26-513: The Accademia della Crusca ( Italian: [akkaˈdɛːmja della ˈkruska] ; lit. ' Academy of the Bran ' ), generally abbreviated as La Crusca , is a Florence -based society of scholars of Italian linguistics and philology . It is one of the most important research institutions of the Italian language , as well as the oldest linguistic academy in the world. The Accademia
52-699: Is also a source of phytic acid , an antinutrient that prevents nutrient absorption. The high oil content of bran makes it subject to rancidification , one of the reasons that it is often separated from the grain before storage or further processing. Bran is often heat-treated to increase its shelf life. Rice bran is a byproduct of the rice-milling process (the conversion of brown rice to white rice ), and it contains various antioxidants . A major rice bran fraction contains 12%–13% oil and highly unsaponifiable components (4.3%). This fraction contains tocotrienols (a form of vitamin E ), gamma-oryzanol , and beta-sitosterol ; all these constituents may contribute to
78-445: Is often produced as a byproduct of milling in the production of refined grains . Bran is highly nutritious, but is difficult to digest due to its high fiber content; its high fat content also reduces its shelf life as the oils/fats are prone to becoming rancid. As such, it is typically removed from whole grain during the refining process - e.g. in processing wheat grain into white flour, or refining brown rice into white rice. Bran
104-458: Is often used to enrich breads (notably muffins ) and breakfast cereals , especially for the benefit of those wishing to increase their intake of dietary fiber . Bran may also be used for pickling ( nukazuke ) as in the tsukemono of Japan . Rice bran in particular finds many uses in Japan, where it is known as nuka ( 糠 ; ぬか ). Besides using it for pickling, Japanese people add it to
130-457: Is present in cereal grain, including rice , corn (maize) , wheat , oats , barley , rye , and millet . Bran is not the same as chaff , which is a coarser, scaly material surrounding the grain, but does not form part of the grain itself, and which is indigestible by humans. Bran is particularly rich in dietary fiber and essential fatty acids , and contains significant quantities of starch , protein , vitamins , and dietary minerals . It
156-507: Is useful as feed for poultry and other livestock , as part of a balanced ration with other inputs. Wheatings, a milling byproduct comprising mostly bran with some pieces of endosperm also left over, are included in this category. Bran was found to be the most successful slug deterrent by BBC's TV programme Gardeners' World . It is a common substrate and food source used for feeder insects, such as mealworms and waxworms . Wheat bran has also been used for tanning leather since at least
182-550: The brigata dei Crusconi and constituted a circle composed of poets, men of letters, and lawyers. The members usually assembled on pleasant and convivial occasions, during which cruscate —discourses in a merry and playful style, which have neither a beginning nor an end—were recited. The Crusconi used humour, satire, and irony to distance itself from the pedantry of the Accademia Fiorentina, protected by Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici , and to contrast itself with
208-517: The Accademia della Crusca to decipher some of the inventor's scribblings. In August 2011, the existence of the Accademia was threatened when Giulio Tremonti and Silvio Berlusconi introduced a proposition to eradicate all public-funded entities with less than 70 members. In August 2015, the Accademia's website was defaced by a hacker linked to ISIS. In February 2016, the Accademia approved
234-548: The Republic of Venice ). The original run consisted of 74 numbers. These were collected into two volumes. Founded by the brothers Pietro and Alessandro Verri , Il Caffè came out every ten days from June 1764 to May 1766. It was influenced by the thought of the French philosophes and exerted a notable influence on contemporary Italian culture and political life. Consciously evoking Addison 's and Steele 's Spectator ,
260-424: The water when boiling bamboo shoots , and use it for dish washing . In Kitakyushu City, it is called jinda and used for stewing fish, such as sardines . Rice bran is stuck to the surface of commercial ice blocks to prevent them from melting. Bran oil may be also extracted for use by itself for industrial purposes (such as in the paint industry), or as a cooking oil , such as rice bran oil . Wheat bran
286-630: The 16th century. As with cereal fibers and whole grain consumption, bran is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases. Commonly, bran is heat-treated with the intention of slowing undesirable rancidification, but a 2003 study of heat-treatment of oat bran found a complex pattern whereby increasingly intense heat treatment reduced the development of hydrolytic rancidity and bitterness with time, but increased oxidative rancidity. The authors recommended that heat treatment should be sufficient to achieve selective lipase inactivation, but not so much as to render
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#1732772448081312-589: The Accademia while invoking for contrast no less than the likes of Galileo and Newton and even modern intellectual cosmopolitanism itself. However, since Galileo published his scientific works in his native Florentine Italian, as opposed to the Latin which was customary for academic works of the time, it has also been argued that he implicitly supported the Accademia's purpose. The Accademia's activities carried on with both high and low points until 1783, when Pietro Leopoldo quit and, with several other academicians, created
