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70-578: The Cryonics Institute was founded by the “Father of Cryonics” Robert Ettinger on April 4, 1976, in Detroit, Michigan , where he served as president until 2003. Ettinger introduced the concept of cryonics with the publication of his book “The Prospect of Immortality” published in 1962. Operations moved to Clinton Township, Michigan in 1993, where it is currently located. The Cryonics Institute currently has 2180 members worldwide, of which 240 have already been cryopreserved. The cryonics procedure performed by

140-862: A second lieutenant infantryman in the United States Army during World War II . Severely wounded in battle in Germany, he received the Purple Heart and recovered after several years spent in a Michigan hospital. He earned two master's degrees from Wayne State University (one in physics , one in mathematics) and spent his working career teaching physics and mathematics at both Wayne State University and Highland Park Community college in Michigan . Ettinger had two children with his first wife, Elaine, David (1951) and Shelley (1954). David gave his first cryonics interview to journalists at

210-460: A different course of action was developed. This plan became known as the multi-use, or Greenbelt, concept. The two concepts were at odds with one another until the canal plan was defeated in a bond referendum in 1965. In 1966, a study was commissioned that validated the Greenbelt concept as a way to prevent flood damage. After a major flood in 1972, work on the Greenbelt project began in earnest. It

280-605: A few-mile radius of the airport itself – notably in financial, retail, service, technological, design and manufacturing fields. Among the companies headquartered in Scottsdale are APL , Cold Stone Creamery , Carlisle Companies , Discount Tire , Discovery Land Company , Fender , Go Daddy , Blue Yonder , Kahala , Kona Grill , Liveops , Magellan Health , Meritage Homes , Nextiva , Advisor Group , Paradise Bakery & Café , P.F. Chang's China Bistro , Rural Metro , Axon , and United Blood Services . According to

350-484: A frozen human corpse, then Ettinger thought everyone could be cryopreserved to await later rescue by our own medically more sophisticated descendants . In 1948, Ettinger's short story "The Penultimate Trump" was published in Startling Stories . The story sets out the development of a method of putting people into "suspended animation" until medical science can restore their health, and the changes found by

420-412: A lethal stroke in 2000, which resulted in her cryopreservation. Ettinger died on July 23, 2011, at the age of 92, in Detroit, Michigan of natural causes, and was cryopreserved with the hope of future revival. Ettinger grew up reading Hugo Gernsback 's Amazing Stories . Ettinger was particularly affected when he was 12 years old by a Neil R. Jones story, "The Jameson Satellite," which appeared in

490-547: A major destination for high-end shoppers. These shopping centers (and others), in Scottsdale claim dozens of marquee brands that are unique to both Phoenix and the Southwestern region. As of 2016, Scottsdale Fashion Square was ranked in the top 25 most visited malls in the country by Travel + Leisure magazine. It has consistently been one of the most profitable malls in the United States, being ranked in 2016 as

560-540: A manuscript entitled "Immortality: Physically, Scientifically, Now" under the pseudonym Nathan Duhring. Cooper's book contained the same argument as did Ettinger's, but it lacked both scientific and technical rigor and was not of publication quality. Scottsdale, Arizona Scottsdale is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County, Arizona , United States, and is part of the Phoenix metropolitan area . Named Scottsdale in 1894 after its founder Winfield Scott ,

630-440: A mechanical body, and he became one of their company. Ettinger assumed that one day — long before he grew old — biologists would learn the secret of eternal youth . As he grew out of boyhood in the 1930s, he began to suspect it might take a little longer since no scientists were yet working on this particular endeavor. If immortality is achievable through the ministrations of technologically advanced aliens repairing

700-567: A population of 2,000, Scottsdale has grown to a 2020 census count of 241,361. It is now the state's seventh-largest city. Scottsdale is commonly defined by its high quality of life, and in 1993 was one of several cities to receive a "Most Livable City" award from the United States Conference of Mayors . The Scottsdale Airpark, surrounding the city's airport, became a hotspot for a variety of large and small businesses, ranging from light industry to luxury auto sales. The Airpark in

