60-526: Clann Fhergail was a cantred located in County Galway , comprising the baronies of Moycullen and Galway , and the parishes of Oranmore and Ballynacourty and Rahoon. Crichaireacht cinedach nduchasa Muintiri Murchada is a tract dating since the reign of its overlord, Flaithbertaigh Ua Flaithbertaigh who died 1098 (he was the King of Connacht from 1092-1098). This list contains the main families of
120-626: A Royal Irish Army was established. Queen Mary I , one of Henry VIII's daughters, would take the English throne in 1553. As a Catholic, she sought to smooth relations with the Pope. Pope Paul IV would grant Philip II of Spain (Mary's husband) and Mary the title of King and Queen of Ireland in 1555, endorsing the position that the Tudors were indeed the rightful Irish monarchy. This grant would not work as Paul IV had expected, as Mary died in 1558 and
180-488: A municipal corporation which had parallel authority with the grand jury; however, each county corporate except Carrickfergus included rural "liberties" outside the municipal boundary. The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 abolished the corporations of Carrickfergus and Galway, while the Counties and Boroughs (Ireland) Act 1840, passed simultaneously, transferred the liberties of the other six counties corporate to
240-614: A new kingdom based on the existing parliament . English monarchs continued to use the title "Lord of Ireland" to refer to their position of conquered lands on the island of Ireland. The title was changed by the Crown of Ireland Act passed by the Irish Parliament in 1542 when, on Henry VIII's demand, he was granted a new title, King of Ireland , with the state renamed the Kingdom of Ireland . Henry VIII changed his title because
300-564: A Norman knight based in Wales, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (alias 'Strongbow'), to aid him in his battle to regain his throne, after being overthrown by a confederation led by the new Irish High King (the previous incumbent had protected MacMurrough). Henry II of England invaded Ireland to control Strongbow, who he feared was becoming a threat to the stability of his own kingdom on its western fringes (there had been earlier fears that Saxon refugees might use either Ireland or Flanders as
360-636: A barony together with the town, while the liberties on the west bank of the River Bann were attached to the separate half-barony of Coleraine . The lands of the Lordship of Newry , originating with the Cistercians of Newry Abbey and passing to the Earl of Kilmorey , were similarly regularised into a barony of County Down and a civil parish of County Armagh . There were eight counties corporate:
420-547: A base for a counter-offensive after 1066); much of the later Plantagenet consolidation of South Wales was in furtherance of holding open routes to Ireland. From 1155 Henry claimed that Pope Adrian IV had given him authorisation to reform the Irish church by assuming control of Ireland. Religious practices and ecclesiastical organisation in Ireland had evolved divergently from those in areas of Europe influenced more directly by
480-457: A common practice for the Norman lordships as well as government forces to recruit the native Irish who were allied to them or living in English controlled areas (i.e. Leinster including Meath and Ossory , Munster and some parts of Connacht ). This was easy to do as the native Irish had no great sense of national identity at that time and were prone to mercenarism and shifting alliances. But
540-508: A dispute dividing his family. For he had divided his territories between his sons, with the youngest being nicknamed Johan sanz Terre (in English, " John Lackland ") as he was left without lands to rule. At the Oxford parliament in May 1177, Henry replaced William FitzAldelm and granted John his Irish lands, so becoming Lord of Ireland ( Dominus Hiberniae ) in 1177 when he was 10 years old, with
600-598: A focus for local patriotism. Some public houses and older provincial hotels bear the name of the barony in which they are located; likewise some clubs of the Gaelic Athletic Association , for example Carbury (County Kildare), Castlerahan , and Kilmurry Ibrickane . Four of the six regional divisions of Cork GAA are named after baronies corresponding to major parts of their respective areas: Carbery , Duhallow , Imokilly , and Muskerry . The final catalogue of baronies numbered 331. A figure of 273
660-600: A junior Norman prince, came under the direct rule of the Angevin crown. In the legal terminology of John's successors, the "lordship of Ireland" referred to the sovereignty vested in the Crown of England; the corresponding territory was referred to as the "land of Ireland". The Lordship thrived in the 13th century during the Medieval Warm Period , a time of warm climate and better harvests. The feudal system
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#1732794154918720-608: A large one, or were created without regard for the earlier boundaries. In the Norman period most Gaelic chiefs were killed, expelled, or subordinated by the new Norman lord; in the Tudor period, many Gaelic and Hibernicized lords retained their land by pledging allegiance to the Crown under surrender and regrant . Sir John Perrot 's commissioners reported 184 "cantreds, otherwise called hundreds or baronies" in 1589; William Petty reported 252 baronies in 1672. Baronies were sometimes subdivided, and occasionally combined. The parts of