338-568: The beginning of 1583, the Accademia took on a new form, directing itself to demonstrate and to conserve the beauty of the Florentine vulgar tongue, modelled upon the authors of the Trecento. One of the earliest scholars to influence the work of the Crusca was Agnolo Monosini . He contributed greatly to the 1612 edition of Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca , especially with regard to
364-588: The fairest flower'), a famous line by the Italian poet Petrarch . In 1612, the Accademia published the first edition of its dictionary, the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca , which has served as the model for similar works in French, Spanish, German and English. The academy is a member of the European Federation of National Linguistic Institutes. The founders were originally called
390-477: The influence of Greek, which, he maintained, made a significant contribution to the Fiorentine idiom of the period. The Accademia thus abandoned the jocular character of its earlier meetings in order to take up the normative role it would assume from then on. The very title of the Accademia came to be interpreted in a new way: the academicians of the Crusca would now work to distinguish the good and pure part of
416-490: The journal shared with the English paper a use of irony as a weapon against contemporary morals and customs, but was imbued with a more immediate political purpose. The articles dealt with a wide range of subjects, from natural history to medicine , philosophy , music , ethics , law , and literature , all expounding the same theme: the need for social, economic, and political reform. A notable contributor to Il Caffè
442-519: The language (the farina , or whole wheat) from the bad and impure part (the crusca , or bran). From this is derived the symbolism of the Crusca: its logo shows a frullone or sifter with the Petrarchan motto Il più bel fior ne coglie (She gathers the fairest flower). The members of the Accademia were given nicknames associated with corn and flour, and seats in the form of breadbaskets with backs in
468-457: The lowering of the plasma levels of the various parameters of the lipid profile. Rice bran also contains a high level of dietary fiber ( beta-glucan , pectin , and gum). It also contains ferulic acid , which is also a component of the structure of nonlignified cell walls. Some research suggests, though, inorganic arsenic is present at some level in rice bran. One study found the levels to be 20% higher than in contaminated drinking water. Bran
494-619: The polar lipids oxidizable upon prolonged storage. Il Caff%C3%A8 Il Caffè (Italian, 'The Coffeehouse') was magazine headquartered in Milan between 1764 and 1766. It was the most significant publication of the Enlightenment period in the country. Il Caffè was first published in June 1764. To evade Austrian censorship, the magazine was printed in Brescia (then belonging to
520-465: The second Accademia Fiorentina. In 1808, however, the third Accademia Fiorentina was founded and, by a decree of 19 January 1811, signed by Napoleon , the Crusca was re-established with its own status of autonomy, statutes and previous aims. In the 20th century, the decree of 11 March 1923 changed its composition and its purpose. The compilation of the Vocabolario , hitherto the duty of the Crusca,
546-621: The severe and classic style of that body. This battle was fought without compromising the primary intention of the group, which was typically literary, and expounded in high-quality literary disputes. The founders of the Accademia della Crusca are traditionally identified as Giovanni Battista Deti ('Sollo'), Antonio Francesco Grazzini ('Lasca'), Bernardo Canigiani ('Gramolato'), Bernardo Zanchini ('Macerato'), Bastiano de' Rossi ('Inferigno'); they were joined in October 1582 by Lionardo Salviati ('Infarinato') (1540–1589). Under his leadership, at
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#1732772448081572-599: The shape of bread shovel were used for their meetings. In 1636, Cardinal Richelieu created the Académie Française on the model of the Accademia della Crusca . The linguistic purism of the Accademia found opposition in Cesare Beccaria and the Verri brothers ( Pietro and Alessandro ), who through their journal Il Caffè systematically attacked the Accademia's archaisms as pedantic, denouncing
598-426: The submission of an 8-year old for the new Italian word petaloso (full of petals). Members include: Bran Bran , also known as miller's bran , is the component of a cereal grain consisting of the hard layers - the combined aleurone and pericarp - surrounding the endosperm . Corn (maize) bran also includes the pedicel (tip cap). Along with the germ , it is an integral part of whole grains , and
624-492: Was founded in Florence in 1583, and has since been characterized by its efforts to maintain the purity of the Italian language . Crusca , which means "bran" in Italian, helps convey the metaphor that its work is similar to winnowing , as also does its emblem depicting a sifter for straining out corrupt words and structures (as bran is separated from wheat). The academy motto is "Il più bel fior ne coglie" ('She gathers
650-403: Was removed from it and passed to a private society of scholars; the Crusca was entrusted with the compilation of philological texts. In 1955, however, Bruno Migliorini and others began discussion of the return of the work of preparing the Vocabolario to the Crusca. In 2007, the website E-leo compiling 3,000 drawings and writings of Leonardo da Vinci was launched, with the linguistic help of
676-398: Was the philosopher and economist Cesare Beccaria , author of the influential treatise Dei delitti e delle pene (1764; On Crimes and Punishments ). Among its other contributors were the economists Gian Rinaldo Carli , Carlo Sebastiano Franci and Alfonso Longo, the mathematician Paolo Frisi , the polymath Roger Joseph Boscovich and the optician François de Baillou . Il Caffè
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