76-524: The Dixie Crystal Theatre (also known as the Clewiston Theater ) is a historic site in Clewiston , Hendry County , Florida . It is located at 100 East Sugarland Highway . It first opened in 1941. In 1998, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . It is a flat-roofed one-story masonry movie theater, built in a simplified Moderne style – one of the few buildings in
152-403: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa). As of the 2020 United States census , there were 7,327 people, 2,532 households, and 1,921 families residing in the city. As of the 2010 United States census , there were 7,155 people, 2,269 households, and 1,643 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,460 people, 2,174 households, and 1,632 families residing in
228-480: A windlass for vertical transport and a scale to weigh at least 1,800 pounds. Ideally, the warehouse and the refinery were separate buildings, but with the high real estate prices in Holland, this was rare. The refinery was often directly behind the warehouse in the same building. Closest to the warehouse was the storage for raw materials. Here, there were 4 rooms/boxes to store different kinds of raw sugar, which
304-539: A Florida room to house historical reference material and books pertinent to local and state history. The Harlem Community Library is located in a former school building which also houses the Harlem Academy daycare center and its specialty is a growing African American collection. The Barron Library collects genealogical materials. The Clewiston Library also recently sought and received an LSTA grant to digitize their local newspaper, The Clewiston News and have
380-468: A brick vault under which was its own stove. The location of these pans was in the rear of the refinery in order to have as much light as possible, and as little draft as possible. The light came from the rear façade of the building, which ended on an open space of about 25 feet long. Here earth and coal were stored. Below the refinery was a lead tube that allowed to pump fresh water that, in Amsterdam,
456-597: A clarifier at one end and is heated to 88 °C while flowing through it. This forms a flocculent precipitate of calcium phosphate , entrapping some impurities and absorbing others. This floats to the top of the tank, where it is skimmed off by paddles. Decolorization follows after both carbonatation and phosphatation, which are both ended by filtering out finely dispersed particulate matter. The filtered clarified liquor can be decolorized by several means. Bone char consists of sintered long bones of cattle. It achieves decolorization, but also removes colloidal material and
532-437: A considerable amount of ash. Activated charcoal (GAC) by itself removes only color. Both are generally used in cylindrical 20–25 feet high columns of about 10 feet diameter through which the liquor is slowly filtered. Some modern plants use somewhat smaller cylinders with ion-exchange resins . These operate much faster. The decolorized liquor is then fed to an evaporator. This is a closed vessel heated by steam and placed under
608-413: A copper boiler and mixed with bullock's blood and lime-water. The mixture was then left to stand for a night in order to dissolve. In the morning, a fire was lit under the pan or boiler. The albumen of the blood then coagulated and entangled the mechanical impurities of the sugar, forming a scum that was constantly removed. The simmering was then continued till a sample of the mixture appeared transparent. It
684-400: A household in the city was $ 37,143, and the median income for a family was $ 38,652. Males had a median income of $ 31,139 versus $ 21,049 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,527. About 14.8% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. The following are public schools located in
760-558: A large tract of land to establish a town. They commissioned a town plan and built the Moore Haven & Clewiston Railway to connect the community to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad at Moore Haven . Incorporated as a city in 1925, Clewiston would become noted for its sport fishing , particularly of largemouth bass . Large sugar plantations were established around Lake Okeechobee. By the 1950s and 1960s,
836-540: A number of impurities, including multivalent anions such as sulfate , phosphate , citrate and oxalate , which precipitate as their calcium salts and large organic molecules such as proteins , saponins and pectins , which aggregate in the presence of multivalent cations . In addition, the alkaline conditions convert the simple sugars, glucose and fructose , along with the amino acid glutamine , to chemically stable carboxylic acids . Left untreated, these sugars and amines would eventually frustrate crystallization of