780-488: A local jury picked by the county grand jury from among the barony's highest rate-payers, according to a complicated formula. The baronial presentment sessions were a convoluted process, lacking public confidence and marred by allegations of corruption and favouritism. Special emergency sessions were held during the Famine of the 1840s for the make-work schemes. Several parallel local administrative divisions were formed in
840-400: A specific royal charter granting them borough status similar to English law . These were originally independent of the baronies, which were rural divisions of the "county at large". By the time of Beaufort's 1792 Memoir of Ireland , this was true of fewer towns. Beaufort distinguishes between baronies and "peculiar districts"; the latter encompassing counties corporate and liberties in
900-416: A subdivided barony were called half-baronies , but had the same legal standing. Some subdivisions came about when new counties were formed, and the new boundary split a pre-existing barony. In three cases, there are adjacent half-baronies in neighbouring counties with the same name: Rathdown ( Dublin — Wicklow ), Fore ( Meath — Westmeath ), and Ballymoe ( Galway — Roscommon ). Subdivision happened especially in
960-550: Is a historical subdivision of a county , analogous to the hundreds into which the counties of England were divided. Baronies were created during the Tudor reconquest of Ireland , replacing the earlier cantreds formed after the original Norman invasion . Some early baronies were later subdivided into half baronies with the same standing as full baronies. Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units. They acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in
1020-465: Is also quoted, by combining those divided into half-baronies, as by east–west, north–south, or upper/middle/lower divisions. Every point in Ireland is in precisely one of the listed divisions. However, the municipal area of the four cities with barony status in 1898 has extended since then into the surrounding baronies. Prior to 1898, the baronies around Dublin City were shrunk according as they ceded land to
1080-511: The Byrnes and the O'Mores of Leix . These clans were able to successfully defend their territories against English attack for a very long time through the use of asymmetrical guerrilla warfare and devastating raids into the lands held by the colonists. Additionally, the power of native chiefs who had never come under English domination such as the O'Neills and the O'Donnells increased steadily until these became once again major power players on
1140-583: The Holy See , although many of these differences had been eliminated or greatly lessened by the time the bull was issued in 1155. Further, the former Irish church had never sent its dues (" tithes ") to Rome. Henry's primary motivation for invading Ireland in 1171 was to control Strongbow and other Norman lords. In the process he accepted the fealty of the Gaelic kings at Dublin in November 1171 and summoned
1200-576: The Irish House of Commons , the election was held in the county town , with a separate polling booth for electors resident in each barony or half-baroiny. The single-seat divisions into which the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 split most Irish county constituencies were defined largely or exclusively in terms of the baronies which they comprised; however, in some cases a barony was split parish by parish between two divisions. The 1891 census
1260-591: The Lord Deputy who was usually the current Earl of Kildare . The Battle of Knockdoe in 1504 saw such a coalition army fight the Burkes in Galway . However, a rebellion by the 9th Earl's heir Silken Thomas in 1535 led on to a less sympathetic system of rule by mainly English-born administrators. The end of this rebellion and Henry VIII 's seizure of the Irish monasteries around 1540 led on to his plan to create
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#17327941549181320-617: The Statute of Kilkenny tried to keep aspects of Gaelic culture out of the Norman-controlled areas albeit in vain. As the Norman lordships became increasingly Gaelicized and made alliances with native chiefs, whose power steadily increased, crown control slowly eroded. Additionally, the Plantagenet government increasingly alienated the Irish chiefs and people on whom they often relied for their military strength. It had been
1380-666: The Synod of Cashel in 1172, this bringing the Irish Church into conformity with English and European norms. In 1175 the Treaty of Windsor was agreed by Henry and Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , High King of Ireland . The popes asserted the right to grant sovereignty over islands to different monarchs on the basis of the Donation of Constantine (now known to be a forgery). Doubts were cast by eminent scholars on Laudabiliter itself in
1440-525: The "County of the City" of each of Cork , Dublin , Limerick , Kilkenny , and Waterford , and the "County of the Town" of each of Carrickfergus , Drogheda and Galway . These were excluded from the enclosing "county-at-large" and exercised at a single level the functions which elsewhere were split between county and barony level. Thus, they had "baronial presentment sessions" although they were not strictly speaking baronies. Each such city or town also had
