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113-477: It is known that Native Americans in what is now the eastern United States developed techniques to bake (or steam) clams, at least in Florida. Contrary to legend, though, American colonists did not learn to enjoy baked clams from Native Americans. The colonists did not consider clams to be an acceptable human food and instead fed clams to pigs, except during times of famine. Author Andrew W. German concluded, "There

226-485: A CIA operative. Wilson was a prominent critic of the administration. The decision to compel the reporters to reveal sources was seen in the news media as a license to go after reporters and newspapers in the courtroom for not revealing confidential informants. It was considered a violation of the trust between reporter and said informants. Clifton was vilified in the news media as "having no backbone" and he admitted that people could refer to him as "chickenshit". Clifton told

339-411: A biennial or a perennial plant , but is usually treated as an annual and harvested in its first growing season. The onion plant has a fan of hollow, bluish-green leaves, and its bulb at the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is reached. The bulbs are composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale (leaves) that envelop a central bud at

452-1182: A 100 g (3.5 oz) amount. Onions contribute savoury flavour to dishes without contributing significant caloric content. Onion varieties vary widely in phytochemical content, particularly for polyphenols , with shallots having the highest level, six times the amount found in Vidalia onions . Yellow onions have the highest total flavonoid content, an amount 11 times higher than in white onions. Red onions have considerable content of anthocyanin pigments , with at least 25 different compounds identified representing 10% of total flavonoid content. Like garlic , onions can show an additional colour – pink-red – after cutting, an effect caused by reactions of amino acids with sulfur compounds. Onion polyphenols are under basic research to determine their possible biological properties in humans. Some people suffer from allergic reactions after handling onions. Symptoms can include contact dermatitis , intense itching, rhinoconjunctivitis , blurred vision, bronchial asthma , sweating, and anaphylaxis . Allergic reactions may not occur when eating cooked onions, possibly due to

565-702: A buyout offer and then 23 more were fired. In 2009, employees agreed to accept a 12% pay cut in exchange for a two-year no-layoff agreement. In December 2012, members of the Newspaper Guild reported that The Plain Dealer management had told them that, after the January 2013 expiration of a no-layoff provision in the union's contract, it planned to eliminate about one-third of the newspaper's staff and cut 58 of 168 union positions. Later in December 2012,

678-609: A complaint with the NLRB which it settled in August 2014. The Plain Dealer announced plans to lay off a third of its remaining unionized staff in December 2018 as part of a transition to a "centralized production system". In March 2019, the paper laid off twelve (or fourteen) editors and reporters, and also outsourced its production, dropping another 24 jobs. Eight veteran reporters volunteered to take buyouts to spare others losing their jobs. Cleveland.com editor Chris Quinn blamed

791-445: A dry rot sets in and the bulb becomes a dry, mummified structure. This disease may be present throughout the growing period, but only manifests itself when the bulb is in storage. Antifungal seed dressings are available and the disease can be minimised by preventing physical damage to the bulbs at harvesting, careful drying and curing of the mature onions, and correct storage in a cool, dry place with plenty of circulating air. Onion oil

904-534: A flattened (onion-like) shape. Intermediate forms exist. I'itoi onion is a prolific multiplier onion cultivated in the Baboquivari Peak Wilderness , Arizona area. This small-bulb type has a shallot-like flavour and is easy to grow and ideal for hot, dry climates. Bulbs are separated, and planted in the fall 25 mm (1 in) below the surface and 300 mm (12 in) apart. Bulbs will multiply into clumps and can be harvested throughout

1017-420: A greater water and sugar content than cooking onions. This makes them sweeter and milder tasting, but reduces their shelf life. Sweet onions can be stored refrigerated; they have a shelf life of around one month. Irrespective of type, any cut pieces of onion are best tightly wrapped, stored away from other produce, and used within two to three days. Most of the diversity within A. cepa occurs within this group,

1130-498: A high sulphur content and produce pungent bulbs. Onions require a high level of nutrients in the soil. Phosphorus is often present in sufficient quantities, but may be applied before planting because of its low level of availability in cold soils. Nitrogen and potash can be applied at regular intervals during the growing season, the last application of nitrogen being at least four weeks before harvesting. Bulbing onions are day-length sensitive; their bulbs begin growing only after

1243-606: A hole the exact width and depth of a coffin" in a piece asserting that the narrative regarding Rice's parents' criminal histories "is absent any context whatsoever". NEOMG's handling of the situation was condemned on a national scale by the Huffington Post, as well as internally by Plain Dealer staffers. In the presidential election of 1864 , the paper was strongly opposed to the reelection of Abraham Lincoln . An editorial dated 5 November asked rhetorically, "Do you want four more years of war? Vote for Lincoln. Do you want

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1356-532: A long-lasting relish. Onions pickled in vinegar are eaten as a side serving with traditional pub food such as a ploughman's lunch . Onions are commonly chopped and used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes, and may be used as a main ingredient in their own right, for example in French onion soup , creamed onions, and onion chutney . They are versatile and can be baked, boiled, braised, grilled, fried, roasted, sautéed, or eaten raw in salads. Onions are

1469-481: A major ingredient of some curries ; the Persian-style dopiaza 's name means "double onion", and it is used both in the dish's sour curry sauce and as a garnish. Onion powder is a seasoning made from finely ground, dehydrated onions; it is often included in seasoned salt and spice mixes. Onions have particularly large cells that are easy to observe under low magnification. Forming a single layer of cells,