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#1732793592191912-404: A pan of sugar was 'done' (i.e. boiled), it was transferred to a cooling pan. when it had sufficiently cooled, the sugar would form a crust. Ideally, the next batch of boiled sugar was done at this exact moment and was then added to the cooling pan. A cooling pan could be filled with up to five batches. Also see granulation above. Filling the molds was the fifth step. Sugar candy was made by drying
988-553: A port city, because at the time goods were generally transloaded from a ship onto a barge before reaching their destination. Sugar refineries are often located in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as North America, Europe, and Japan. Since the 1990s, many state-of-the art sugar refineries have been built in the Middle East and North Africa region, e.g. in Dubai , Saudi Arabia and Algeria . The world's largest sugar refinery company
1064-550: A quarter became bastard sugar, and another quarter became molasses. The Steam Congress Company Archibald & Delafield used steam power and vacuum pans. The refinery of Teaman, Tobias & Co. on Liberty street was a wealthy company established in the building known as The Old Sugar House. The refinery of Meday & Ritter was also respectable. A refinery on the French method used steam for heating, but not for evaporation. In Baltimore, there were 9 sugar refineries in 1833. In
1140-484: A refinery in Salem these processed about 2,000,000 pounds of raw sugar. Towards the west, the sugar refineries of New Orleans were rather atypical, because they had many sugar cane plantations in the surroundings. The New Orleans Sugar Refinery was a massive establishment, employing about 100 workers. It used vacuum pans and steam power. New Orleans also had a small refinery using the old methods. In Cincinnati there
1216-470: A separate factory. In 1833 an overview of the United States Sugar refineries was made. At the time, only three refineries had switched to evaporation in vacuum. The rest still relied on traditional methods. In Philadelphia there were 12 sugar refineries in 1833. These could process 14,000,000 pounds of raw sugar The refinery of Canby & Lovering used steam power and vacuum pans, but
1292-525: A skimmer, resembling a perforated spade , with a 6–8 feet long handle. As soon as this was done a solution of eggs in water was plunged into the sugar mixture. This was done for the egg white or albumen, which bound more impurities. This led to more scum being scraped off. This was repeated 5-6 times, till a white slimy layer appeared on the surface instead of more scum. The solution was then called klaarsel for being cleared. Here clear also meant transparent . For purifying very rough sugar, ground water
1368-547: A vacuum. The basic principle is that the juice enters the evaporator at a temperature higher than its boiling temperature under the reduced pressure, or is heated to this temperature. This results in a flash evaporation , which allows for concentration by multiple-effect evaporation . In the 1970s the American sugar refiners generally used double or triple effect evaporation. The result is "thick juice", roughly 60% sucrose by weight and similar in appearance to maple syrup . It
1444-484: Is American Sugar Refining with facilities in North America and Europe. The sugar refineries that were built from about 1500 AD to 1800 did not require purpose built buildings. Ideally, they were located on a broad street along a broad canal with a good quay, so resources could be brought in at low cost by barge and by road. The refinery also had to stand somewhat free from other buildings. It required wind to dry
1520-622: Is 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Fort Lauderdale on the Atlantic coastal plain . The population was 7,327 at the 2020 census , up from 7,155 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city in the Clewiston micropolitan area . The city is located on the south bank of Lake Okeechobee , and the Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail (LOST) passes through the edge of the city. It is home to the Clewiston Museum and
1596-637: Is also sterilized with UV light. Thick juice can be stored in tanks for later processing, spreading the load on later steps of the crystallization plant. Thick juice is mixed with low grade crystal sugar recycled from other parts of the process in a melter and filtered giving "standard liquor". The crystallization phase starts by feeding the standard liquor to the vacuum pans, typically at 76 Brix. These pans are essentially single-effect evaporators, with their own vacuum source and condenser. The sugar solution has to be supersaturated in order to grow sugar crystals. There are three phases of supersaturation, which
