Aluminium oxide (or aluminium(III) oxide ) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al 2 O 3 . It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides , and specifically identified as aluminium oxide . It is commonly called alumina and may also be called aloxide , aloxite , or alundum in various forms and applications. It occurs naturally in its crystalline polymorphic phase α-Al 2 O 3 as the mineral corundum , varieties of which form the precious gemstones ruby and sapphire . Al 2 O 3 is used to produce aluminium metal, as an abrasive owing to its hardness , and as a refractory material owing to its high melting point.
42-433: Clarendon Parish may refer to: Clarendon Parish, Jamaica Clarendon Parish, New Brunswick , Canada See also [ edit ] Clarendon (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
84-456: A coating on aluminium by anodizing or by plasma electrolytic oxidation (see the "Properties" above). Both the hardness and abrasion-resistant characteristics of the coating originate from the high strength of aluminium oxide, yet the porous coating layer produced with conventional direct current anodizing procedures is within a 60–70 Rockwell hardness C range which is comparable only to hardened carbon steel alloys, but considerably inferior to
126-457: A manual dermal abrasive used according to manufacturer directions. Aluminium oxide flakes are used in paint for reflective decorative effects, such as in the automotive or cosmetic industries. Aluminium oxide is a representative of bioinert ceramics. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, high strength, and wear resistance, alumina ceramics are used in medical applications to manufacture artificial bones and joints. In this case, aluminium oxide
168-405: A material in hip replacements and birth control pills . It is used as a scintillator and dosimeter for radiation protection and therapy applications for its optically stimulated luminescence properties. Insulation for high-temperature furnaces is often manufactured from aluminium oxide. Sometimes the insulation has varying percentages of silica depending on the temperature rating of
210-542: A national Agriculture Show is staged here. Vernamfield was the first car-racing track established in Jamaica. The track is located on the former American lend lease air base, Vernam Field (later Vernam Air Force Base) that was named in honor of World War I flyer Remington de B. Vernam . Vernam Field is known for drag racing . Clarendon Parish elects six MPs to the Parliament of Jamaica . Alumina Corundum
252-562: A proportion of aluminium in the alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. The aluminium oxide generated by anodising is typically amorphous , but discharge-assisted oxidation processes such as plasma electrolytic oxidation result in a significant proportion of crystalline aluminium oxide in the coating, enhancing its hardness . Aluminium oxide was taken off the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's chemicals lists in 1988. Aluminium oxide
294-412: A relatively high thermal conductivity ( 30 Wm K ) for a ceramic material. Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. In its most commonly occurring crystalline form, called corundum or α-aluminium oxide, its hardness makes it suitable for use as an abrasive and as a component in cutting tools . Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium to weathering . Metallic aluminium
336-467: A research field of interest. Some body armors utilize alumina ceramic plates, usually in combination with aramid or UHMWPE backing to achieve effectiveness against most rifle threats. Alumina ceramic armor is readily available to most civilians in jurisdictions where it is legal, but is not considered military grade. It is also used to produce bullet-proof alumina glass capable to withstand impact of .50 BMG calibre rounds. Aluminium oxide can be grown as
378-479: A tailored product. The type of phases present affects, for example, the solubility and pore structure of the aluminium oxide product which, in turn, affects the cost of aluminium production and pollution control. The Sintering Process is a high-temperature method primarily used when the Bayer Process is not suitable, especially for ores with high silica content or when a more controlled product morphology
420-581: Is a parish in Jamaica . It is located on the south of the island, roughly halfway between the island's eastern and western ends. Located in the county of Middlesex , it is bordered by Manchester on the west, Saint Catherine in the east, and in the north by Saint Ann . Its capital and largest town is May Pen . Clarendon was named in honour of the Lord Chancellor Sir Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon . The most recent parish
