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66-469: The liceo classico or ginnasio ( lit.   ' classical lyceum ' ) is the oldest public secondary school type in Italy . Its educational curriculum spans over five years, when students are generally about 14 to 19 years of age. Until 1969, this was the only secondary school from which one could attend any kind of Italian university courses (including humanities and jurisprudence ), thus being

132-431: A common program of study for all pupils; it covers all the classic subjects that would be recognised in a comprehensive school: Italian language and literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural sciences, English and a second foreign Language, technology, art (both history and practical), music, civics and physical education. At the end of the third year, students take an examination which includes: The final score

198-433: A form of vocational education oriented towards practical subjects and enabling the students to start work as soon as they have completed their studies. The Italian school system also features the scuola serale (evening school), aimed at adults and working students. The istituto d'arte was once a specific type of istituto professionale which offered an education focused on art history and drawing. Today it forms part of

264-411: A radical new reform of the entire school system. It was activated only in eight provinces and never in a proper school structure; that is, no autonomous modern lyceums were activated, as will happen later with scientific lyceums , rather where activated sections of ginnasio liceo moderno within school structures in which were yet existing sections of ginnasio liceo ( classico ). The denomination of

330-456: A secondary role. Timetable outline The gymnasium-lyceum outlined by the Casati law remained essentially unchanged until 1923, even if the schedules and timetable outlines were renewed several times (in 1867, 1884, 1888, 1892). The timetable outline of 1892 introduced the study of French from the third year of gymnasium to the fifth, filling the lack of a foreign language. At the beginning of

396-435: A single subject (classical languages and literatures) with a comparative approach; moreover, the hours of mathematics are increased up to a total equal to that of the liceo scientifico . In 2008 there were about 280,000 students signed in the liceo classico (of which 70 percent were girls), placing this schooling curricula in fourth place (after liceo scientifico curricula, and technical and professional institutes). With

462-478: A three-six months internship in a company, association or university, during the fifth and last year of study. Types of "istituto tecnico" include: The istituto professionale ("professional institute") is a vocational college, with a short duration of 3 years specifically structured for practical activities, with the aim to facilitate the direct entry of the pupil to the labour market (technical, agriculture, gastronomy, handicrafts). This type of school offers

528-636: A week every year. At the end, students must pass the Esame di Stato (until 1999 denominated Esame di maturità ) to obtain their certificate. Unlike what is commonly believed, the debate on whether or not to abolish the study of Latin and Ancient Greek is not recent. Among others, academic Federico Condello and Italian newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore examined its development over history. Thomas Jefferson , as early as 1782, pointed out that "Ancient Greek and Latin are nowadays less and less taught in Europe." In

594-432: A wide selection of subjects, but the central subjects are those related to literature. Several hours are also dedicated to the study of history and philosophy. The liceo classico's distinctive subjects are history, Latin and Ancient Greek . In Italy, Latin is taught in other kinds of schools as well, like liceo scientifico , liceo delle scienze umane and few others with linguistic specializations. However, Ancient Greek

660-445: Is given as an average of the test scores – a number from 1 to 10. 6 and above are considered pass marks. Successful students receive a diploma di licenza media ("lower secondary school diploma"). The scuola secondaria di secondo grado ("upper secondary school") – commonly known as scuola media superiore ( lit.   ' high middle school ' ) or scuola superiore ("high school") – lasts five years. It follows closely

726-415: Is passed with a score of 60 or more, and any secondary high school diploma is valid for access to any university course of any university faculty. This system has changed many times during the last 20 years; before, the score was expressed in terms of sixtieths so the exam was passed with a score of 36/60 or more, and the top score was 60/60; this was a consequence of being the sum of the scores expressed by

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792-473: Is taught only in liceo classico schools. In the first two years ( ginnasio ), liceo classico provides a thorough education on the grammar, syntax and morphology of Latin and Ancient Greek, while, in the last three years, courses are focused on Ancient Greek and Latin literature. Geography, which is taught ginnasio together with history, is stopped in the last three years in favor of philosophy, physics and history of art. The program of natural sciences includes

858-478: Is taught only in the liceo classico. Another peculiarity of the liceo classico is what the academic years are called: in all the other Italian five-year secondary schools, academic years are referred to with increasing numbers starting from 1 to 5. In liceo classico the first two years are called ginnasio ; the name comes from the Greek gymnasion (training ground). The first year is called "4th year of ginnasio", and

924-453: Is the sum of the pre-exam score, the written tests' scores and the oral test score. If the total points exceed 100, the final score is reduced to 100. If, during the years, the students stand out for their scores (the student never gets less than 8 in the final scores of the last three year, and has more than 9,1 as GPA), they get a "100 cum laude", which gives students a reduction of the first year's university fees. The secondary high school exam