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#17327935921911672-425: Is determined by the sucrose concentration and temperature. In the metastable phase existing crystals grow, but no new ones are formed. By using seed crystals and keeping the vacuum pan in the metastable phase, a uniform size of crystals is produced. The seed crystals are introduced, typically as a slurry of known particle size and amount, into the pan. Once the initial crystals are established, further standard liquor
1748-575: Is inferior to white sugar made by refineries. Beet sugar factories can also produce raw sugar, but this has an unpleasant taste. There is no separate raw sugar stage to the process; the sugar extract from the beet is, after cleaning, crystallised directly into white sugar. The origins of the art of refining sugar seem to stem from Khorasan in Persia. Next, the Venetians produced a primitive form of refined sugar, resembling sugar candy . Approaching
1824-469: Is normally consumed in households and used as an ingredient in soft drinks and foods. Raw cane sugar does not need refining to be palatable. It is refined for reasons such as health, color, and the requirement for a pure sugar taste. Raw sugar is stable for transport and can be from mills to locations for processing into white sugar. Cane sugar mills / factories often produce a partially refined product called 'Plantation White' for their local market, but this
1900-464: Is supplied to the pan as the crystals grow until they reach the desired size. The resulting sugar crystal and syrup mix is called a massecuite , from "cooked mass" in French . The syrup is called mother liquor , because the crystals grow from this liquor. The massecuite content of one pan is called a strike. The massecuite is then passed to the centrifuges , where the crystals are separated from
1976-648: The Dixie Crystal Theatre . The area has been home to Seminole tribe members and sugar plantations, with the Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum located 32 miles (51 km) south of the city. The area beside Lake Okeechobee was once used as a fishing camp by the Seminole tribe . The first permanent settlement began in 1920, when John O'Brien of Philadelphia and Alonzo Clewis (1864-1944) of Tampa purchased
2052-816: The Domino Sugar Refinery , the Boston Sugar Refinery , the Amsterdamsche Stoom Suikerraffinaderij , the Wester Suikerraffinaderij and the Nederlandsche Suikerraffinaderij . The refining process was also extensively described in 1793. In 1833 another description referred to it as 'The old, or German Method, by Blood, Eggs, Clay etc. At the time refineries produced different kinds of sugar. Loaf sugar
2128-807: The Love Lane refinery in the same city. In 1878 it opened the Thames Refinery at Silvertown in East London. Abram Lyle (1820–) became an important ship owner. In 1865 he bought part of the Glebe Sugar Refinery, but left it again in 1872. In 1883 he opened the Plaistow Refinery in London, only 1.5 miles from the Thames Refinery. In 1921 the two companies merged to become Tate & Lyle , a company that refined about 50% of
2204-782: The North Sea coast in Leith. However, the real center of the Scottish refining industry would be established in Glasgow's outport Greenock . Here, the first sugar refinery was established in 1765. Up till 1826 five others followed. By 1869 there were 14 sugar refineries in Greenock, with the two largest processing 14,000 tons of sugar per week. Four more sugar refineries were also located on the River Clyde , and two were in Leith. Glasgow
2280-813: The UK's sugar. After World War I, the British Sugar refining industry went downhill. The war made the government see the dangers of completely relying on cane sugar imports, and so the cultivation of sugar beet , processed in beet sugar factories was promoted. In 1973 the accession of the UK to the European Union meant that the British refining industry had to deal with European legislation, which favored production in Europe. In 2010 Tate & Lyle sold its sugar refining business to American Sugar Refining , which
2356-411: The affination process. The purpose of the affination step is to remove the molasses film / coating that still surrounds the raw sugar crystals while minimizing any dissolving of the crystals. The raw sugar is dropped into a mingler, typically a trough of about 35 feet length by 3 feet width and 4 feet depth. Here it is mixed with affination syrup to form a mixture called 'magma' of about 92 Brix. It exits
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2432-559: The area to feature this type of architecture. In 1940, the building was commissioned by Mary Hayes Davis , a newspaper publisher and businesswoman who operated a chain of movie theaters in south Florida and the Lake Okeechobee region. It was her second theater in Clewiston with that name. Davis had opened the first Dixie Crystal Theatre at the corner of Sugarland Highway and Central Avenue in 1934. The theaters got their name from