1582-660: A population of 3.8 million people making it the 19th-largest market in the United States. In August 2013, The Plain Dealer reduced home delivery to four days a week, including Sunday. A daily version of The Plain Dealer is available electronically as well as in print at stores, newsracks and newsstands. The newspaper was established in January 1842 when two brothers, Joseph William Gray and Admiral Nelson Gray, took over The Cleveland Advertiser and changed its name to The Plain Dealer . The Cleveland Advertiser had been published from 1831 to 1841. Some sources attribute

1695-412: A print newspaper only, not a digital edition. Content from each is cross-posted on the other site. Cleveland.com is described by its owners as "the premier news and information website in the state of Ohio". Though it is under the same ownership as The Plain Dealer , cleveland.com was operated by a separate company and had separate staff and offices. The corporate structure underpinning these changes

1808-503: A print newspaper to online delivery of news, as Advance had done when it ended daily delivery of the New Orleans Times-Picayune . Another way that the formation of NEOMG has been viewed is as a strategy to weaken, and ultimately kill, a labor union , by moving tasks from the unionized Plain Dealer staff to the non-unionized staff at cleveland.com. The division of The Plain Dealer into two separate companies,

1921-469: A riddle which seems to be about an onion, with sexual overtones. The "wondrous creature, a joy to women" stands "in a bed"; "My column is erect and tall"; a woman "rubs me to redness" but at once "she feels my meeting"; the riddle ends "Wet will be that eye." In the Odyssey , Homer included the lines "I saw the shining tunic about his skin, like the skin of a dried onion, so soft was it, and it shone in

2034-468: A separate species, and potato onions. Related species include garlic , leek , and chives . Cepa is commonly accepted as Latin for "onion"; the generic name Allium is the classical Latin name for garlic. It has an affinity with Spanish: cebolla , Italian: cipolla , Polish: cebula , and the German Zwiebel (this last altered by folk etymology ). The English word " chive " is from

2147-470: A single plant forms an aggregate cluster of several bulbs from a master. They are propagated almost exclusively from daughter bulbs, although reproduction from seed is possible. Shallots are the most important subgroup within this group and comprise the only cultivars cultivated commercially. They form aggregate clusters of small, narrowly ovoid to pear-shaped bulbs. Potato onions differ from shallots in forming larger bulbs with fewer bulbs per cluster, and having

2260-543: A staff of four union journalists: investigative journalist John Caniglia, travel editor Susan Glaser, art critic Steven Litt, and sports columnist Terry Pluto . On May 12, 2020, it was announced that the final four union journalists would be laid off and offered positions in the non-union cleveland.com newsroom. Under an agreement with the Northeast Ohio Newspaper Guild, the guild would be barred from participating in union organizing activities in

2373-408: A unionized, print organization and a non-union, online organization, was dubbed a "transparent union-busting schism scheme" by Cleveland Scene an alternative weekly Cleveland newspaper. The labor union representing Plain Dealer employees was called, from its founding in 1933 until its closure in 2020 as a result of these changes, Newspaper Guild Local 1, because it was the first local chapter of

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2486-663: A website that analyzes political issues relevant to Ohio and the greater Cleveland area. It also conducted fact-checking and was produced in conjunction with its creator, the Tampa Bay Times . Four years later, the relationship was ended. Although the operation had generated criticism, the decision to drop it was attributed instead to a desire to keep all content on cleveland.com rather than the separate PolitiFact Ohio site, which remains available as an archive. The copy rates are $ 3 for daily or $ 5 on Sunday/Thanksgiving Day at newsstands/newsracks. The full subscription weekly price

2599-487: A week to four: Wednesday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. It continued to publish an edition seven days a week that is available in electronic form at cleveland.com, and in print at stores, newsracks and newsstands. Subscribers to the four print editions have access to the digital edition seven days a week. (Plans announced in April 2013 had called for a reduction to three days of delivery by August 2013, but Saturday delivery

2712-510: Is $ 4.65. These prices only apply to The Plain Dealer' s home delivery area, which are the Northeast Ohio counties of Cuyahoga , Lake , Geauga , Portage , Erie , Ottawa , Summit , Ashtabula , Medina , and Lorain . The Plain Dealer is available throughout the state at select newsstands including in the state capital, Columbus , and anywhere in the U.S. or world via U.S. mail service; prices are higher by mail. In October 2014,

2825-406: Is a condition in which the central leaves turn yellow and the inner part of the bulb collapses into an unpleasant-smelling slime. Most of these disorders are best treated by removing and burning affected plants. The larvae of the onion leaf miner or leek moth ( Acrolepiopsis assectella ) sometimes attack the foliage and may burrow down into the bulb. The onion fly ( Delia antiqua ) lays eggs on

2938-899: Is around 5.5. Humans have grown and selectively bred onions in cultivation for at least 7,000 years. The geographic origin of the onion is uncertain; ancient records of onion use span both eastern and western Asia. Domestication likely took place in West or Central Asia . Onions have been variously described as having originated in Iran , western Pakistan and Central Asia . The onion species Allium fistulosum (spring onion, bunching onion) and Allium tuberosum (Chinese leek) were domesticated in China around 6000 BC alongside other vegetables, grains, and fruits. Recipes using onions and other Allium species were recorded in cuneiform script on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia , around 2000 BC;

3051-496: Is authorised for use in the European Union for use as a pesticide against carrot fly in umbelliferous crops (carrots, parsnips, parsley, celery, celeriac). Onions are a widely cultivated vegetable crop, produced in the second largest quantity after tomatoes . In 2021, the top global producers of onions were China, India, the United States, and Turkey. In 2022, world production of onions and shallots (as green produce)