770-479: A retired U.S. Army chaplain , the city was incorporated in 1951 with a population of 2,000. At the 2020 census , the population was 241,361, which had grown from 217,385 in 2010. Its slogan is "The West's Most Western Town". Over the past two decades, it has been one of the fastest growing cities and housing markets in the United States. Scottsdale is 31 miles (50 km) from its northern to southernmost edge, and covers 184.5 square miles (478 km ). The city

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840-613: A selection of the Book of the Month Club and was published in nine languages. Ettinger became an "overnight" media celebrity, discussed in The New York Times , Time , Newsweek , Paris Match , Der Spiegel , Christian Century , and dozens of other periodicals. He appeared on television with David Frost , Johnny Carson , Steve Allen , and others. Ettinger also spoke on radio programs coast-to-coast to promote

910-540: A small market town providing services for families involved in the agricultural industry. During the First World War , Scottsdale and its environs supported a large cotton farming industry, due to the creation of Long Staple Egyptian Cotton, developed by the US Department of Agriculture . Cotton is still grown in southern Arizona, but Scottsdale's cotton boom ended with the loss of government contracts at

980-410: A total of 101,273 households in the city. The population density was 1,181.4 per square mile (456.1/km ). There were 124,001 housing units at an average density of 673.9/sq mi (260.2/km ). The racial make-up of the city was 89.3% White , 1.7% Black or African American , 0.8% Native American , 3.3% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.5% from other races and 2.3% from two or more races. 8.8% of

1050-696: A tourist destination with the opening of the city's first modern resorts, the Hotel Valley Ho and the Safari Hotel , in 1956. The town began a period of rapid population growth after its incorporation in 1951, growing from 2,000 to 10,000 residents during the 1950s. This growth necessitated development into the floodplain known as the Indian Bend Wash . Floodplains throughout history have been enticing locations for development due to their flatness, ease of building and inexpensiveness. This

1120-688: Is bordered by the city of Phoenix to the west, Tonto National Forest to the north, the McDowell Mountains to the east, and the Salt River to the south. Scottsdale was originally a Pima village known as Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ , meaning ' rotting hay ' . Some Pima people remain there today. Until the late 1960s, there was a still-occupied traditional dwelling on the southeast corner of Indian Bend Road and Hayden Road. The Pima who live in Scottsdale today reside in modern houses, not traditional dwellings. Many Pima and Maricopa people live in

1190-574: Is even more tempting in a desert, where flooding so rarely happens. As Scottsdale expanded, the north-south Indian Bend Wash virtually bisected the city. In the late 1950s, the problem became more and more pronounced, until in 1959 the Arizona State Legislature formed the Maricopa County Flood Control District (MCFCD). The MCFCD became the lead player in developing a comprehensive flood plan for

1260-437: Is expected to continue growing by over 3,000 employees per year. Many important companies are headquartered or have regional headquarters in the park, including Acronis , AXA , GE Capital , DHL , Discount Tire Company , Fidelity Investments , Blue Yonder , The Vanguard Group and Quicken Loans . Scottsdale's climate is arid . Winters are mild to warm and summers are extremely hot. The lowest temperature ever recorded in

1330-603: Is little to no commercial air service; nearly all operations are corporate or general aviation . The immediate area surrounding the Scottsdale Airport, known locally as the Airpark, has developed rapidly as a regional center of commerce. By 2004, the Airpark had grown to become the second-largest employment center in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area , with over 50,000 people being employed within

1400-450: Is usually gradual and could be a reversible process, and that freezing damage is so limited (even though fatal by present criteria) that its reversibility demands relatively little in future progress. Ettinger soon made an even more troubling discovery, principally that "a great many people have to be coaxed into admitting that life is better than death, healthy is better than sick, smart is better than stupid, and immortality might be worth