2508-675: The area, operated by Hendry County Schools: Private school: Native American School: The Hendry County Library Cooperative in Florida includes the Clewiston Library, Barron Library (located in LaBelle , the county seat) and the Harlem Library. All three libraries provide Hendry County residents with materials and general information, and each library has a secondary individualized area of focus. The Clewiston Library has
2584-523: The center of Clewiston, leading west then north 15 miles (24 km) to Moore Haven , and southeast 16 miles (26 km) to South Bay . Florida State Road 80 runs with US 27 through Clewiston but leads west 31 miles (50 km) to LaBelle , the Hendry County seat. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Clewiston has a total area of 4.7 square miles (12.2 km ), of which 0.027 square miles (0.07 km ), or 0.54%, are water. Clewiston has
2660-403: The city. The population density was 1,381.0 inhabitants per square mile (533.2/km ). There were 2,434 housing units at an average density of 520.3 per square mile (200.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 75.79% White , 10.93% African American , 0.39% Native American , 1.18% Asian , 9.64% from other races , and 2.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.94% of
2736-400: The cleared liquor. For that it was brought to the cleared juice cistern by feeding it into a copper tube (or trough) that ended above a filter that was placed over the cistern. This filter was a piece of cloth in a basket and caught things like egg scales, nails, pieces of wood etc. At the time, the cleared juice cistern, was simply called cistern. It also served to hold the cleared juice while
2812-446: The cultivation of citrus , vegetables and cattle were also important to the economy. The US Sugar Corporation , however, remained the dominant manufacturer in Clewiston, which became known as "America's Sweetest Town". On June 24, 2008, Governor Charlie Crist announced that the state of Florida had arranged to buy for $ 1.75 billion the company's 187,000 acres (76,000 ha), including the refinery in Clewiston. On November 11,
2888-416: The digital versions added to the free, open access Florida Digital Newspaper Library . Sugar refinery A sugar refinery is a refinery which processes raw sugar from cane or sugar extracted from beets into white refined sugar . Cane sugar mills traditionally produce raw sugar, which is sugar that still contains molasses , giving it more colour (and impurities) than the white sugar which
2964-511: The end of the 16th century, the art of refining sugar had spread to Germany, Fifty years later, the Dutch started their refineries, which soon dominated the European market. The risks involved in large refineries stimulated developments in the insurance industry. In the early modern era (AD 1500 to 1800) the sugar refinery process consisted of some standard steps. First the raw sugar was put in
3040-592: The first time. A Hendry County sheriff's deputy and a Clewiston policeman were present for the duration of the film. The theater closed briefly in 2011, but soon reopened, featuring live bands, first-run movies, and independent films. By early 2015, the Clewiston Theater had closed. As of 2023, the theatre has been converted into a dentist office. Clewiston, Florida Clewiston is a city in Hendry County, Florida , United States. Its location
3116-445: The first two pans were cleaned. The third step was equal to evaporation. Small portions of the clarified juice were fed to the first pan, which was brought to boil by a brisk fire. In about 12–30 minutes, evaporation would lead the liquor to attain its requisite degree of viscosity. In Holland fast evaporation was obvious only for sugar candy. The test whether the liquor could form threads between one's finger and thumb determined when
Dixie Crystal Theatre - Misplaced Pages Continue
3192-524: The floors above, in order to transport goods vertically by rope. On the first floor, there was a storage for lime, which was the same size as the pans, so enough lime could be stored to operate the refinery for 3–4 months. Behind the storage for raw materials was the drying house, also called drying stove or oven. One or two houses were for drying the sugar loaves, two more were for making candy. These drying rooms were 10 feet long, 12 feet wide and 30 feet high. Each contained an iron stove burning on coal. It