990-475: Is waning, even though the names of the different years are still colloquially used. This naming system comes from the Gentile Reform of the fascist regime, named after Giovanni Gentile , an Italian philosopher and politician, who had planned an eight-year school career (five years of ginnasio and three of liceo ) that could be accessed by passing a test after the fifth year of elementary school. There

1056-482: The liceo classico ) since after the third year of gymnasium, the first years of liceo ( classico , moderno or scientifico depending on the choice) and continued until the fifth year. This denomination was resumed in 1923 (and still in force) for the liceo scientifico . In accordance with the Italian tradition, at the three proposed lyceums were not recognized equal dignity as access to some university faculties

1122-538: The Casati law of 1859. Before it, in fact, there were some experimental sections without Greek and with mathematics or foreign languages, but they were dependent on individual schools and therefore they were not regulated by a ministerial directive. It did not have time to actually affirm itself because it was established over the years at the turn of the First World War and because the advent of Fascism brought

1188-526: The Gelmini Reform  [ it ] changed the traditional Italian school system, so now students follow a specific pattern of courses that covers a wide range of disciplines, even if they were still, for the most part, focused on humanities : However, nowadays it is common to find licei offering (together with this programme of studies) courses in music theory and history of music or an in-depth course in science or maths, for one or two hours

1254-514: The Gelmini reform of 2010 the previous traditional liceo classico curriculum, the experimentations and the assisted projects all merged into the new liceo classico curriculum, in force since 1 September 2010. The current course does not differ markedly from the previous one, established in 1952, but it contains a few minor improvements. The liceo classico has the following timetable: The main subjects are humanities and literature. Regarding

1320-709: The Kingdom of Italy , in the report "On the conditions of public education in the Kingdom of Italy" (1865), it was stated that "Latin is neither studied nor loved by young people and, regarding the knowledge of Latin, there has been a considerable regress in the past twenty-five years. " In the twentieth century, the left-wing thinkers started to moderately criticize classical studies. On 17 September 1906, Ernesto Cesare Longobardi wrote on newspaper L'Avanti that "Italy needs more traders and technicians than commentators of classics "; but he also affirmed that completely abandoning

1386-482: The liceo artistico . Every kind of Italian secondary high school ends with an examination whose final score is on a 100-point scale: Students are examined by an exam committee which is divided equally between their own teachers and teachers from other schools. The first and second tests are written by the Ministry of Education, while the oral test is prepared and administered by the exam committee. The total score

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1452-428: The liceo classico became structured as a five-year school, but it maintained the numbering of the previous classes (so the first two years became the fourth and fifth classes of ginnasio , the last three became the first, second and third classes of liceo : the numbering is typical of liceo classico schools, since other Italian secondary schools have a normal numbering). Apart from a few timetable adjustments, such as

1518-416: The liceo classico , starting from 70's, enjoyed a certain degree of freedom that allowed to activate experimental curricula ( sperimentazioni ) together with the official regulation course provided by the Ministry, or even in place of this. The experimental curricula, once approved, could be freely adopted by the individual liceo classico schools. The most widespread sperimentazione was going to fill what

1584-620: The liceo classico ; economy and law in a istituto tecnico economico ; art history and drawing in a liceo artistico ). A typical Italian student is age 19 when they enter university, while in other countries 18 is the more common age. In 2018, the Italian secondary education was evaluated as below the OECD average. Italy scored below the OECD average in reading and science, and near OECD average in mathematics. Mean performance in Italy declined in reading and science, and remained stable in mathematics. Trento and Bolzano scored at an above

1650-413: The (Ancient) Greek in the third. The liceo ginnasio was an eight-year secondary school, since it also included middle school. It was accessed after primary school (initially a four-year school) and gave access to university degree courses of any kind; liceo ginnasio was the only secondary course of lyceum type, which was not aimed at technical-professional training, but at the continuation of studies in

1716-459: The 6 members of the evaluating team, each of them having the ability to express a score in a range from 1 to 10. The secondary high school exam is officially called esame di Stato ( state exam ), although the old name esame di maturità ( maturity exam ) is still in common use. Education and certificate awarded: Liceo moderno The ginnasio liceo moderno (or simply liceo moderno ) ( lit.   ' gymnasium modern lyceum ' )

1782-469: The Liceo Classico. Liceo classico schools started in 1859, with the implementation of Gabrio Casati 's reform. The Gentile Reform implemented the so-called ginnasio , a five-years school comprising middle school (for students from 11 to 16), with a final test at the end of the second year of the secondary school. The test was written and oral, and it was compulsory in order to be admitted to