1470-546: The Cryonics Institute and the related Immortalist Society and until 2003 served as the groups' president. His body has been cryopreserved , like the bodies of his first and second wives, and his mother. Ettinger was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. Raised Jewish, he later attended Protestant Unitarian church services before becoming an atheist . He served as

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1540-663: The Phoenix Street Railway Company and a competitor, the Salt River Valley Electric Railway Company, proposed building streetcar lines to Scottsdale, but due to an economic downturn, neither was built. Between 1908 and 1933, due to the construction of the Granite Reef and Roosevelt dams (in 1908 and 1911, respectively), Scottsdale's population experienced a boom, growing steadily during those years. It became

1610-655: The Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community , which borders Scottsdale to the south and east. In the early to mid-1880s, U.S. Army Chaplain Winfield Scott visited the Salt River Valley and was impressed with it and its potential for agriculture. Returning in 1888 with his wife, Helen, he purchased 640 acres (260 ha) where historic Old Town is now, for $ 3.50 an acre ($ 92 as of 2015) . Another landowner in

1680-577: The solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) in their manufacturing and operating processes. In 1981, TCE began to show up in two Scottsdale drinking wells, and in 1983, the Indian Bend Wash superfund site was listed on the Environmental Protection Agency 's National Priorities List. Physical construction of environmental remediation systems was completed by 2006, with soil cleanup expected to be completed in five years and groundwater cleanup in 30 years. The city developed one of

1750-626: The 1970s. Real estate in the Shea Corridor (Central Scottsdale) has increased during the 1990s, and overall, the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale real estate market saw the largest gain in house prices in the nation during the mid-2000s with a 38.4% increase in value. A number of communities in this central region of Scottsdale remain among the most highly desired residential areas in the metropolitan area, including Gainey Ranch and McCormick Ranch. A large portion of Scottsdale Road in

1820-600: The 2000s emerged as one of the top employment centers in the Phoenix metro area. The airport supported 3,462 jobs, which boosted the Scottsdale economy. The city is in the Salt River Valley, or the "Valley of the Sun", in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert . Scottsdale, 31 miles (50 km) long and 11.4 miles (18.3 km) wide at its widest point, shares boundaries with many other municipalities and entities. On

1890-564: The Cryonics Institute begins with a process called vitrification where the body is perfused with cryoprotective agents to protect against damage in the freezing process. After this, the body is cooled to -196°C over a day or two days in a computer-controlled chamber before being placed in a long-term storage container filled with liquid nitrogen. The Cryonics Institute utilizes storage units called cryostats , and each unit contains up to eight people. The process can take place only once

1960-518: The Cryonics Society of Michigan (CSM) and edited and was a production manager for the CSM monthly newsletter, The Outlook . In the 1970s The Outlook was renamed The Immortalist and Junod continued editorship until the mid-1990s. The Outlook is the longest continuously published cryonics magazine. Junod was an author, feminist, and marriage counselor . Ettinger married Junod in 1988 after

2030-653: The Ingleside Inn, just south of the Arizona Canal and west of the Crosscut Canal (Indian School Road at about 64th Street) in what is today Scottsdale. Also in 1909, Cavalliere's Blacksmith Shop opened in downtown Scottsdale, and the original schoolhouse was replaced by the much more expansive Little Red Schoolhouse, which stands to this day. While not in its original building, Cavalliere's has been in continuous operation since that time. In 1912, both

2100-482: The July 1931 issue of Amazing Stories , in which one Professor Jameson had his corpse sent into earth orbit where (as the author mistakenly thought) it would remain preserved indefinitely at near absolute zero . And so it did, in the story, until millions of years later, when, with humanity extinct, a race of mechanical men with organic brains chanced upon it. They revived and repaired Jameson's brain, installed it in