3268-411: The heavy particles settle out in tanks (clarifiers). A final addition of more carbon dioxide precipitates more calcium from solution; this is filtered off, leaving a cleaner, golden light-brown sugar solution called "thin juice". If phosphatation is applied, the melted liquor is heated to 60-70 °C and a bit of phosphoric acid is added. The mixture is immediately limed to pH 7.0-8.0. It then enters
3344-547: The local sugar industry product. The architect of the new Dixie Crystal Theatre was Chester A. Cone of West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, who also designed the Prince Theatre in Pahokee . The builder and contractor was Earl Anderson. It is 45 by 93 feet (14 m × 28 m) in plan. The Clewiston Theater was integrated peacefully on July 20, 1964, when five African American youths attended an evening show there for
3420-403: The mingler into a mixer through a grating that catches foreign matter and hard lumps. The mixer is typically a 37.5 feet long, 3 ft 4 inches wide and 8 ft 6 inches high. Here the magma is mixed and heated at a temperature between 43 and 60 °C. At the bottom of the mixer are chutes to the centrifuges. In the centrifuges , the syrup is separated from the magma by pushing it through
3496-590: The ongoing restoration of the Everglades ecosystem . Clewiston is located in the northeast corner of Hendry County at 26°45′12″N 80°56′01″W / 26.753399°N 80.933600°W / 26.753399; -80.933600 , on the southwestern shore of Lake Okeechobee . It is part of the Florida Heartland region. To the south it borders the CDP of Harlem . U.S. Route 27 passes through
3572-518: The outside of the form was scraped off and collected. The loaves were carefully ticked out of the molds. The British refining industry started in about 1544, when two sugar refineries were established in London. These were also known as 'sugar houses'. At first, their success was limited because of the strong competition from Antwerp. After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, the sugar refining industry in London expanded. The first sugar refinery in Bristol
3648-405: The pans with fresh water and some lime water. Next raw sugar was put into the pan. The pans had a brace, which was a part of the front of the pan which occupied between 33 and 40% of its circumference, and was about two feet high. After the lower part of the pan had been filled, the brace was fixed in place to allow further filling. The mixture would then be left to stand during the night to dissolve
3724-611: The past, these refineries used to refine 9-10 million pounds of raw sugar from Cuba and Brazil, but in 1833 the Baltimore refineries were in serious trouble, and only about 2 million pounds were processed. A large steam and vacuum factory had burned down, and had not been rebuilt. The refinery of G.W. and H. Miller on Concord Street was still doing quite well. It benefitted from an abundant supply of fresh water, and clay from nearby Federal Hill . In Boston there were three refineries owned by Mr. Doane, Mr. Andrews and Mr. White. Together with
3800-473: The plan was scaled back to $ 1.34 billion for 181,000 acres (73,000 ha) of farmland , no longer including the mill, citrus processing facilities and other assets. This would allow the company to remain in business and leave open the possibility of preserving its 1,700 jobs. Over the next seven crop cycles, the farmland would be leased back from the state to US Sugar for $ 60 million. It would then be converted into reservoirs and water-filtering areas as part of
3876-402: The population. In 2000, there were 2,174 households, out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
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#17327935921913952-532: The process to acquire sugar from sugar beets, many sugar factories were founded to produce raw beet sugar. Near Magdeburg there were about 400 of these, one in almost every village. In 1894 these raw sugar factories founded the Hildesheim Sugar Refinery Zücker Raffinerie Hildesheim which processed their raw beet sugar. In 1913 it was estimated that 63% of German sugar beets were turned into raw sugar which
4028-548: The produce and to keep it from sweating, especially in Summer. The chimneys also had to significantly stick out above the surrounding buildings. From about 1800 the Industrial Revolution changed the refining process by introducing steam power and all kinds of machinery. It led to the construction of specialized building that could be recognized by having a large number of very shallow floors. The pre-1800 refinery
4104-404: The retaining screen in the centrifuge's side. This leaves the crystals in the centrifuge and also a residual syrup film that is removed by hot-water (82 °C+) washing of the crystals while still in the basket. The washed crystals are then plowed from the centrifuge. This 'affination sugar' is then brought to the melter. This typically is a round tank of 12 feet diameter and 6 feet height. Here
