: Was made worse during the famine of 1880–1881, which forced many Kumeyaay to survive by accepting charity from whites, as they faced diseases, starvation and attacks from white settlers. Some Kumeyaay chose not to establish a reservation inland and sought work in San Diego, many of whom migrated to the Kumeyaay village in what is now Balboa Park led by the Florida Canyon Kumeyaay Band. The village experienced growth after receiving immigrants from other Kumeyaay bands as well as from other indigenous Californian and Bajeno tribes, who sought work in

9604-519: Was officially renamed to Marian Bear Memorial Park by the City of San Diego in 1960. Marian Park is roughly 467 acres (189 ha) and runs parallel to the south side of the 52 freeway. The main entrances to the park are off of Regents Road and Genesee Avenue. Both of these entrances provide public parking, restrooms and picnic benches. North Clairemont Community Park - Located at 4421 Bannock Avenue in North Clairemont. This 14.5 acre park has Basketball courts, Multi-purpose sports fields, playgrounds, and

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