2170-601: The McDowell Mountain Regional Park and more unincorporated Maricopa County land. The highest point is Butte Peak at an elevation of 4,890 ft. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 184.4 square miles (478 km ), of which 0.4 square miles (1.0 km ), or 0.24%, are water. From the 1950s to the 1970s, several large manufacturing companies in the Scottsdale and Tempe areas used

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2240-593: The Shea Corridor has been dubbed the Resort Corridor for the high number of resorts on the street. The second Ritz Carlton in the Phoenix metropolitan area will be along this corridor. North Scottsdale is the most actively developed area of Scottsdale, as it was historically the least built up. This part of the city also claims many of the most expensive houses in Arizona, with many exceeding $ 5 million in value. The city's borders are rapidly expanding to

2310-531: The Southern part of town, Albert G. Utley, filed plans with Maricopa County for a city named "Orangedale," using Scott's Field as a border. When the newspaper, then called the Arizona Republican , published an article about the plan, they erroneously called the town "Scottsdale." The article drew some publicity for the town, and ultimately this convinced Utley to change his filing and officially name

2380-438: The United States. The region's year-round warm weather and abundant sunshine is a major factor in Scottsdale's tourism appeal. In particular, during the winter, thousands of tourists and retirees from the midwest, the northeast, and as far away as Canada (known locally as " snowbirds ") flood the area with visits from brief to long term. Those who practice the same migration routine annually often end up purchasing winter homes in

2450-554: The age of 12 and was an attorney. He served as legal counsel to the Cryonics Institute and the Immortalist Society. Robert Ettinger's daughter, who has had no interest in cryonics, is a writer and revolutionary socialist. Ettinger met his second wife, Mae Junod, in 1962 when she attended one of his adult education courses in basic physics. Junod typed and assisted with editing the manuscripts for both The Prospect of Immortality and Man into Superman . She became active in

2520-507: The area. The Mayo Clinic has one of its three major campuses in Scottsdale. This and its resulting effects have made Scottsdale an attractive destination for medical care. The aviation industry has also grown in Scottsdale, with the construction of Scottsdale Airport in North Scottsdale, in the 1960s. Today, it is one of the busiest single-runway airports in the United States in terms of aircraft operations. However, there

2590-496: The city annexed the "east Shea" section, bordering Fountain Hills , expanding its area from 62.2 to 88.6 sq mi (161 to 229 km ). This was followed by a four-year period from 1981 to 1984 during which the city annexed an additional (almost) 80 sq mi (210 km ). Faced with this rapid expansion and growth, many residents became concerned about losing their southwestern scenery. The McDowell Sonoran Conservancy

2660-484: The city is 16.0 °F (−8.9 °C), on January 7, 1913, and the highest was 122 °F (50 °C), on June 26, 1990. At the 2020 census , there were 241,361 people. The racial make-up of the city was 78.5% Non-Hispanic White , 2.0% African American , 0.8% Native American , 5% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander and 9.8% Hispanic or Latino . At the 2010 census, the population was 217,385, of whom 69,967 lived in owner-occupied housing and 32,306 in renter occupied,

2730-661: The city of Scottsdale. There is also a small population of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , as is common throughout Phoenix, Arizona, and the Western United States. The first church founded in Scottsdale was the First Baptist Church of Scottsdale, which was built by Scott and his family. The church has named a small non-profit coffee shop on the corner of their campus after Scott, called Winfield's. Congregation Beth Israel ,

2800-584: The city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: The city has several corporate retail outlets as well as independent boutiques. There are many shopping areas within the city of Scottsdale, ranging from small districts to large centers. The most notable regional centers include the Kierland Commons and Scottsdale Quarter in North Scottsdale, and Scottsdale Fashion Square in Downtown Scottsdale,

2870-466: The city, including 6 in 2008 alone. South Scottsdale is the home to a new research center for Arizona State University known as SkySong , a collaboration between the university, local business, and global companies. The development has attracted the research and development arms of a number of international corporations. Old Town Scottsdale is an area with many streets, old-fashioned stores, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and art galleries. It contains