1500-465: The 19th century before being superseded by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 . Subsequent adjustments of county boundaries mean that some baronies now straddle two counties. The final catalogue of baronies numbered 331, with an average area of 255 km (98 sq mi; 63,000 acres); therefore, each county was divided, on average, into 10 or 11 baronies. The island of Ireland
1560-465: The 19th century, but it had been confirmed by the letters of Pope Alexander III . The Papal power to grant also fell within the remit of Dictatus papae (1075–1087). While Laudabiliter had referred to the "kingdom" of Ireland, the Papacy was ambiguous about continuing to describe it as a kingdom as early as 1185. Having captured a small part of Ireland on the east coast, Henry used the land to solve
1620-736: The 19th century, when qualifiers "Upper"/"Lower"(/"Middle"), "North"/"South", or "East/"West" were used for the half-baronies. The main basis for this subdivision was the Grand Jury (Ireland) Act, 1836 , which empowered a county's grand jury to divide baronies of at least 45,000 acres (18,000 ha) and unite baronies totalling at most 40,000 acres (16,000 ha). An 1837 act relaxed these restrictions for County Fermanagh , where many baronies were split by Lough Erne . The baronies of Iveagh, Muskerry, and Connello were each subdivided twice: Upper and Lower Iveagh each have Upper and Lower Halves; East and West Muskerry each have East and West Divisions;
1680-534: The Anglo-Norman lords in Ireland, who carved out earldoms for themselves and had almost as much authority as some of the native Gaelic kings. Some Anglo-Normans became Gaelicised and rebelled against the English administration. The English attempted to curb this by passing the Statutes of Kilkenny (1366), which forbade English settlers from taking up Irish law, language, custom and dress. The period ended with
1740-592: The Anglo-Normans. The area under English rule and law grew and shrank over time, and reached its greatest extent in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. The lordship then went into decline, brought on by its invasion by Scotland in 1315–18, the Great Famine of 1315–17 , and the Black Death of the 1340s. The fluid political situation and Norman feudal system allowed a great deal of autonomy for
1800-490: The English colony as its influence retreated to the Pale in the fourteenth century, and when the Tudors and Stuarts revived and extended county government, the baronies which they delimited often bore little relation to the earlier cantreds. Most cantreds corresponded to the túath ('country') or trícha cét ('thirty hundred [men]') of a Gaelic chief. However, sometimes baronies combined small territories, or split
1860-567: The English newcomers and an increase in population. The Norman élite and churchmen spoke Norman French and Latin. Many poorer settlers spoke English, Welsh, and Flemish. The Gaelic areas spoke Irish dialects. The Yola language of County Wexford was a survivor of the early English dialects. The Kildare Poems of c. 1350 are a rare example of humorous local culture written in Middle English. The Lordship suffered invasion from Scotland by Edward Bruce in 1315–1318, which destroyed much of
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1920-564: The Irish chiefs became increasingly alienated by the oppressive measures of the English government and began openly rebelling against the crown. Some of the more notable among those clans who had formerly cooperated with the English but became increasingly alienated until turning openly anti-Norman and a thorn in the side of the Dublin administration were the O'Connor Falys , the MacMurrough-Kavanagh dynasty ( Kingdom of Leinster ),
1980-539: The Lordship of Ireland had been granted to the Norman monarchy by the Papacy; Henry had been excommunicated by the Catholic Church and worried that his title could be withdrawn by the Holy See . Henry VIII also wanted Ireland to become a full kingdom to encourage a greater sense of loyalty amongst his Irish subjects, some of whom took part in his policy of surrender and regrant . To provide for greater security,
2040-672: The adjacent baronies. Those of Kinsale, Callen, and Kilmallock are now counted as baronies. A 1791 act dealt with the two in County Londonderry; it made the North West Liberties of Londonderry , together with the city, into a barony, while the liberties on the east bank of the River Foyle were attached to the half barony of Tirkeeran . Similarly, the North East Liberties of Coleraine formed
2100-399: The adjoining county-at-large. The transferred area was sometimes assigned to one or more existing county baronies, but sometimes made a barony in its own right. The reduced-size counties corporate continued till the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , at which point each of those of Kilkenny and the three towns was merged with a neighbouring county to form a new administrative county , while
2160-442: The baronial presentment sessions were abolished. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units". Baronies continue to be used in land registration , and specification such as in planning permissions . For example,
