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32-638: There was similarly a Clergy Corporation of Lower Canada . The corporation began as a body in 1818, when it was established by the Upper Canada Executive Council. It was officially commissioned by Lieutenant Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland in 1819. Its origin stemmed from a strict interpretation of the Constitutional Act of 1791 by the Family Compact , led by John Strachan , to keep the clergy reserves for

64-530: A Republic of Lower Canada was quickly thwarted. The provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were combined as the United Province of Canada in 1841, when the Act of Union 1840 came into force. Their separate legislatures were combined into a single parliament with equal representation for both constituent parts, even though Lower Canada had a greater population. The Province of Lower Canada inherited

96-669: A rural environment. Of the colonists, 18,000 lived under the Government of Québec , 4,000 under the Government of Trois-Rivières and 22,000 under the Government of Montreal . As for colonists not living in the Saint Lawrence River valley, Île Royale (now Cape Breton ) counted 4,000 inhabitants (of which 1,500 were in Louisbourg ), and Île Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island ) had 500 inhabitants. In 1791,

128-927: The Illinois Country . In the Great Lakes area, a mission, Sainte-Marie among the Hurons , was established in 1639. Following the destruction of the Huron homeland in 1649 by the Iroquois , the French destroyed the mission themselves and left the area. In what are today Ontario and the eastern prairies, various trading posts and forts were built such as Fort Kaministiquia in 1679 (at modern Thunder Bay, Ontario ), Fort Frontenac in 1673 (today's Kingston, Ontario ), Fort Saint Pierre in 1731 (near modern Fort Frances , Ontario), Fort Saint Charles in 1732 (on Lake of

160-667: The Province of Quebec . In the 240 years between Verrazano 's voyage of exploration in 1524 and the Conquest of New France in 1763, the French marked the North American continent in many ways. Whether it was through by land distribution and clearing, the establishment of villages and towns, deploying a network of roads and paths or developing the territory with various constructions, the French colonists transformed and adapted

192-492: The Province of Upper Canada . The prefix "lower" in its name refers to its geographic position farther downriver from the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River than its contemporary Upper Canada, present-day southern Ontario. Lower Canada was abolished in 1841 when it and adjacent Upper Canada were united into the Province of Canada . Like Upper Canada, there was significant political unrest. Twenty-two years after an invasion by

224-785: The Seven Years' War ending in 1763 (also called the French and Indian War in the United States). Other parts of New France conquered by Britain became the Colonies of Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , and Prince Edward Island . The Province of Lower Canada was created by the Constitutional Act 1791 from the partition of the British colony of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791) into the Province of Lower Canada and

256-669: The United States in the War of 1812 , a rebellion now challenged the British rule of the predominantly French population. After the Patriote Rebellion in the Rebellions of 1837–1838 was suppressed by government troops and Loyal volunteers , the 1791 Constitution was suspended on 27 March 1838 and a special council was appointed to administer the colony. An abortive attempt by revolutionary Robert Nelson to declare

288-562: The cultural distinctiveness of Quebec from the rest of the country has led to the emergence of a Québécois identity and the Quebec sovereignty movement . Descendants of the original Canadien of Canada (New France) living outside of Quebec are now often referred to by a name which references their province of residence (ex. Franco-Ontarian ). Francophone populations in the Maritime provinces , however, are more likely to be descended from

320-406: The 1850s and would not re-emerge as a key means of transportation until the highway system of Quebec was created in the 20th century. 50°N 69°W  /  50°N 69°W  / 50; -69 Canada (New France) Canada was a French colony within the larger territory of New France . It was claimed by France in 1535 during the second voyage of Jacques Cartier , in

352-653: The Canada territory was now composed of the coasts of the Saint Lawrence River , of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and of the Great Lakes , as well as southern Ontario and northern New England . Then, in the last period of 1673–1741, the Canada territory was composed of the coasts of the Saint Lawrence River , of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and of the Great Lakes , southern Ontario , southern Manitoba and

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384-677: The Church of England. The new Corporation had twelve members: the Bishop of Quebec , who acted as chair, both the Inspector and Surveyors General, the Rectors of York , Kingston , Niagara , Grimsby , Cornwall , Ancaster , Hamilton and Newcastle , and two other members of the Anglican clergy. The Corporation directed the local sheriffs to collect the various rents. The first meeting of

416-526: The Countreys of Canada, Hochelaga, and Saguenay" before any permanent settlements were established. In 1600 a permanent trading post and habitation was established at Tadoussac at the confluence of the Saguenay and Saint Lawrence rivers. However, because this trading post was under a trade monopoly, it was not constituted as an official French colonial settlement. The first official settlement of Canada

448-817: The Crown Lands Department, where he would continue to oversee the collection of payments in arrears on clergy reserve leases and oversee the sale of Crown land in Upper Canada. At this point both the Clergy Corporation and the Clergy Reserves were largely dissolved; the lands were officially secularized in 1854. Wilson, Alan. (1968). The Clergy Reserves of Upper Canada: A Canadian Mortmain . Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Lower Canada Canada The Province of Lower Canada ( French : province du Bas-Canada )

480-569: The District of Quebec also served as the governor-general for all of New France. The Seven Years' War of 1756–1763 saw Great Britain defeat the French and their allies, and take possession of Canada. In the Treaty of Paris of 1763 , which formally ended the Seven Years' War, France ceded Canada in exchange for other colonies, with a large portion of Canada becoming the British colony of

512-545: The French language, civil law , customs, cultural aspects and the ruling power of the Catholic Church in government until the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, the province of Quebec is considered by many to be the modern-day continuation of the Canada colony of New France. Still today, the majority of the Quebec population is descended from the original French-speaking Canadien of Canada, and