462-466: Is a favored filler for plastics. Aluminium oxide is a common ingredient in sunscreen and is often also present in cosmetics such as blush, lipstick, and nail polish. Many formulations of glass have aluminium oxide as an ingredient. Aluminosilicate glass is a commonly used type of glass that often contains 5% to 10% alumina. Aluminium oxide catalyses a variety of reactions that are useful industrially. In its largest scale application, aluminium oxide
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#1732772199578504-481: Is considered to be the geographical centre of the island. The Vere plain is another significant geographical feature. Portland Point, the southernmost point of Jamaica , is on a peninsula in Clarendon that also hosts Portland Point Lighthouse . On the same peninsula are Jackson Bay beach, the flood-prone community of Portland Cottage, and two different locations both called Rocky Point: a residential community on
546-566: Is derived, are used in the manufacture of zeolites , coating titania pigments, and as a fire retardant/smoke suppressant. Over 90% of aluminium oxide, termed smelter grade alumina (SGA), is consumed for the production of aluminium, usually by the Hall–Héroult process . The remainder, termed specialty alumina , is used in a wide variety of applications which take advantage of its inertness, temperature resistance and electrical resistance. Being fairly chemically inert and white, aluminium oxide
588-458: Is on the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory list if it is a fibrous form. Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric substance, meaning it can react with both acids and bases , such as hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide , acting as an acid with a base and a base with an acid, neutralising the other and producing a salt. The most common form of crystalline aluminium oxide is known as corundum , which
630-456: Is required. Firstly, Bauxite is mixed with additives like limestone and soda ash, then heating the mixture at high temperatures (1200 °C to 1500 °C) to form sodium aluminate and calcium silicate . After sintering, the material is leached with water to dissolve the sodium aluminate , leaving behind impurities. Sodium aluminate is then precipitated from the solution and calcined at around 1000 °C to produce alumina. This method
672-487: Is the catalyst in the Claus process for converting hydrogen sulfide waste gases into elemental sulfur in refineries. It is also useful for dehydration of alcohols to alkenes . Aluminium oxide serves as a catalyst support for many industrial catalysts, such as those used in hydrodesulfurization and some Ziegler–Natta polymerizations. Aluminium oxide is widely used to remove water from gas streams. Aluminium oxide
714-438: Is the most common naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminium oxide. Rubies and sapphires are gem-quality forms of corundum, which owe their characteristic colours to trace impurities. Rubies are given their characteristic deep red colour and their laser qualities by traces of chromium . Sapphires come in different colours given by various other impurities, such as iron and titanium. An extremely rare δ form occurs as
756-574: Is the thermodynamically stable form. The oxygen ions form a nearly hexagonal close-packed structure with the aluminium ions filling two-thirds of the octahedral interstices. Each Al center is octahedral . In terms of its crystallography , corundum adopts a trigonal Bravais lattice with a space group of R 3 c (number 167 in the International Tables). The primitive cell contains two formula units of aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide also exists in other metastable phases, including
798-538: Is used as an insulating barrier in capacitors . In lighting, translucent aluminium oxide is used in some sodium vapor lamps . Aluminium oxide is also used in preparation of coating suspensions in compact fluorescent lamps . In chemistry laboratories, aluminium oxide is a medium for chromatography , available in basic (pH 9.5), acidic (pH 4.5 when in water) and neutral formulations. Additionally, small pieces of aluminium oxide are often used as boiling chips . Health and medical applications include it as
840-499: Is used for its hardness and strength. Its naturally occurring form, corundum , is a 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness (just below diamond). It is widely used as an abrasive , including as a much less expensive substitute for industrial diamond . Many types of sandpaper use aluminium oxide crystals. In addition, its low heat retention and low specific heat make it widely used in grinding operations, particularly cutoff tools. As