3164-433: Is harvested after bulbing has begun, but the onion is not yet mature, the plants are sometimes referred to as "summer" onions. Onions may be bred and grown to mature at smaller sizes, known as pearl, boiler, or pickler onions; these are not true pearl onions which are a different species. Pearl and boiler onions may be cooked as a vegetable rather than as an ingredient, while pickler onions are often preserved in vinegar as

3277-475: Is no question that Native American peoples have been consuming clams for four thousand years but there is little evidence that they prepared them in the traditional New England way. Perhaps they smoked them for preservation, and they probably roasted them in open fires, but neither oral traditions nor early European observations refer to steaming in rockweed. And though we like to imagine the Wampanoags teaching

3390-534: Is often prepared in a large pot in much smaller quantities. This is known as a New England clam boil. Some caterers specialize in clambakes on the beach. Clambakes are also popular in Greater Cleveland , despite that region's not being near the Atlantic Ocean. A typical clambake there includes a dozen clams with half a chicken, sweet potatoes, corn, and other side dishes. Seaweed is not used and

3503-405: Is rapidly acted on by a second enzyme, the lacrimatory factor synthase (LFS), producing the syn -propanethial-S-oxide. This gas diffuses through the air and soon reaches the eyes, where it activates sensory neurons. Lacrimal glands produce tears to dilute and flush out the irritant. Eye irritation can be minimised by cutting onions under running water or submerged in a basin of water. Leaving

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3616-530: Is the major newspaper of Cleveland , Ohio ; it is a major national newspaper. In the fall of 2019 it ranked 23rd in U.S. newspaper circulation , a significant drop since March 2013, when its circulation ranked 17th daily and 15th on Sunday. As of May 2019 , The Plain Dealer had 94,838 daily readers and 171,404 readers on Sunday. The Plain Dealer ' s media market , the Cleveland-Akron Designated Market Area, has

3729-585: The Cleveland News and The Cleveland Press , closed in 1960 and 1982 respectively. However, since 2015, a number of nonprofit news outlets have begun reporting including the Cleveland Observer, Cleveland Documenters, The Land, and Signal Cleveland. Cleveland.com which was launched by Advance Publications in 1997, is the sister company of The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com has only an online presence, while The Plain Dealer provides

3842-692: The Welsh onion ( A. fistulosum ), as well as from A. cepa . Young plants of A. fistulosum and A. cepa look very similar, but may be distinguished by their leaves, which are circular in cross-section in A. fistulosum rather than flattened on one side. The name 'the Big Onion' was formerly used of New York City , before it became 'the Big Apple', and Chicago became 'the Big Onion'. The 10th century Exeter Book , written in Old English , contains

3955-405: The bulb onion or common onion , is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium . The shallot is a botanical variety of the onion which was classified as a separate species until 2011. The onion's close relatives include garlic , scallion , leek , and chives . The genus contains several other species variously called onions and cultivated for food, such as

4068-598: The denaturing of the proteins from cooking. Freshly cut onions can produce a stinging sensation in the eyes of people nearby and often uncontrollable tears . This is caused by the release of a volatile liquid , syn -propanethial-S-oxide and its aerosol , which stimulates nerves in the eye. This gas is produced by a chain of reactions which serve as a defence mechanism : chopping an onion causes damage to cells which releases enzymes called alliinases . These break down amino acid sulfoxides and generate sulfenic acids . A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid,

4181-522: The "Allen’s Neck Friends Meeting Clambake", was attended by 625 people in 2017. In 1950, the Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries published a 12-page booklet titled "How to Prepare a Maine Clambake with Lobsters and All the Fixin's". The 1975 edition of Joy of Cooking , the cookbook first published in 1931, describes two versions of a clambake. The big version is cooked in a sandpit, and

4294-528: The American Civil War. Rhode Island businessmen operated many clambake pavilions, and the first published clambake recipe credited that state as the origin. The practice spread throughout New England and on to other parts of the country. After the Civil War, railroads began carrying fresh Atlantic seafood on ice from New York through Pennsylvania, Ohio and on to Chicago. This was the beginning of

4407-522: The Cleveland paper, "I think that by all odds, the Plain Dealer has the best newspaper name of any in the world." Although its first edition in 1842 was captioned simply "The Plain Dealer", the name on the newspaper's masthead included "Cleveland" for much of its history, and dropped the city name sometime between 1965 and 1970. Joseph William Gray owned (initially with his brother) and edited

4520-544: The Constitution destroyed? Vote for Lincoln... Do you want the degraded Negros made your social and political equals? Vote for Lincoln." The Plain Dealer has been criticized in the past by liberal columnists for staking out generally conservative positions on its editorial page, despite serving a predominantly Democratic readership base. In 2004, the editorial board voted to endorse Democratic U.S. Senator John Kerry ; after publisher Alex Machaskee overruled it, ordering

4633-470: The Guild that management had misled the union by cutting more employees than had been agreed upon in the 2012 agreement, specifically by reneging on a promise to keep at least 110 union jobs in the newsroom. This concern was heightened when, within 24 hours after the layoffs, NEOMG hired away from The Plain Dealer thirteen of those who were not laid off, leaving 97 employees in the newsroom. The union filed

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4746-495: The Holden trustees, including Vail, sold the Plain Dealer to Samuel Irving Newhouse Sr. 's newspaper chain for $ 54.2 million, then the highest price ever paid for a U.S. newspaper. Advance Publications Inc. , a New York-based media company owned by Newhouse's heirs, continues to own the Plain Dealer. The Plain Dealer has been the sole major newspaper for Cleveland and Northeast Ohio since its two main 20th-century competitors,