4180-427: The room. They were then stacked up to each other while the outer rows were supported by prefixes voorzetsels , i.e. broken molds that were not fit for any other purpose. The day after, the molds were brought to one of the upper floors. Here the stop of the forms was removed, and over a few days syrup leaked out and was gathered into collection pots. The forms were then put on top of a box, where sugar that stuck to
4256-411: The sucrose. The most important clarification processes are carbonatation and phosphatation. If carbonatation is applied, carbon dioxide is bubbled through the alkaline sugar solution, precipitating the lime as calcium carbonate ( chalk ). The chalk particles entrap some impurities and absorb others. A recycling process builds up the size of chalk particles and a natural flocculation occurs where
4332-470: The sugar by heat. For this it was brought to the drying house by transport bucket. Here the sugar was put in candy pots. The operation to put the sugar in the transport buckets and to fill the pots could take about two-three minutes. Ideally, the second pan was by then ready to fill the transport buckets. If candy sugar was made, the drying room could contain about 150 pots of candy made from the raw sugar of four pans after about 6 hours of work. The drying room
4408-441: The sugar is mixed with high-purity sweetwater and agitated by paddles. This mixture is heated by steam, melting the crystals in the sweetwater to form a liquor commonly called melt liquor. The purification step consists of combinations of clarification and decolorization. All clarification treatments include mixing the melted liquor with hot milk of lime (a suspension of calcium hydroxide in water). This treatment precipitates
4484-496: The sugar was 'done'. The first option to continue refining was to drain off the remaining water by using gravity, which would result in loaf, lump or bastard sugar. The other option was to evaporate the remaining water by heat, resulting in Sugar candy . The fourth step cooling, was not applicable to sugar candy. For loaf sugar the third or fourth pan were used as cooling pans. For lump sugar three pans were used for cooling. As soon as
4560-413: The sugar. On the morrow, the fire below the pan was lit, and the mixture was slowly heated. It was regularly stirred to prevent the sugar from attaching to the pan. Stirring was decreased when the sugar had completely dissolved. When the sugar had almost reached the boiling point, the fire was almost extinguished. During heating the lime bound to impurities and formed a solidified scum, which was removed with
4636-413: Was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.32. In 2000, in the city, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.4 males. In 2000, the median income for
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#17327935921914712-598: Was a struggling sugar refinery which relied on raw sugar from New Orleans. In 1974 there were 29 sugar refineries in the USA. Raw sugar may be stored for months at both the sugar mill and the sugar refinery. While stored, the raw sugar crystals are still surrounded by a fine film of molasses left by the final crystallization step at the sugar mill. This film of molasses offers an incubator for microbial growth, leading to quality loss related to storage. Nowadays many sugar refineries buy such high pol sugar, that they can do without
4788-470: Was about to be joined by another. The refinery of J.G. Smith & Son on Vine street was spacious and clean. The refinery of Paul Lajus & Co. on Bread Street had switched to the French method. This involved bascule pans hung on chains, which were far more effective than fixed pans, when open fire was used for evaporation. In New York, the sugar refineries could process about 9,000,000 pounds of raw sugar. Slightly more than half would become refined sugar,
4864-648: Was also allowed to use the name for these activities. In Germany, Hamburg was an early center of sugar refineries, rivalling the importance of Amsterdam. By 1727 there were about 200 refineries (known as Zuckersiederei ) in Hamburg, dominating the German market. From 1830 to 1850 this Hamburg industry was almost completely annihilated. Hamburg's last cane sugar refinery was the Dampfzuckersiederei von 1848, which closed down in 1885. After discovery of
4940-459: Was an important center for the production of the very heavy machinery required for cane sugar mills. This probably contributed to the growth of Greenock as a center for sugar refining, which required lighter, but comparable machinery. In 1859 Henry Tate (1819–1899) became a partner in a sugar refinery in Liverpool, which he soon came to control. In 1872 his company Henry Tate & Sons opened