882-409: Is used to coat the surfaces of medical implants to give biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. It is also used for manufacturing dental implants, joint replacements, and other medical devices. Aluminium oxide has been used in a few experimental and commercial fiber materials for high-performance applications (e.g., Fiber FP, Nextel 610, Nextel 720). Alumina nanofibers in particular have become
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#1732772199578924-420: Is used to manufacture tiles which are attached inside pulverized fuel lines and flue gas ducting on coal fired power stations to protect high wear areas. They are not suitable for areas with high impact forces as these tiles are brittle and susceptible to breakage. Aluminium oxide is an electrical insulator used as a substrate ( silicon on sapphire ) for integrated circuits , but also as a tunnel barrier for
966-600: Is useful for the production of complex shapes and can be used to create porous or dense materials. Known as alpha alumina in materials science , and as alundum (in fused form) or aloxite in mining and ceramic communities, aluminium oxide finds wide use. Annual global production of aluminium oxide in 2015 was approximately 115 million tonnes , over 90% of which was used in the manufacture of aluminium metal. The major uses of speciality aluminium oxides are in refractories, ceramics, polishing and abrasive applications. Large tonnages of aluminium hydroxide, from which alumina
1008-436: Is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin passivation layer of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface in a matter of hundreds of picoseconds. This layer protects the metal from further oxidation. The thickness and properties of this oxide layer can be enhanced using a process called anodising . A number of alloys , such as aluminium bronzes , exploit this property by including
1050-468: The sugar-cane production contributes significantly to the amount of sugar exported annually. The Denbigh agricultural showground is on the outskirts of May Pen. One of the top ten credit unions in Jamaica, GSB Co-operative Credit Union has a branch here. Clarendon is the location of the Milk River Bath , a mineral spa famous for the therapeutic value of its waters. The oldest church on
1092-465: The Al are surrounded by 4 oxygen neighbors), and 1/3 5-coordinated, with very little (<5%) octahedral Al-O present. Around 80% of the oxygen atoms are shared among three or more Al-O polyhedra, and the majority of inter-polyhedral connections are corner-sharing, with the remaining 10–20% being edge-sharing. The breakdown of octahedra upon melting is accompanied by a relatively large volume increase (~33%),
1134-503: The basic mixture, Fe 2 O 3 is removed. When the Bayer liquor is cooled, Al(OH) 3 precipitates, leaving the silicates in solution. The solid Al(OH) 3 Gibbsite is then calcined (heated to over 1100 °C) to give aluminium oxide: The product aluminium oxide tends to be multi-phase, i.e., consisting of several phases of aluminium oxide rather than solely corundum . The production process can therefore be optimized to produce
1176-429: The chemical exchange between trimethylaluminium (Al(CH 3 ) 3 ) and H 2 O: H 2 O in the above reaction can be replaced by ozone (O 3 ) as the active oxidant and the following reaction then takes place: The Al 2 O 3 films prepared using O 3 show 10–100 times lower leakage current density compared with those prepared by H 2 O. Aluminium oxide, being a dielectric with relatively large band gap ,
1218-427: The cubic γ and η phases, the monoclinic θ phase, the hexagonal χ phase, the orthorhombic κ phase and the δ phase that can be tetragonal or orthorhombic. Each has a unique crystal structure and properties. Cubic γ-Al 2 O 3 has important technical applications. The so-called β-Al 2 O 3 proved to be NaAl 11 O 17 . Molten aluminium oxide near the melting temperature is roughly 2/3 tetrahedral (i.e. 2/3 of
1260-405: The density of the liquid close to its melting point is 2.93 g/cm . The structure of molten alumina is temperature dependent and the fraction of 5- and 6-fold aluminium increases during cooling (and supercooling), at the expense of tetrahedral AlO 4 units, approaching the local structural arrangements found in amorphous alumina. Aluminium hydroxide minerals are the main component of bauxite ,
1302-403: The fabrication of superconducting devices such as single-electron transistors , superconducting quantum interference devices ( SQUIDs ) and superconducting qubits . For its application as an electrical insulator in integrated circuits, where the conformal growth of a thin film is a prerequisite and the preferred growth mode is atomic layer deposition , Al 2 O 3 films can be prepared by