4859-521: The Japanese bunching onion Allium fistulosum , the tree onion Allium  × proliferum , and the Canada onion Allium canadense . The name wild onion is applied to a number of Allium species, but A. cepa is exclusively known from cultivation. Its ancestral wild original form is not known, although escapes from cultivation have become established in some regions. The onion is most frequently

4972-427: The Japanese bunching onion ( A. fistulosum ), Egyptian onion ( A.  × proliferum ), and Canada onion ( A. canadense ). The vast majority of cultivars of A. cepa belong to the common onion group ( A. cepa  var.  cepa ) and are usually referred to simply as onions. The Aggregatum Group of cultivars ( A. cepa  var.  aggregatum ) includes both shallots, formerly classed as

5085-544: The News Guild, addressed Quinn's remarks, saying "we are baffled how print circulation can be blamed for buyouts at a digital company that we've been told again and again over five years is a separate entity from the Plain Dealer." On March 3, 2020, The Plain Dealer announced that 22 more journalists would be laid off. Their departures were delayed by two weeks, however, because of the COVID-19 pandemic , leading to what

5198-535: The Northeast Ohio Media Group hosted the three Ohio candidates for governor in what would be their only joint appearance. The debate was held before the NEOMG's editorial board (which also serves as the editorial board of The Plain Dealer ) and NEOMG reporters. Incumbent Gov. John Kasich , a Republican, largely ignored his main rival, Democrat Ed FitzGerald . Kasich refused to admit he could hear

5311-468: The Old French chive , in turn from cepa . The onion is a biennial plant but is usually grown as an annual. Modern varieties typically grow to a height of 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). The leaves are yellowish- to bluish green and grow alternately in a flattened, fan-shaped swathe. They are fleshy, hollow, and cylindrical, with one flattened side. They are at their broadest about a quarter of

5424-616: The Pilgrims how to bake clams, there is good evidence that the early European settlers actually eschewed clams as food fit only for the poor, eating them as little as possible." The clambake as it is now known does not go back to the colonial period. Consciously based on indigenous foods, it was developed in the United States after the American Revolution as a part of a created mythology as an "icon of its unique cultural identity". The clambake "exploded" in popularity after

5537-489: The Plain Dealer Publishing Company provide content to The Plain Dealer and cleveland.com. One way that contemporary observers viewed the 2013 establishment of NEOMG, in conjunction with the termination of daily home delivery and personnel cuts of the same year, was as implementation by The Plain Dealer' s owner, Advance Publications, of a strategy to change its business from daily delivery of

5650-702: The autumn and form bulbs in the early spring and require only 11–12 hours of daylight to stimulate bulb formation. Onions are a cool-weather crop and can be grown in USDA zones 3 to 9. Hot temperatures or other stressful conditions cause them to " bolt ", meaning that a flower stem begins to grow. Onions are grown from seeds or from partially grown bulbs called "sets" or starter bulbs . Onion seeds are short-lived and fresh seeds germinate more effectively when sown in shallow rows, or "drills," with each drill 12" to 18" apart. In suitable climates, certain cultivars can be sown in late summer and autumn to overwinter in

5763-415: The board to write an endorsement of Republican George W. Bush , editorial page editor Brent Larkin persuaded Machaskee to withhold any endorsement. The news coverage is generally more neutral, with national and international news often culled from wire services including The New York Times . The paper had been criticized as being too soft in its coverage of Senator George Voinovich from Ohio. It also

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5876-477: The bulb become dry and brittle, so the crop is normally harvested. If left in the soil over winter, the growing point in the middle of the bulb begins to develop in the spring. New leaves appear, and a long, stout, hollow stem expands, topped by a bract protecting a developing inflorescence. The inflorescence takes the form of a rounded umbel of white flowers with parts in sixes. The seeds are glossy black and triangular in cross-section. The average pH of an onion

5989-538: The bulb epidermis is easy to separate for educational, experimental, and breeding purposes. Onions are therefore commonly used in science education to teach the use of a microscope for observing cell structure. Onion skins can be boiled to make an orange-brown dye. Most onion cultivars are about 89% water, 9% carbohydrates (including 4% sugar and 2% dietary fibre ), 1% protein , and negligible fat (table). Onions contain low amounts of essential nutrients and have an energy value of 166 kJ (40 kilocalories ) in

6102-596: The clams, chicken, and sweet potatoes are all steamed together in a large pot. John D. Rockefeller started the tradition in Ohio. The 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical Carousel featured a song called "A Real Nice Clambake". The song was also in the 1956 film version . Hammerstein spent a lot of time researching in order to write the lyrics for the song. He consulted over 20 books and spoke to chefs, dialect experts and historians. The book that influenced him most

6215-532: The cleveland.com newsroom for one year. The same day, after three months of serving as Plain Dealer editor and overseeing this period of layoffs, Tim Warsinskey announced that he would be starting in a new role as the senior editor for Advance Local, the parent company of cleveland.com on June 1, 2020. These layoffs were the culmination of a drop over 20 years in membership in the United States' first News Guild (Local 1 of that union) from 340 members to zero. In July 2010, The Plain Dealer launched PolitiFact Ohio,

6328-434: The cleveland.com site a black-and-yellow color scheme, "until someone informed them those are Steelers colors". Since the late 20th century, like other media business organizations, the newspaper has faced reductions in circulation and revenue; it has undergone restructuring and layoffs. The paper's circulation declined from the 1980s through about the first decade of the twenty-first century, then dropped precipitously in