1848-552: The abstract and natural sciences, and precisely for this reason indispensable for make them understandable. In the Gentile's view, elite schools had to coincide with the liceo classico , intended for the education of future Italy's elites: only graduates from liceo classico were in fact granted enrollment in any university degree course, while for example those who came from liceo scientifico could not enroll neither in humanities , nor in law degree courses. This last obstacle

1914-582: The academic to the vocational. All students follow a common course of core subjects during the first two years augmented by subjects from their elected specialism. Programs of study are generally introduced at national level. Currently, most secondary schools provide some common structure and core subjects (such as Italian language and literature, history, geography, philosophy, mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, one or more foreign language and physical education), while other topics are specific to one type of establishment (i.e. Ancient Greek and Latin in

1980-443: The classic subjects,... Otherwise, one renounces forces which are still more important for the preservation of the nation than any technical or other ability. Classical studies don't have to be abandoned. The Hellenic ideal of culture, too, should be preserved for us in its exemplary beauty." In recent years, the real usefulness of liceo classico has also been questioned, with criticism and defenses coming from many parts. In general,

2046-540: The core subjects and specialise in specific fields of study; this may be the humanities, science, or art. The principal focus is to prepare students for university and higher education. Types of liceo include: Historically: The education given in an istituto tecnico (technical) offers both a wide theoretical and pratical education and a highly qualified technical specialization in a specific field of studies (e.g.: economy, humanities, administration, law, accountancy, tourism, information technology), often integrated with

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2112-602: The culture and history of the European peoples. In this way the liceo classico europeo (literally "European classical lyceum") has been assigned the aim of favoring the formation of a European conscience, as a function of an ever greater strengthening of the European Union . The liceo classico europeo was conceived starting from the programs of the traditional liceo classico curriculum, on which have been grafted peculiar or innovative features, such as, in particular,

2178-491: The debate has developed both in the broader context of the need to reform the entire education system of Italy, adapting it to the cultural and working needs of the contemporary world. Secondary education in Italy The scuola secondaria di primo grado (lower secondary school), commonly known as scuola media inferiore ( lit.   ' lower middle school ' ) or scuola media ("middle school"), it follows

2244-482: The definition of an ISCED 2011 Level 2 school. It is compulsory for all pupils. It lasts for three years, roughly from age 11 to 14. It is the first stage where students are taught by subject specialists. It consolidates the subjects taught at the scuola primaria , adding technology , music and a language other than English (typically French, German or Spanish, even though most primary schools already teach some basics of two foreign languages). The middle school has

2310-597: The entire five-year period, and an increase in science hours ( chemistry , biology , Earth sciences ). The experimentation was abolished with the entry into force of the Gelmini reform. The experimentation started with the principles of the Maastricht Treaty , where the European dimension of teaching is linked to the learning and dissemination of the languages of the Member States and the knowledge of

2376-446: The face of the absence of the (Ancient) Greek and the lightening of Latin, it provided for the teaching of a second foreign language (German or English, which flanked French), of law, of economy and a slight increase in scientific subjects. The lower gymnasium, thati is the first three-years period of gymnasium (one of the lower secondary schools that followed the four-year elementary school), remained unique and unchanged, then opted for

2442-402: The first time, students who enrolled in the first year of liceo classico were less than those who chose liceo linguistico schools, which amounted to 7.25%. In 2016, the students of liceo delle scienze umane schools were 7.4% of total students, while those of liceo classico were 6.2%, making liceo classico the fourth liceo school by number of students. A liceo classico school offers

2508-412: The first true schooling took place at the gymnasium. The liceo ginnasio was meant to form the future elite of Italy; those who attended were supposed to continue with their studies, since it didn't provide a professional education. Since its implementation, the school was criticized for its being focused on philosophical and humanistic topics and since it relegated scientific and technical education to

2574-492: The five-year study of two foreign languages (the English language and a second Community language among French, German and Spanish), the study of law and of political economy , the study of two non-linguistic curricular subjects taught in a foreign Community language among history, history of art , science, geography (also called geo-history ), and law and political economy, the merging of the (Ancient) Greek and Latin into

2640-462: The fourth and fifth years of gymnasium and then the first, the second and the third years of liceo classico . The Gentile reform allowed liceo classico students to access university degree courses of any kind. Because of the war , the timetable was repeatedly remodeled until it became quite standard in 1952. Outline of the timetable The number of liceo classico students started to decrease in favor of liceo scientifico schools, also because it