544-535: The Peace as District Commissioners to undertake a survey of each individual lot in Upper Canada. The result of this was a huge increase in lease revenues, but the full amount of rent was still unattained. In view of this and increased pressure against the idea of Anglican clergy lands held by the Family Compact , the Executive Council decided in 1838 to dissolve the corporation and to transfer Baines into

576-462: The Province of Quebec was separated into Lower Canada (now Quebec ) and Upper Canada (now Ontario ). Lower Canada and Upper Canada were fused into the Province of Canada in 1841, before separating again into the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario during the Confederation of Canada in 1867. Because of the historical and geographical continuity, as well as the continued use of

608-631: The Woods located on Magnusens Island on the Northwest Angle of Minnesota ) and Fort Rouillé in 1750 (today's Toronto ). The mission and trading post at Sault Ste. Marie (1688) would later be split by the Canada–US border . The French settlements in the Pays d'en Haut among and south of the Great Lakes were Fort Niagara (1678) (near modern Youngstown, New York ), Fort Crevecoeur (1680) (near

640-474: The clergy reserves with Crown land . At this point, Markland was appointed Inspector General and a new Secretary Receiver, Thomas Baines , was appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in 1833. With no new leases being issued, the actions of the corporation were confined to overseeing former leases, which had not yet become very lucrative. Baines undertook a plan to change this and appointed Clerks of

672-546: The corporation was held at York on 25 March 1820. Stephen Heward, who was Auditor General of Land Patents , was appointed Secretary Receiver of the corporation. Five years later the Executive Council ordered that the corporation should cease making any new leases of the reserves, as it had been thought that the land would be sold to the Canada Company . This option was championed by Egerton Ryerson , who

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704-434: The eastern limit of the seigneurie of Les Éboulements and Cape Cormorant. The territory had an area of more than 460,000km2. After the Conquest of New France , the territory's name was changed to Rupert's Land . A population survey was done in 1740 to estimate Canada's population. The survey of the Saint Lawrence River valley counted about 44,000 colonists in total. The majority of them were born in Canada and lived in

736-495: The environments according to their needs. There are three major periods of expansion of the territory of Canada, mostly as a result of exploration efforts. First, the 1534–1603 period, in which Canada's territory comprised the coasts of Newfoundland , the entirety of Prince Edward Island , Nova Scotia and the coasts of New Brunswick , the Saint Lawrence River and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . Then 1603–1673, in which, due to westward expansion and conflicts with Great Britain ,

768-556: The mixed set of French and English institutions that existed in the Province of Quebec during the 1763–1791 period and which continued to exist later in Canada-East (1841–1867) and ultimately in the current Province of Quebec (since 1867). Lower Canada was populated mainly by Canadiens , an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada from the 17th century onward. Travelling around Lower Canada

800-542: The name of the French king, Francis I . The colony remained a French territory until 1763, when it became a British colony known as the Province of Quebec . In the 16th century the word "Canada" could refer to the territory along the Saint Lawrence River (then known as the Canada River) from Grosse Isle to a point between Québec and Trois-Rivières . The terms "Canada" and "New France" were also used interchangeably. French explorations continued west "unto

832-532: The north-eastern Midwest . It is in this period that Canada was at its largest. Dependent on Canada were the Pays d'en Haut (upper countries), a vast territory north and west of Montreal, covering the whole of the Great Lakes and stretching as far into the North American continent as the French had explored. Before 1717, when it ceded territory to the new colony of Louisiana, it stretched as far south as

864-779: The present site of Creve Coeur, Illinois , a suburb of Peoria, Illinois ), Fort Saint Antoine (1686) (on Lake Pepin in Wisconsin ), Fort St. Joseph (1691) (on the southernmost point of St. Joseph Island , Ontario on Lake Huron ), Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit (1701) (today's Detroit , Michigan), Fort Michilimackinac (1715) (on the Straits of Mackinac at Mackinaw City, Michigan ), Fort Miami (1715) (modern Fort Wayne, Indiana ), Fort La Baye (1717) (today's Green Bay, Wisconsin ), and Fort Beauharnois (1727) (in Florence Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota ). Today,

896-468: The term Les Pays-d'en-Haut refers to a regional county municipality in the Laurentides region of the present Province of Quebec , north of Montreal, while the former Pays d'en Haut was part of the District of Montreal. The Domaine du roy , established in 1652, was a vast region of New France , which stretched north from the St. Lawrence River to Hudson Bay . It was located between

928-468: Was Québec , founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608. The other four colonies within New France were Hudson's Bay to the north, Acadia and Newfoundland to the east, and Louisiana far to the south. Canada became the most developed of the five colonies of New France. It was divided into three districts, Québec , Trois-Rivières , and Montreal , each with its own government. The governor of

960-561: Was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791–1841). It covered the southern portion of the current Province of Quebec and the Labrador region of the current Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (until the Labrador region was transferred to Newfoundland in 1809). Lower Canada consisted of part of the former colony of Canada of New France , conquered by Great Britain in

992-457: Was mainly by water along the St. Lawrence River . On land, the only long-distance route was the Chemin du Roy , or King's Highway; it was built in the 1730s by New France . The King's Highway was, in addition to the mail route, the primary means of long-distance passenger travel until steamboats (1815) and railways (1850s) began to challenge the royal road. The royal road's importance waned after

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1024-590: Was upset at the state of the reserves and wanted them to be available to the Methodists. In August 1828 Heward, the Secretary Receiver, died and was succeeded by George Herchmer Markland . The issuance of new leases resumed in April 1829. However this only continued until 1832, when the Lieutenant Governor advised the corporation to discontinue the issuance of leases after a bill was passed to combine

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