6441-439: The cob, potatoes , carrots , and onions . Alternating layers of seaweed and food are piled on top, and the entire mound is covered with canvas that has been drenched in water to seal in the heat and prevent the canvas from burning. The food is allowed to steam for several hours. Many locales outlaw building fires on beaches, and those that do often require permits. In order to accommodate the dish in homes or backyards, this dish

6554-484: The cooler months. Tops die back in the heat of summer and may return with heavy rains; bulbs can remain in the ground or be harvested and stored in a cool dry place for planting in the fall. The plants rarely flower; propagation is by division. Some hybrids are cultivated that have A. cepa parentage, such as the diploid tree onion or Egyptian onion ( A. × proliferum ), and the triploid onion ( A. × cornutum ). The tree onion or Egyptian onion produces bulblets in

6667-431: The criminal backgrounds of Rice's parents in a follow-up piece, pointing out that Rice was playing with a toy gun that officers mistook for a real one at the time of the shooting. As a result, Quinn noted, many people asserted that the shooting was justified. "One of the questions these people raise is why a 12-year-old was walking about in a public place, randomly aiming what looks like a real gun in various directions, to

6780-510: The current spelling of the city name to The Cleveland Advertiser ' s dropping the first "a" from the name of the city's founder, Moses Cleaveland , so the newspaper's name would fit on the masthead but others dispute that story. When the Gray brothers began publishing their newspaper in 1842, they wrote an explanation of their choice of name; after a discussion of several other possible names, they wrote, "but our democracy and modesty suggest

6893-501: The eelworm. White rot of onions, leeks, and garlic is caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotium cepivorum . As the roots rot, the foliage turns yellow and wilts. The bases of the bulbs are attacked and become covered by a fluffy white mass of mycelia , which later produces small, globular black structures called sclerotia . These resting structures remain in the soil to reinfect a future crop. No cure for this fungal disease exists, so affected plants should be removed and destroyed and

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7006-657: The eye sockets of Ramesses IV . Pliny the Elder of the first century AD wrote about the use of onions and cabbage in Pompeii . He documented Roman beliefs about the onion's ability to improve ocular ailments, aid in sleep, and heal everything from oral sores and toothaches to dog bites, lumbago , and even dysentery . Archaeologists unearthing Pompeii long after its 79 AD volcanic burial have found gardens resembling those in Pliny's detailed narratives. According to texts collected in

7119-615: The fifth/sixth century AD under the authorial aegis of "Apicius" (said to have been a gourmet ), onions were used in many Roman recipes. In the Age of Discovery , onions were taken to North America by the first European settlers in part of the Columbian exchange . They found close relatives of the plant such as Allium tricoccum readily available and widely used in Native American gastronomy. According to diaries kept by some of

7232-674: The first English colonists, the bulb onion was one of the first crops planted in North America by the Pilgrim fathers . Between 1883 and 1939, inventors in the United States patented 97 inventions meant to make onion-growing more efficient through automation. Three colour varieties of onions offer different possibilities for the cook: While the large, mature onion bulb is most often eaten, onions can be eaten at immature stages. Young plants may be harvested before bulbing occurs and used whole as spring onions or scallions . When an onion

7345-651: The first crop yield of commercially available LFS-silenced onions under the name "Sunions". They were the product of 30 years of cross-breeding; genetic modification was not employed. Guinea hen weed and honey garlic contain a similar lachrymatory factor. Synthetic onion lachrymatory factor has been used in a study related to tear production, and has been proposed as a nonlethal deterrent against thieves and intruders. Onions are toxic to animals including dogs, cats, and guinea pigs . Onions are best cultivated in fertile, well-drained soils. Sandy loams are good as they are low in sulphur, while clayey soils usually have

7458-425: The flavour of onions with lower LFS content. Since the process impedes sulfur ingestion by the plant, some find LFS− onions inferior in flavour. A method for efficiently differentiating LFS− and LFS+ onions has been developed based on mass spectrometry , with potential application in high-volume production; gas chromatography is also used to measure lachrymatory factor in onions. In early 2018, Bayer released

7571-548: The following decade or so; the following figures (using circulation numbers derived from the same source, though made public only in other sources and in a patchwork fashion) show that in the 24 years between 1983 and 2007 the paper's circulation dropped by 33% (daily) and 11% (Sunday), while in the next 12 years between 2007 and 2019, it lost a further 79% and 62% of its daily and Sunday circulation. On December 18, 2005, The Plain Dealer ceased publication of its weekly Sunday Magazine , which had been published since 1919. Its demise

7684-485: The ground and produce early crops the following year. Onion bulbs are produced by sowing seeds in a dense pattern in early summer, then harvested in the autumn when the bulbs are still small, followed by drying and storage. These bulbs are planted the following spring and grow into mature bulbs later in the growing season. Certain cultivars used for growing and storing bulbs may not have as good storage characteristics as those grown directly from seed. Routine care during

7797-432: The ground used for unrelated crops in subsequent years. Neck rot is a fungal disease affecting onions in storage. It is caused by Botrytis allii , which attacks the neck and upper parts of the bulb, causing a grey mould to develop. The symptoms often first occur where the bulb has been damaged and spread down the affected scales. Large quantities of spores are produced and crust-like sclerotia may also develop. In time,

7910-412: The growing season involves keeping the rows free of competing weeds, especially when the plants are young. The plants are shallow-rooted and do not need much water when established. Bulbing usually takes place after 12 to 18 weeks. The bulbs can be gathered when needed to eat fresh, but if stored, they are harvested after the leaves have died back naturally. In dry weather, they may be left on the surface of