2706-432: The gymnasium/lyceum, emphasizing the humanistic-classicist aspect. This was in line with the principles of neo-idealist philosophy , of which Gentile was with Benedetto Croce , one of the greatest followers. In fact the neoidealist philosophers considered the literary, historical and digressive subjects the only ones able to provide real knowledge, especially philosophy, being in itself a literal, simple and primitive form of

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2772-1086: The last three years of liceo . Currently liceo classico is similar to every other liceo in Italy, high school starts at 14 after middle school, without any additional exams. Since the 1960s, all presbyters and bishops of the Catholic Church studied in seminaries and, since the 1990s, the topics taught inside those seminaries were the same as liceo classico ( theoretical philosophy , Latin and Ancient Greek grammar and literature, English), with many others: ethics, psychology , pedagogy , sociology, Hebrew language , biblical criticism , Koine Greek (the Hellenistic period and Septuagint Bible), pastoral theology , Christian ethics and systematic theology , anthropology and eschatology , sacramentarian theology, Christology and Trinitarian theology, Mariology , patristics , ecclesiology , history of Christianity , history of religions , canon law , liturgy . The liceo classico school type finds its roots in

2838-410: The model of the pre-unification humanist scholastic tradition, the Casati law provided for a single lyceum address in which the literary and humanistic subjects were prevalent. The original study plan foresaw an eight-year course (there was no middle school at the time), divided into five years of ginnasio and a three-year liceo ("lyceum"): the study of Latin began in the first gymnasium class, that of

2904-483: The national average in reading. Compared to school children in other OECD countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms. A wide gap exists between northern schools, which perform near average, and schools in the South , that had much poorer results. The education offered by a liceo (" lyceum ") is mostly academic. Individual lyceums will cover

2970-627: The pattern of typical ISCED 2011 Level 3 school. The first two years when the student will be under 16 years old, are compulsory, the other three years are voluntary. There is an exam at the end of the final year, called esame di stato or, previously, the esame di maturità ("maturity exam"); this exam takes place every year between June and July. The course is designed to give students the skills and qualifications needed to progress to university or higher education college . Students may choose what level of school to attend, there are three types of scuola secondaria di secondo grado that range from

3036-552: The physical-mathematical section of the Regio Istituto Tecnico (Royal Technical Institute) and replaced the liceo scientifico instituted also by the Credaro law of 1911 with that still existing. The Royal Commission was established in 1906 and, after three years, presented a reform plan which included, moreover: The name of the school years varied with respect of the one then in force (and still in force for

3102-510: The scholastic years remained the traditional one, with a lower three-year gymnasium (the same for both high schools), two high two-years gymnasiums ( classico and moderno ) and two more three-years lyceums ( classico and moderno ). Contrary to what was originally proposed, it allowed access to any university faculty, including letters and philosophy. The liceo moderno was suppressed by the Gentile Reform of 1923, which also suppressed

3168-403: The school where the Italian elite were educated. It is known as a social scientific and humanistic school, one of the very few European secondary school types where the study of ancient languages ( Latin and Ancient Greek ) and their literature are compulsory. Most of the individuals who achieved the highest levels of leadership in the Italian government, science, diplomacy and business attended

3234-484: The second year is referred to as "5th year of ginnasio" because, until the reform of 1962, this course of study started just after a three-year middle school ("scuola media inferiore"). By 1963, the first three years were suppressed and integrated in the 'unified secondary school', where Latin was mandatory as a subject to access the high schools until 1975. The remaining three years of liceo classico are referred as "1st, 2nd and 3rd year of liceo". However, nowadays this habit

3300-419: The separation of history and geography into two separate subjects being taught in the fourth and fifth years of gymnasium, the new curriculum remained substantially identical to the previous one. On this occasion the official name was changed to " liceo classico "; the denomination of the years of study, however, remained as in the traditional one, still in force: after the third year of middle school there are

3366-462: The so-called liceo ginnasio , established in 1859 with the Casati law , as a school following elementary school (compulsory), initially in force in the Kingdom of Sardinia and then extended to whole Italy after Italian Unification . High schools, however, already existed, having been established during the Napoleonic era, to ensure a high level of education to secular institutions as well. On

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3432-402: The study of Latin wouldn't be a good thing. In the second half of the twentieth century left-wing thinkers managed to standardize and modernize education in a certain sense, eliminating the bourgeois obstacles of education. Thanks to these reforms, Latin disappeared from middle school curricula, and it became possible to be enrolled to university for all students from any Italian high school, but