2220-491: The coastal land units will be extended accordingly. For example, a 1994 statutory instrument extended the boundary of the Barony of Arklow , along with the boundaries of the county ( Wicklow ), the district electoral division (Arklow Rural), the civil parish ( Arklow ), and the townlands (Rock Big, Rock Little, and Money Big). The Local Government (Ireland) Act also caused a number of county boundaries to be modified, with
2280-462: The creation of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542. The authority of the Lordship of Ireland's government was seldom extended throughout the island of Ireland at any time during its existence but was restricted to the Pale around Dublin , and some provincial towns, including Cork , Limerick , Waterford , Wexford and their hinterlands. It owed its origins to the decision of a Leinster dynast, Diarmait Mac Murchada ( Diarmuid MacMorrough ), to bring in
2340-418: The economy and coincided with the great famine of 1315–1317 . The earldom of Ulster ended in 1333, and the Black Death of 1348–1350 impacted more on the town-dwelling Normans than on the remaining Gaelic clans. The Norman and English colonists exhibited a tendency to adopt much of the native culture and language, becoming "Gaelicized" or in the words of some " More Irish than the Irish themselves ". In 1366
2400-746: The environs of some of the older or larger towns and cities. The liberties listed by Beaufort separately from baronies are those of Kinsale , Mallow and Youghal in County Cork ; Callan in County Kilkenny ; Kilmallock in County Limerick ; Derry and Coleraine in County Londonderry ; and Wexford in County Wexford . Of these, those of Wexford, Mallow, and Youghal are no longer counted as separate from
2460-489: The expanding city; but there is now land which is both within the current city boundaries and within one of the pre-1898 county baronies. Notably, the Barony of Dublin, created in 1842, is almost entirely within the city, although still separate from the Barony of Dublin City. Lordship of Ireland The Lordship of Ireland ( Irish : Tiarnas na hÉireann ), sometimes referred to retrospectively as Anglo-Norman Ireland ,
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2520-402: The form for registration of a freehold property includes a schedule "To contain description of the property, giving area, townland, barony and county, or, if in a city or urban district, the street or road and city or urban district". Barony boundaries have remained essentially unchanged since 1898. An exception occurs when land is reclaimed from the sea , whereupon the maritime boundary of
2580-709: The midlands and Munster. Likewise the "precincts" into which the plantation of Ulster was organised were mostly coterminous with baronies, though some were split or combined. In certain counties after the Cromwellian reconquest , Adventurers got lands in half the baronies, with soldiers in the other half. The Irish who had forfeited their lands in those regions were resettled in Connacht and Clare , with each county of origin assigned to particular destination baronies. William Petty 's Down Survey of 1655–6 collected statistics and produced maps at barony level to assist
2640-410: The names of administrative baronies for which there is no corresponding hereditary or prescriptive barony . In counties Louth and Meath , the administrative subdivisions were called "baronies" from the beginning, originally as portions given by Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath to his vassals . Further south the name "cantred" was used till the fifteenth century. The cantreds declined with the rest of
2700-490: The nineteenth century, which were not based on the barony. The Poor Law Unions were established in 1838, each centred on an eponymous town; most new or altered responsibilities were given to them in subsequent decades. These Unions which were divided into district electoral divisions (DEDs) for funding purposes. Petty sessions courts for civil cases and quarter sessions for criminal cases used still another set of land divisions. For each two-seat county constituency in
2760-430: The other four counties of cities each became a county borough . Both before and after 1898, where a statute presupposed that a county was divided into baronies, judges sometimes construed it by assuming that each county corporate constituted a single barony. The various Plantations of Ireland were organised largely by barony. Different categories of English and Scottish settlers were planted in particular baronies in
2820-485: The region and their estates within Clann Fhergail. The first listed was the family of Halloran . This Irish history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to the geography of County Galway , Ireland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Barony (Ireland) In Ireland , a barony ( Irish : barúntacht , plural barúntachtaí )
2880-611: The reorganisation. Acts of 1787 and 1792 allowed the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to appoint a constable for each barony, and the county grand jury to appoint up to 16 sub-constables. These powers were seldom used and the constables had few powers; they were usually older men nicknamed "old Barnys", with the archetypal "old Barny McKeown". They were superseded by the Royal Irish Constabulary . The cess to pay for roads, bridges, and other public works