8023-483: The guild endorsed an agreement with Plain Dealer management accepting the expected layoffs of 58 journalists starting in May 2013, but restoring some of the pay cut union members had accepted in 2009, setting a severance package, and minimizing future layoffs through 2019 (to "just one more modest downsizing"). The agreement also allowed work to "flow freely" between The Plain Dealer and cleveland.com, in particular changing

8136-418: The leaves and stems and on the ground close to onion, shallot, leek, and garlic plants. The fly is attracted to the crop by the smell of damaged tissue and is liable to occur after thinning. Plants grown from sets are less prone to attack. The larvae tunnel into the bulbs and the foliage wilts and turns yellow. The bulbs are disfigured and rot, especially in wet weather. Control measures may include crop rotation,

8249-596: The media access privilege, saying publishing these names would threaten the safety of the men and women who obtain these permits. An Ohio gun rights group then published Clifton's home address and phone number. The Plain Dealer made national headlines in summer 2005, when editor Douglas Clifton announced that the newspaper was withholding two stories "of profound importance" after Judith Miller of The New York Times and Matthew Cooper of Time magazine were ordered to reveal confidential sources who had provided information on Valerie Plame , Joseph Wilson's wife, being

8362-567: The most economically important Allium crop. Plants within this group form large single bulbs, and are grown from seed or seed-grown sets. The majority of cultivated varieties grown for dry bulbs, salad onions , and pickling onions belong to this group. The range of diversity found among these cultivars includes variation in photoperiod (length of day that triggers bulbing), storage life, flavour, and skin colour. This group contains shallots and potato onions, also referred to as multiplier onions. The bulbs are smaller than those of common onions, and

8475-464: The national press that while he and the reporters involved in the story were willing to be jailed for not revealing sources, the legal department of the Plain Dealer Publishing Company was worried that the newspaper itself would be sued and strongly opposed the printing of the stories. "Talking isn't an option and jail is too high a price to pay", he said. Onion An onion ( Allium cepa L., from Latin cepa meaning "onion"), also known as

8588-568: The national union now called the NewsGuild . The Plain Dealer News Guild also called NEOMG's formation evidence of Advance's involvement in "union-busting", and repeated the claim in response to subsequent layoffs. In February 2017, Advance Ohio named Chris Quinn editor and publisher. Quinn previously served as vice president of content at NEOMG and was the metro editor at The Plain Dealer prior to that. In 2019, cleveland.com

8701-481: The news organization posted online an explanation of events written by its reader representative. The column cited Quinn's explanation: Shortly after the video was posted, the Kasich campaign contacted him and said it had not been aware a video would be posted online. Quinn eventually decided that his failure to explicitly explain the presence of a video camera was unfair. Further, "I thought that if I stated my reasons,

8814-399: The newspaper from 1842 until his death in 1862. A series of editors controlled the paper between then and 1885, when real estate investor Liberty Emery Holden purchased it. When Holden died in 1913, ownership of the Plain Dealer was placed in trust for his heirs. WHK (AM) and WJAY were purchased by United Broadcasting Company in 1934 and 1936, respectively. United Broadcasting company

8927-463: The number of daylight hours has surpassed some minimal quantity. Most traditional European onions are referred to as "long-day" onions, producing bulbs only after 14 hours or more of daylight occurs. Southern European and North African varieties are often known as "intermediate-day" types, requiring only 12–13 hours of daylight to stimulate bulb formation. "Short-day" onions, which have been developed in more recent times, are planted in mild-winter areas in

9040-541: The obvious next step would be people going to the candidates and asking them if they had any objection to putting the video back up," Quinn is quoted as saying. "That would mean my error could put people into an uncomfortable situation." The explanation left some critics unsatisfied. As part of NEOMG's coverage of the 2014 shooting of Tamir Rice by Cleveland Police, NEOMG published a stories explaining that Rice's parents had criminal backgrounds. NEOMG Vice President of Content Chris Quinn attempted to justify reporting on

9153-699: The only name that befits the occasion, the PLAIN DEALER." The phrase means "someone who interacts or does business straightforwardly and honestly". Their choice of name was probably inspired by The Plaindealer , a weekly paper described as Jacksonian or radical, published in New York City by William Leggett from 1836 to either 1837 or 1839. Several other newspapers in California, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, Oregon, Wisconsin, Manitoba, and South Australia later adopted versions of

9266-474: The owner of the Cleveland Plain Dealer had demanded that the unflattering video be taken down. The NEOMG's actions were covered by other media organizations and it was criticized by media observers. Chris Quinn, the NEOMG vice president who sent the letters, declined all requests for comment. At 7 a.m. on the day after the election, which Kasich who was endorsed by the NEOMG won easily,

9379-415: The parent organization's falling revenue on the print side of the operation. "It's just the falling circulation numbers in print, they continue to hamper us", Quinn said. "So we'll—you hate to see them go, they're veteran people, it's a lot of experience. Nothing matters more. But if it fits for where they are in their lives, and we can save some money, we're going for it." Rachel Dissell, a vice president of

9492-425: The point where a witness called 9-1-1 in fear," Quinn wrote in a piece defending his organization's reporting on the incident. Quinn postulated, "One way to stop police from killing any more 12-year-olds might be to understand the forces that lead children to undertake behavior that could put them in the sights of police guns." Cleveland Scene , the alternative weekly, compared Quinn's explanation to "digging himself