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2940-470: The death of his first wife. Ettinger described his time with Junod as one of the most satisfying and tranquil times in his life. The couple moved to Scottsdale, Arizona in 1995 and enjoyed a period of domestic life during which time the couple began to ease into retirement from over 30 years of cryonics activism and the attendant burdens of work and controversy. Mae Ettinger suffered a debilitating stroke in 1998 from which she never fully recovered followed by

3010-493: The east and west in this area, containing the McDowell Mountain range. Much of the residential boom in North Scottsdale is driven by available land to build coupled with the fast growth of Scottsdale Airpark , the second largest employment center in the Phoenix metropolitan, as of 2008. The Scottsdale Airpark, home to over 55,000 employees, 2,600 businesses and 23,000,000 square feet (2,100,000 m ) of office space

3080-581: The end of the war. In 1920, a second resort was opened on 12 acres (4.9 ha) of property owned by the artist Jessie Benton Evans . Called the Jokake Inn, meaning "mud house", the structure still stands on the grounds of the Phoenician Resort. The Depression years saw an influx of artists and architects to Scottsdale, which included, in 1937, Frank Lloyd Wright . Wright and his wife purchased 600 acres (240 ha) acres of desert at

3150-571: The entire county. At the same time, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began to look into flooding in Maricopa County. Over the next several years, it presented several plans, which all revolved around constructing concrete canals and levees to channel and divert the floodwaters, as well as building bridges over the canal, similar to the storm drains of Los Angeles. But during MCFCD meetings between 1961 and 1963,

3220-497: The first automated garbage trucks in 1969, replacing crews who dumped cans into a train of open trailers pulled by a truck, with a single operator sitting in an air conditioned cab. The city is loosely divided into four areas: South Scottsdale (McKellips Road north to Thomas Road), Old Town (Downtown) Scottsdale, Central Scottsdale (also known as the "Shea Corridor," extending from Camelback Road north to Shea Boulevard), and North Scottsdale. South Scottsdale has for many years been

3290-433: The first of many technology companies to build a plant in Scottsdale. It built a second plant in 1956. With a population of approximately 2,000, the city was incorporated on June 25, 1951. It appointed its first mayor , Malcolm White, and adopted the motto "The West's Most Western Town". The seal, depicting a mounted cowboy surrounded by a 64-pointed starburst, was designed by Mrs. Gene Brown Pennington. The city also became

3360-485: The first of those when he is revived. Ettinger waited expectantly for prominent scientists or physicians to come to the same conclusion he had, and to take a position of public advocacy. By 1960, Ettinger finally made the scientific case for the idea, which had always been in the back of his mind. Ettinger was 42 years old and said he was increasingly aware of his own mortality. In what has been characterized as an historically important mid-life crisis , Ettinger summarized

3430-522: The foot of the McDowell Mountains and established Taliesin West , his winter home and his architectural firm's southwestern headquarters. Scottsdale and the rest of Phoenix have seen an everlasting influence from Wright. Many buildings throughout the region were designed by him. His influence on the regional architecture is commemorated by a major street bearing his name and a 125-foot (38 m) spire memorial designed by Wright in North Scottsdale. Among

3500-516: The idea of cryonics in a few pages, with the emphasis on life insurance , and sent this to approximately 200 people whom he selected from Who's Who in America . The response was very small, and it was clear that a much longer exposition was needed — mostly to counter cultural bias. Ettinger correctly saw that people, even the intellectually, financially and socially distinguished, would have to be educated into understanding his belief that dying

3570-428: The idea of human cryopreservation . Since the commercial publication of The Prospect of Immortality , all those active in cryonics today can trace their involvement, directly or indirectly, to the publication of one or both of Ettinger's books. While Ettinger was the first, most articulate, and most scientifically credible person to argue the idea of cryonics, he was not the only one. In 1962, Evan Cooper had authored