2940-622: The result that a number of baronies now cross county boundaries. This can cause confusion to genealogy researchers, who may be unable to find an area referred to as being in a particular county in 19th century sources in the modern county. Most markedly, the entire territory of the small barony of Kilculliheen was moved from County Waterford to County Kilkenny . Likewise in 1976, when suburbs of Drogheda were transferred from County Meath to County Louth, barony boundaries were not adjusted. The marginal relevance of baronies means many people have no idea which barony they live in. However, some remain
3000-429: The scene of Irish politics. Historians refer to a Gaelic revival or resurgence as occurring between 1350 and 1500, by which time the area ruled for the Crown – " the Pale " – had shrunk to a small area around Dublin . Between 1500 and 1542 a mixed situation arose. Most clans remained loyal to the Crown most of the time, at least in theory, but using a Gaelic-style system of alliances based on mutual favours, centered on
3060-434: The territory being known in English as the Lordship of Ireland. Henry had wanted John to be crowned King of Ireland on his first visit in 1185, but Pope Lucius III specifically refused permission, citing the dubious nature of a claim supposedly provided by Pope Adrian IV years earlier. "Dominus" was the usual title of a king who had not yet been crowned, suggesting that it was Henry's intention. Lucius then died while John
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#17327941549183120-466: The western divisions split from Upper and Lower Connello were named Shanid and Glenquin respectively. When County Tipperary was split into North and South Ridings in 1838, the barony of Kilnamanagh was split into Upper and Lower half-baronies. At the Reformation the parishes for civil purposes were the ecclesiastical parishes of the established Church of Ireland . Originally each parish
3180-543: Was "shired" into counties in two distinct periods: the east and south during the Anglo-Norman period (from the 1169 invasion to the early fourteenth century) and the rest in the Tudor conquest of the sixteenth century. "Barony" was used in three overlapping but distinct senses in the early period: Over the centuries, these senses diverged, and many administrative baronies were not associated with feudal or noble titles. Spurious "barony" titles have been sold by using
3240-411: Was in Ireland, and Henry obtained consent from Pope Urban III and ordered a crown of gold and peacock feathers for John. In late 1185 the crown was ready, but John's visit had by then proved a complete failure, so Henry cancelled the coronation. Following the deaths of John's older brothers he became King of England in 1199, and so the Lordship of Ireland, instead of being a separate country ruled by
3300-624: Was introduced, and the Parliament of Ireland first sat in 1297. Some counties were created by shiring , while walled towns and castles became a feature of the landscape. But little of this engagement with mainstream European life was of benefit to those the Normans called the "mere Irish". "Mere" derived from the Latin merus , meaning "pure". Environmental decay and deforestation continued unabated throughout this period, being greatly exacerbated by
3360-489: Was represented locally by a governor , variously known as the Justiciar, Lieutenant, Lord Lieutenant or Lord Deputy. The kings of England claimed lordship over the whole island, but in reality the king's rule only ever extended to parts of the island. The rest of the island – referred to subsequently as Gaelic Ireland – remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms or chiefdoms , who were often at war with
3420-464: Was set per barony. "Presentment sessions ", where petitioners applied for funding for such works, were originally held as part of the county assizes , though the costs were paid from the barony cess if the work was of local benefit only. The county grand jury was supposed to have included jurors from each barony, though this did not always happen. From 1819, significantly modified in 1836, baronial presentment sessions were held for these purposes, with
3480-464: Was the last for which returns were aggregated by barony as well as by Union and DED; the 1901 census used only the latter classification, though it and the 1911 census included the barony in the detailed returns. The 1898 Act replaced the county assizes with an elected county council ; at a lower level, the county was divided into urban and rural districts , each with an elected council. These councils had power to levy rates and build public works, and
3540-463: Was the part of Ireland ruled by the King of England (styled as "Lord of Ireland") and controlled by loyal Anglo-Norman Lords between 1177 and 1542 . The lordship was created following the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169–1171. It was a papal fief , granted to the Plantagenet kings of England by the Holy See , via Laudabiliter . As the Lord of Ireland was also the King of England, he
3600-543: Was usually within a single barony, but less so over time. A townland might be an exclave of a parish, and potentially of its barony; under the Valuation of Lands (Ireland) Act 1836 , detached parts of baronies were annexed to an adjacent barony, but not so for parishes. The rationalisation of small ecclesiastical parishes into larger benefices sometimes entailed merging the corresponding civil parishes, which might thus cross barony (and county) boundaries. Many towns had
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