5016-404: Was brought by barge schuitwater to the rear of the building. The same part of the building that contained the pans also contained the two lime cisterns. These had to be founded at least 30 feet deep and stood 4 feet above ground level. They were 9 by 6 feet and stood opposite the pans. Behind the lime boxes were the scum boxes of 8–9 feet high. Opposite the first pans (counted from the street)
5092-602: Was extensively described in the Netherlands, because the Dutch Republic dominated the trade in and refining of sugar for a long time. In Holland , the ideal refinery was at least 150 Rijnland feet (0.3140 m) long and 30 feet wide. The warehouse of the refinery would be on the street/canal side. It had to be at least 30 feet wide, 40 feet long and 20 feet high, with enough natural light and two 10 feet doors to let pass 2000-3000 pound barrels. The warehouse needed
5168-405: Was fed into the boxes from the first floor. These were each 6 feet long and 12–14 feet wide, making that the raw sugar storage part of the refinery was about 30 feet long, and as wide as the total building, i.e. at least 30 feet. In the 16–18 feet of width that was left there were all kinds of tools, and things like baskets to move the scum. Near the first box, there was a hole in the ceiling and all
5244-402: Was set in brick, and fed from outside the room. The part of the refinery where the actual refining took place was behind the drying house. Here were the copper boilers called pans ( ziedpannen ) where the sugar was boiled. Most of the Dutch refineries had four pans, many had three, and only a few had two. If there were four, these pans occupied a length of at least 25 feet. Each pan rested on
5320-536: Was started in 1607, when Robert Aldworth founded a single pan refinery. Sugar trade and refining would become the main source of prosperity for Bristol in the 18th century. At one time, there were some 20 refineries in Bristol. In Liverpool, the first sugar refinery was established in 1667. The sugar refinery industry in Scotland started in 1667. By 1715 there were refineries on the Atlantic coast in Glasgow and on
5396-447: Was the cleared juice cistern klaarselketel . It was about 4 feet above ground and could contain about 8-9000 pounds of cleared sugar. The post 1800 industrial sugar refinery was characterized by using gravity to transport sugar downwards through the building as it went through several refining steps. In combination with some other features, this led a recognizable type of 19th century sugar refinery building. Examples were buildings of:
5472-407: Was the highest quality. Next came lump sugar, followed by bastard sugar. Bastard sugar was made from the drainings of loaf and lump sugar. It was generally ground and sold as powder sugar. Sugar candy consisted of very large crystals formed around threads. It was either white or brown, depending on the quality of the sugar that was used. The first step, roughly equal to purification, was to fill
5548-405: Was then cleaned, shut off, and the fire in its stove was lit. If sugar loaves or lump sugar was made, the sugar was brought to the filling room, see image: Filling molds in 1793. Here, the molds were filled. These had a conical shape with a hole in the tip, which was stopped by a piece of cloth. In the filling room, the molds were filled and then placed on their pointy end, starting in a corner of
5624-693: Was then processed in a separate sugar refinery. In the United States this percentage was zero. This caused a lot of confusion. In 1938 the Hildesheim Sugar Refinery acquired the Zuckerraffinerie Braunschweig and closed it down the next year. Eventually the concentration of raw sugar factories meant that (central) refineries became superfluous. The raw (beet) sugar factories became so big that it became sensible to process raw beet sugar on-site instead of at
5700-486: Was then rapidly boiled down till such consistency that it could form threads between one's finger and thumb. At which point the fire was damped. The second step was granulation. For this, the syrup was transferred to a vessel called a cooler, where it was agitated with wooden oars till it granulated. The third step was to put the granulated sugar in molds. The first sugar refineries were located in coastal cities throughout western Europe. They did not necessarily have to be in
5776-418: Was used, and more lime and more eggs. The total use of eggs could be 400 or 500 a day, costing up four guilders for 100 in the winter. Adding fresh blood of oxen could help to further clarify sugar, but it was often used when not fresh, and as an alternative to expensive eggs. This led to rotten sugar, and in Holland it led to an official, but ineffective ban of its use. The second step was to filter and store
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