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23-461: Cleomenes may refer to: one of several kings of Sparta : Cleomenes I (c. 520 – c. 490 BC) Cleomenes II (370–309 BC) Cleomenes III (236–219 BC) Cleomenes of Naucratis (died 322 BC), Greek administrator Cleomenes the Cynic (c. 300 BC), Cynic philosopher Cleomenes (seer) ( fl.  328 BC ), seer in the service of Alexander

46-589: A king, who founded a dynasty of his name. That mythologizing extended even to place names. They were presumed to have been named after kings and divinities. Kings often became divinities, in their religion. The Lelegid were the descendants of Lelex (a back-formation ), ancestor of the Leleges , an ancient tribe inhabiting the Eurotas valley before the Greeks, who, according to the mythological descent, amalgamated with

69-410: A verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion , project/projection , etc. Back-formation may be similar to the reanalyses or folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets . However, assets

92-500: Is a back-formation from translation , which is from Latin trāns + lāt- + -tio . Lāt- is from the very irregular ( suppletive ) verb ferō 'to carry.' Trānslāt- in Latin was merely a semi-adjectival form of trānsferō meaning '[something] having been carried across [into a new language]' (cf. transfer ). The result of the action trānsferō textum 'to translate a text' was a textus trānslātus 'a text that has been translated.' Thus

115-592: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kings of Sparta For most of its history, the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta in the Peloponnese was ruled by kings. Sparta was unusual among the Greek city-states in that it maintained its kingship past the Archaic age . It was even more unusual in that it had two kings simultaneously , who were called

138-517: Is named after its third king Eurypon. Not shown is Lycurgus , the lawgiver, a younger son of the Eurypontids, who served a brief regency either for the infant Charilaus (780–750 BC) or for Labotas (870–840 BC) the Agiad. According to Herodotus , VIII: 131 According to Pausanias , III, 7: 5-6 The Achaean League annexed Sparta in 192 BC. Back-formation For example,

161-574: Is still generally considered nonstandard. The Latin preposition versus , meaning against, has frequently been mistaken by children and teenagers as the present tense of a verb "to verse." A reference to a school sports competition "the Sharks versus the Jets" might be interpreted as "the Sharks are versing the Jets." While this use of the verb has been reported in North America and Australia since

184-526: The archagetai , coming from two separate lines . According to tradition, the two lines, the Agiads ( Ἀγιάδαι , Agiadai ) and Eurypontids ( Εὐρυποντίδαι , Eurypontidai ), were respectively descended from the twins Eurysthenes and Procles , the descendants of Heracles , who supposedly conquered Sparta two generations after the Trojan War . The dynasties themselves, however, were named after

207-410: The noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin , and the verb resurrect was then back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix . This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latin words in the form of verb and verb+ -ion pairs, such as opine/opinion . These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where

230-458: The American sitcom Scrubs told another character, "I don't disdain you! It's quite the opposite – I dain you." As it happens, gruntle and dain are both attested much earlier, but not as antonyms of the longer forms. Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm ) is gaining popularity, though today it

253-592: The English language . A butler is often described as "one who buttles," a verb which remains non-standard. Back-formations are frequent amongst river names in the England due to a number of reasons. Place names of Brittonic origin are especially susceptible to Folk Etymology and back-formations due to language and knowledge of the place names dying out with the arrival and settlement of Anglo-Saxon tribes . Frequently river names are derived from nearby settlements with

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276-677: The Great Cleomenes, the Spartan Hero (1692), a play written by John Dryden on the life of Cleomenes III Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cleomenes . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleomenes&oldid=1086711664 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

299-1073: The Greeks The Lacedaemonids contain Greeks from the age of legend, now treated as being the Bronze Age in Greece. In the language of mythologic descent, the kingship passed from the Leleges to the Greeks. The Atreidai (Latin Atreidae) belong to the Late Bronze Age, or the Mycenaean Period . In mythology, they were the Perseides . As the name of Atreus is attested in Hittite documents, this dynasty may well be protohistoric. The Spartan kings as Heracleidae claimed descent from Heracles , who through his mother

322-531: The early 1980s, very few dictionaries have accepted it as standard. The immense celebrations in Britain at the news of the relief of the Siege of Mafeking briefly created the verb to maffick , meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. "Maffick" is a back-formation from Mafeking , a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle . There are many other examples of back-formations in

345-510: The founder or of an early significant figure of a dynasty. A ruling family might thus have a number of dynastic names; for example, Agis I named the Agiads, but he was a Heraclid and so were his descendants. If the descent was not known or was scantily known, the Greeks made a few standard assumptions based on their cultural ideology. Agiad people were treated as a tribe, presumed to have descended from an ancestor bearing its name. He must have been

368-804: The nautical sense) was first a noun and later was used as a verb). That process is called conversion or zero-derivation. Like back-formation, it can produce a new noun or a new verb, but it involves no back-forming. Back-formation may be particularly common in English given that many English words are borrowed from Latin, French and Greek, which together provide English a large range of common affixes. Many words with affixes have entered English, such as dismantle and dishevelled , so it may be easy to believe that these are formed from roots such as mantle (assumed to mean "to put something together") and shevelled (assumed to mean "well-dressed"), although these words with those meanings have no history of existing in English. Many words came into English by this route: pease

391-510: The only Spartan boys expressly exempt from the Agoge ; however, they were allowed to take part if they so wished, and this endowed them with increased prestige when they ascended the throne. Ancient Greeks named males after their fathers, producing a patronymic with the suffix -id- ; for example, the sons of Atreus were the Atreids. For royal houses, the patronymic was formed from the name of

414-629: The suffix -ford. Typically because it is assumed that the first half of the name is in reference to the river or stream. Below are some examples of these -ford back-formations . River Alre The river Alre in Hampshire, was named due to a false assumption that the nearby village Alresford was named after the river which it was located near. In reality its name comes from the Old English alor . River Chelmer The River Chelmer in Essex

437-531: The twins' grandsons, the kings Agis I and Eurypon, respectively. The Agiad line was regarded as being senior to the Eurypontid line. Although there are lists of the earlier purported Kings of Sparta, there is little evidence for the existence of any kings before the middle of the sixth century BC or so. Spartan kings received a recurring posthumous hero cult like that of the similarly Doric kings of Cyrene . The kings' firstborn sons, as heirs-apparent, were

460-414: The verb in English is really from a (semi-)adjectival form in Latin. Even though many English words are formed this way, new coinages may sound strange, and are often used for humorous effect. For example, gruntled (from disgruntled ) is used only in humorous contexts, as when P. G. Wodehouse wrote, "I could see that, if not actually disgruntled, he was far from being gruntled", or the character Turk in

483-688: Was descended from Perseus. Disallowed the Peloponnesus, Heracles embarked on a life of wandering. The Heracleidae became ascendant in the Eurotas valley with the Dorians who, at least in legend, entered it during an invasion called the Return of the Heracleidae; driving out the Atreids and at least some of the Mycenaean population. The dynasty was named after its second king, Agis. The dynasty

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506-485: Was not originally a plural; it is a loanword from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez ). The -s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Back-formation varies from clipping  – back-formation may change the word's class or meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words but does not change the class or meaning of the word. Words can sometimes acquire new lexical categories without any derivational change in form (for example, ship (in

529-514: Was once a mass noun (as in " pease pudding "), but was reinterpreted as a plural , leading to the back-formation pea . The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics . In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the nineteenth century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Other examples are The verb translate

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