3498-483: The study of chemistry and astronomy in the first year, biology and chemistry in the subsequent three years and geology and chemistry in the last year. The Italian law DPR 15 marzo 2010, n. 89 provided, in annex C the new liceo classico timetable outline. The decree n. 89/2010 is part of the so-called Gelmini reform , which revised the structure of higher secondary schools. In 2012 there were 6.66% of students enrolled in liceo classico schools all over Italy: for

3564-403: The subjects in common with all the lyceums, it is worth mentioning a considerable number of hours are also devoted to the study of history and philosophy. The main subjects are Latin and Ancient Greek. Latin is also taught in the first two academic years of the liceo linguistico and in the traditional curricula of the liceo scientifico and liceo delle scienze umane , while Ancient Greek

3630-451: The teaching of Latin and Ancient Greek remained a compulsory part of the curriculum of Liceo classico. The academic and writer Federico Condello, in his book La scuola giusta. In difesa del liceo classico (2018), also examines the positions of a controversial figure such as Adolf Hitler quoting a phrase from Mein Kampf , in which it is written that "[education] has to correspond more to

3696-429: The time of Gelmini reform (2010), the overwhelming majority of students attended one of the below curricula: The liceo classico sperimentazione progetto Brocca ("classical lyceum – Project Brocca experimentation") envisaged, more than the traditional curriculum, the inclusion in the biennium of the subjects law and economy, laboratory of chemistry and physics , Computer Technology combined with mathematics for

3762-408: The traditional gymnasium-lyceum began to be called informally " liceo classico " ("classical lyceum"), even if, officially, the name remained " ginnasio liceo " ("gymnasium-lyceum"). The liceo moderno was abolished in 1923 with the Gentile Reform , which at the same time established a new liceo scientifico (in place of the previous one). The Gentile Reform of 1923 kept the overall structure of

3828-469: The twentieth century, having emerged the problem of poor mathematical/scientific instruction, individual lyceums were allowed to activate experimental sections in which, instead of the Ancient Greek, mathematics or a modern language could be taught. In 1911 the liceo moderno and the first liceo scientifico were established, which joined the traditional course; to distinguish it from the latter,

3894-418: The university. The study plan was directly related to the school tradition of the trivium and were therefore prevalent humanities so much that, in the early years of gymnasium, the only Italian and Latin covered three-quarters of the total hours of lessons. It should however be considered that at the time, the elementary school (four-year and municipal) was very different from the modern one and that, in fact,

3960-512: Was a high school of the Kingdom of Italy , established in 1911 on the initiative of the Minister of Public Education Luigi Credaro (law 860/1911), who partially accepted the proposal of the Real commission , a parliamentary commission established in 1906 in order to enrich the Italian lyceum offer. The liceo moderno was the first attempt to upgrade the Italian lyceum system, dating back to

4026-399: Was also another test between the ginnasio and the liceo. Several reforms changed the Italian school system in about 1940 and 1960; the first three years of ginnasio were separated and became an independent kind of school. In 1968, the compulsory test which had to be taken at the end of the ginnasio to enter the liceo was abolished, so the liceo classico got the structure it has today. In 2010,

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4092-456: Was conditioned by the address of attended liceo . If the liceo moderno did not allow only access to the Letters and philosophy faculty, the liceo scientifico did not allow access also to Jurisprudence faculty; and was this last a heavy limitation in that, traditionally, the faculty of Jurisprudence was the most frequented by the management classes. This limitation was resumed in 1923, when

4158-457: Was easier to access those schools with the reform of middle schools. When, in 1969, access to university was granted to students coming from any Italian secondary school, the number of students who enrolled in liceo classico schools further decreased; at the time of Gelmini reform (2010), students enrolled in the last year of liceo classico amounted to 51,000 students compared to 103,000 of the liceo scientifico . As all other high schools, also

4224-475: Was established the current liceo scientifico , whose title, until 1969, was not valid for signing into Letters faculty (the signing in Jurisprudence was instead permitted by the law 1859 of 31 December 1962). The liceo classico , instead, allowed access to any university faculty. Activated from 1911 to 1923. Compared to the traditional liceo , which since then began to be called liceo classico , in

4290-458: Was particularly serious, as law was a degree course of primary importance for Italy's elites. Timetable outline Before 1940, post-elementary education was divided into several school types, each of which was preparatory for either lyceum or technical school). In that year the Bottai reform established the three-year middle school , which absorbed the first three years of gymnasium: since then,

4356-421: Was perceived as the biggest gap in this school, namely the lack of foreign language education in the last three years; and indeed, this experimentation effectively replaced the course of regulation and was itself the basis for further sperimentazioni , such as sperimentazione storia dell'arte ("experimentation history of art") and sperimentazione P.N.I. ("National Plan of Computer studies" experimentation). At

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