Clarendon Parish - Misplaced Pages Continue
1344-522: The first recorded baptism dated in 1666. Covering an area of 1,196 km , Clarendon ranks as Jamaica's third largest parish. The parish is predominantly a wide plain , marked by several rivers , including the Rio Minho , which runs the length of the parish. Toward the northern end of the parish lies the Mocho Mountains (2000 ft), and Bull Head Mountain range (2800 ft), which
1386-438: The hardness of natural and synthetic corundum. Instead, with plasma electrolytic oxidation , the coating is porous only on the surface oxide layer while the lower oxide layers are much more compact than with standard DC anodizing procedures and present a higher crystallinity due to the oxide layers being remelted and densified to obtain α-Al2O3 clusters with much higher coating hardness values circa 2000 Vickers hardness. Alumina
1428-527: The island is in Alley, the old capital of Vere. Halse Hall Great House is one of the island's historic houses. The land on which the house stands was given to an English officer, Major Thomas Halse, in 1655, and was passed from him to Francis Sadler Halse. Halse played a leading role in the Maroon Wars. The Denbigh Agricultural Show Grounds – once a year, on the weekend prior to Independence celebrations,
1470-404: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarendon_Parish&oldid=932766536 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Clarendon Parish, Jamaica Clarendon
1512-499: The material. The insulation can be made in blanket, board, brick and loose fiber forms for various application requirements. It is also used to make spark plug insulators . Using a plasma spray process and mixed with titania , it is coated onto the braking surface of some bicycle rims to provide abrasion and wear resistance. Most ceramic eyes on fishing rods are circular rings made from aluminium oxide. In its finest powdered (white) form, called Diamantine, aluminium oxide
1554-400: The mineral deltalumite. The field of aluminium oxide ceramics has a long history. Aluminium salts were widely used in ancient and medieval alchemy . Several older textbooks cover the history of the field. A 2019 textbook by Andrew Ruys contains a detailed timeline on the history of aluminium oxide from ancient times to the 21st century. Al 2 O 3 is an electrical insulator but has
1596-416: The parish by JAMALCO and ALCOA . Most of the island's tobacco is also grown in Clarendon, along with cotton, allspice (colloquially referred to as pimento), ginger , livestock, indigo , bananas, coffee, and cocoa . May Pen is also an important citrus packing centre, famous for 'Trout Hall' oranges. Additionally, dairy farming , fish farming , and copper mining have been carried on intermittently, and
1638-408: The powdery abrasive mineral aloxite , it is a major component, along with silica , of the cue tip "chalk" used in billiards . Aluminium oxide powder is used in some CD / DVD polishing and scratch-repair kits. Its polishing qualities are also behind its use in toothpaste. It is also used in microdermabrasion , both in the machine process available through dermatologists and estheticians, and as
1680-493: The principal ore of aluminium . A mixture of the minerals comprise bauxite ore, including gibbsite (Al(OH) 3 ), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)), and diaspore (α-AlO(OH)), along with impurities of iron oxides and hydroxides, quartz and clay minerals . Bauxites are found in laterites . Bauxite is typically purified using the Bayer process : Except for SiO 2 , the other components of bauxite do not dissolve in base. Upon filtering
1722-427: The western side of the peninsula, and a port used primarily for the export of alumina on the eastern side of the peninsula. With a population at an estimated 246,322, Clarendon is one of the most populous parishes in the island. May Pen, the capital, has a population estimated at around 60,000. Bauxite , Jamaica's major mineral source, can be found extensively in Clarendon. Bauxite mining has been established in
Clarendon Parish - Misplaced Pages Continue
1764-534: Was formed from a combination of three parishes : St. Dorothy's, Vere and the old parish of Clarendon. Before the merger, the capital was Chapelton . Clarendon Parish was one of the original seven Anglican parishes of Jamaica set up by Sir Thomas Modyford in 1664, and it has been reorganized numerous times since. Parish registers , which are records kept by the parish church of religious events such as baptisms , marriages, and burials, are still extant from Clarendon parish almost as far back as its foundation, with
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