9605-507: The popularity of the clambake in the Cleveland area. The Cleveland Plain Dealer published an article on October 15, 1866, called "Great Clam Bake at Camp Gilbert: A 'Running Account' Of It". The writer expressed the "firm opinion that clam bakes were glorious institutions." In 1888, a group of Quakers in Dartmouth, Massachusetts held a clambake, which became a traditional annual event each August that continues today. The event, called

9718-569: The print edition), only, while NEOMG gained responsibility for operating cleveland.com and Sun Newspapers (also known as the Sun News suburban papers, a group of smaller, weekly, more suburban-oriented newspapers in the Greater Cleveland metro area also owned by Advance Publications). NEOMG was also made responsible for all ad sales and marketing for The Plain Dealer , Sun News , and cleveland.com. Both NEOMG (later Advance Ohio) and

9831-411: The questions of FitzGerald, who was sitting next to him and insisted that a reporter repeat them. During the debate, a video camera was positioned eight feet in front of the candidates. The resulting video was posted on cleveland.com. A few days later, however, it was removed. When other sites posted copies of the now-deleted video, the NEOMG sent letters threatening legal action. TechDirt reported that

9944-553: The root end intact also reduces irritation as the onion base has a higher concentration of sulphur compounds than the rest of the bulb. The amount of sulfenic acids and lacrimal factor released and the irritation effect differs among Allium species. In 2008, the New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research created "no tears" onions by genetic modification to prevent the synthesis of lachrymatory factor synthase in onions. One study suggests that consumers prefer

10057-537: The rules to allow work of non-union staff of cleveland.com to be published in The Plain Dealer . Following the agreement about two dozen newsroom employees departed voluntarily. On the morning of Wednesday, July 31, 2013, after having been told in April that layoffs expected for May were "on hold" until the summer, nearly one third of the newsroom staff was eliminated through layoffs and voluntary resignations. The 2013 round of layoffs led to accusations by

10170-611: The same name in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At least three continue: Indiana Plain Dealer , a 2024 combination of newspapers including the former Wabash Plain Dealer , which had served Wabash, Indiana since 1859; the Ouray County Plaindealer of Ouray County, Colorado under names that included "Plaindealer" during 1888–1939 and since 1969; and the Cresco Times Plain Dealer of Cresco, Iowa . Winston Churchill reportedly said about

10283-434: The seaweed and a fair amount of seawater. Also, important are round medium-sized stones, which are heated in the fire and used to re-radiate heat during the cooking process. Finally, like most other methods of steaming , a cover is necessary to allow the trapped heat and steam to thoroughly cook the food. Canvas tarps or potato sacks soaked in seawater are often used for this purpose. Sometimes, canvas sails are used. Once

10396-431: The small version is cooked in a large pot on a stove or a grill. According to food journalist Mark Bittman , "Few meals are more beautiful than a well-executed clambake." A clambake begins with gathering seaweed (traditionally rockweed – Ascophyllum nodosum ) at the shoreline; seaweed is an important adjunct to cooking the food. To keep the seaweed fresh, it is necessary to have a container large enough to hold both

10509-496: The soil for a few days for drying, then are placed in nets, roped into strings, or laid in layers in shallow boxes to be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place. Onions suffer from several pests and diseases. The most serious for the home gardener are likely to be the onion fly, stem and bulb eelworm, white rot, and neck rot. Diseases affecting the foliage include rust and smut, downy mildew, and white tip disease. The bulbs may be affected by splitting, white rot, and neck rot. Shanking

10622-416: The stones and seaweed have been collected, a fire pit is prepared. Some prefer to simply start a fire within the pit, while others line the edges with flat stones to provide support for a metal grill on which the stones may be placed. The stones used for cooking are then placed in the center of the pit and a wood fire is started, although the exact method of heating the stones varies. The fire must burn until

10735-461: The stones are glowing hot. Care must be taken to ensure that the fire will burn out shortly after this optimal cooking temperature is achieved. The ashes are then swept off the stones and raked between them to form an insulating "bed." A layer of wet seaweed is placed over the stones, followed by traditional regional foods such as steamers , mussels , quahogs , and lobsters . Sausages are sometimes cooked as well. Side dishes usually include corn on

10848-534: The tablets are held in Yale University 's Babylonian collection. The Assyriologist and "gourmet cook" Jean Bottero stated this was "a cuisine of striking richness, refinement, sophistication and artistry". Ancient Egyptians revered the onion bulb, viewing its spherical shape and concentric rings as symbols of eternal life. Onions were used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces found in

10961-662: The third set from an unknown parent. Various clones of the triploid onion are grown locally in different regions, such as 'Ljutika' in Croatia, and 'Pran', 'Poonch', and 'Srinagar' in the India-Kashmir region. 'Pran' is grown extensively in the northern Indian provinces of Jammu and Kashmir. There are very small genetic differences between 'Pran' and the Croatian clone 'Ljutika', implying a monophyletic origin for this species. Spring onions or salad onions may be grown from

11074-539: The tip of the stem. In the autumn (or in spring, in the case of overwintering onions), the foliage dies down and the outer layers of the bulb become more dry, and brittle. The crop is harvested and dried and the onions are ready for use or storage. The crop is prone to attack by a number of pests and diseases, particularly the onion fly , the onion eelworm , and various fungi which can cause rotting. Some varieties of A. cepa , such as shallots and potato onions , produce multiple bulbs. Onions are cultivated and used around

11187-491: The umbel instead of flowers, and is now known to be a hybrid of A. cepa and A. fistulosum . It has previously been treated as a variety of A. cepa , for example A. cepa var. proliferum , A. cepa var. bulbiferum , and A. cepa var. viviparum . It has been grown for centuries in Japan and China for use as a salad onion. The triploid onion is a hybrid species with three sets of chromosomes, two sets from A. cepa and

11300-515: The use of seed dressings, early sowing or planting, and the removal of infested plants. The onion eelworm ( Ditylenchus dipsaci ), a tiny parasitic soil-living nematode , causes swollen, distorted foliage. Young plants are killed and older ones produce soft bulbs. No cure is known and affected plants should be uprooted and burned. The site should not be used for growing onions again for several years and should also be avoided for growing carrots , parsnips , and beans , which are also susceptible to

11413-417: The way up, beyond which they taper to blunt tips. The base of each leaf is a flattened, usually white sheath that grows out of the basal plate of a bulb. From the underside of the plate, a bundle of fibrous roots extends for a short way into the soil. As the onion matures, food reserves accumulate in the leaf bases, and the bulb of the onion swells. In the autumn, the leaves die back, and the outer scales of

11526-423: The world. As a food item, they are often served raw as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can be eaten cooked or used to make pickles or chutneys . They are pungent when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which may irritate the eyes. The onion plant ( Allium cepa ), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium . It

11639-532: Was Mainstays of Maine by Pulitzer Prize winning poet Robert P. T. Coffin . The book included a full chapter about a clambake on a Maine island, with great culinary detail. Many of these details were incorporated into Hammerstein's lyrics, including describing lapping up chowder "with a clamshell, tied onto a bayberry stick." [REDACTED] Media related to Clambakes at Wikimedia Commons Cleveland Plain Dealer The Plain Dealer

11752-606: Was 5.0 million tonnes , led by China with 17% of the total, and Mali , Angola , and Japan as secondary producers. In the home, cooking onions and sweet onions are best stored at room temperature , optimally in a single layer, in large mesh bags in a dry, cool, dark, well-ventilated location. In this environment, cooking onions have a shelf life of three to four weeks and sweet onions one to two weeks. Cooking onions will absorb odours from apples and pears. Additionally, they draw moisture from vegetables with which they are stored which may cause them to decay . Sweet onions have

11865-427: Was attracting an average of 9.9 million users monthly. In 2006, Cleveland Magazine called cleveland.com "mediocre compared to its peers", while saying that it "has only recently started to improve". In 2012, Cleveland Scene , the alternative weekly, said that "Advance's sites are notoriously poorly designed and borderline unnavigable" and, to demonstrate its non-local management, said that Advance wanted to give

11978-478: Was attributed to rising expenses and the poor economy. The editor of The Plain Dealer , Doug Clifton, said that stories that would formerly have appeared in the Sunday Magazine would be integrated into other areas of the paper. In June 2008, the paper announced that it would cut four sections and an average of 32 pages per week. In August 2013, The Plain Dealer reduced home delivery from seven days

12091-436: Was criticized in the 2004 election cycle for the U.S. Senate, not providing fair coverage if any to Voinovich's opponent, State Sen. Eric Fingerhut , a Democrat. In 2005, the newspaper twice published lists of concealed weapon permit holders from the five counties around Cleveland. Editor Doug Clifton defended the paper's decision, sparking a feud with a pro-carry lobbyist group. State Senator Steve Austria called it abuse of

12204-409: Was described as "a farewell blitz of vital reporting" on that topic by the soon-to-depart staff. On April 6, 2020, the Plain Dealer's editor announced that ten of its fourteen remaining reporters would be assigned to cover Ohio counties outside of Cleveland, rather than Cuyahoga County . The ten reporters asked to be laid off instead, and on April 10, 2020, they were. This left the Plain Dealer with

12317-509: Was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum . Synonyms during its taxonomic history are: A. cepa is known exclusively from cultivation, but related wild species occur in Central Asia and Iran. The most closely related include A. vavilovii from Turkmenistan and A. asarense from Iran . The genus Allium contains other species variously called onions and cultivated for food, such as

12430-585: Was owned by the Forest City Publishing Company, which in turn owned The Plain Dealer . Until 1967, the paper's publishing company, The Plain Dealer Publishing Company, was part of the Forest City Publishing Company, which also published the Cleveland News until its closing in 1960. One of Holden's heirs, Holden's great-grandson Thomas Vail, became the paper's editor and publisher in 1963. On March 1, 1967,

12543-572: Was retained after complaints from auto dealers, a major category of Saturday advertiser.) The Plain Dealer formerly operated a variety of news bureaus. By the middle of 2014, both the state capital bureau in Columbus and the Washington bureau were shifted to the Northeast Ohio Media Group, as shown by the affiliations of their bureau chiefs. In the early 2000s, The Plain Dealer employed almost 350 reporters and editors; by 2020 that number

12656-495: Was the launch, announced in April 2013 and effective that August, of a "new, digitally focused company," also under ownership of Advance Publications , initially (in 2013) called the Northeast Ohio Media Group (NEOMG) and renamed in January 2016 as Advance Ohio. (The renaming happened several weeks after a major reorganization of the newsroom that included layoffs. ) The original, older parent company, Plain Dealer Publishing Company, kept responsibility for The Plain Dealer (i.e.,

12769-399: Was zero. The elimination of its entire staff took the form of a series of cuts between 2006 and 2020, described below. Between October and November 2006, about 64 employees, or one-sixth of those in the newsroom, accepted a buyout offer to leave the newspaper, reducing the newsroom staff from 372 to 308. In December 2008, the paper reduced its newsroom staff by 50 persons, or 20%; 27 accepted

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