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3640-471: The major nightlife for the area and is a major art center of metro Phoenix. Scottsdale's main cultural district is also in this area, which includes the high-end Scottsdale Fashion Square , one of the country's 20 largest malls. The district has seen a revival, with new condominiums and hotels under construction. The Shea Corridor is so named because it is in close proximity to the east-west Shea Boulevard. The houses in this region were generally built during

3710-484: The majority of Scottsdale residents consider themselves of, or practicing of, the Christian faith(s) – including Protestant and Roman Catholic – the city's high population growth over the years has resulted in a more diverse population. Most notably, greater numbers of Eastern Orthodox and Jews have been added to the population. Though smaller in number, Hindu , Sikh and Buddhist communities also exist within

3780-423: The more significant events during the years of World War II was the opening of Thunderbird II Airfield in 1942 (it later became Scottsdale Airport), where 5,500 pilot cadets received their primary flight training before the war's end. Scottsdale was the site of a German POW camp at the intersection of Scottsdale and Thomas Roads in what today is Papago Park. In 1950, the town continued to grow as Motorola became

3850-490: The most AAA Five-Diamond hotels and resorts in the United States. In 2015, AAA bestowed four such properties in Scottsdale with the highest honor: The Phoenician and The Canyon Suites, part of The Luxury Collection , Four Seasons Hotels Scottsdale at Troon North, and the Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Princess Resort and Spa. In 2016, Scottsdale had the highest number of destination spas per capita of any city in

3920-618: The oldest Reform Judaism congregation in the Phoenix metropolitan area is in Scottsdale, and is the largest congregation in Arizona . In North Scottsdale, there is the Jewish Community Center of Phoenix and the New Shul. The community center was originally in central Phoenix, it had eventually outgrown the location and was looking to relocate and build a more expansive campus. In 2009, a new Armenian Apostolic church

3990-469: The person has been declared legally dead. Ideally, the process begins within two minutes of the heart-stopping and no more than 15. The Cryonics Institute also specializes in Human Cryostasis, DNA/Tissue Freezing, Pet Cryopreservation , and Memorabilia Storage. The cryonics institute finances itself through membership dues and donations. The cost for cryopreservation is less than $ 30,000 but

4060-419: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 101,290 households, of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them. According to the 2010 census, 51.7% of Scottsdale's population was female, while 48.3% was male. 17.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.0% from 20 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 49, 22.8% from 50 to 64 and 19.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age

4130-577: The second highest sales per square foot mall in the country, The center is anchored by Neiman Marcus , Macy's , Nordstrom , and Dillard's . One Scottsdale, a multi-use development by DMB Associates, aims to be the next luxury retail center serving the North Scottsdale area. In a three-mile (4.8 km) radius, the center sees an average household income of $ 110,292, and its 10-mile (16 km) zone has more households earning over $ 100,000 than several famous retail destinations, including Bal Harbour , Naples , Aspen , and The Hamptons . Palmeraie,

4200-431: The total costs including logistics might add up to more than $ 100,000. There are multiple ways to cover the cost of cryopreservation, like special life insurance policies. Robert Ettinger Robert Chester Wilson Ettinger (December 4, 1918  – July 23, 2011 ) was an American academic, known as "the father of cryonics " because of the impact of his 1962 book The Prospect of Immortality . Ettinger founded

4270-489: The town "Scottsdale." In 1896, the Scottsdale Public School system was established, and opened the first schoolhouse, which was followed by the opening of the first general store by J. L. Davis, which also housed the first post office for Scottsdale in 1897. In the early 1900s the community supported an artists and writers culture, culminating in the opening of the region's first resort in 1909,

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4340-494: The trouble!" In 1962, Ettinger privately published a preliminary version of The Prospect of Immortality , in which he said that future technological advances could be used to bring people back to life. This finally attracted attention of a major publisher, which sent a copy to Isaac Asimov ; Asimov said that the science behind cryonics was sound, and the manuscript was approved for a 1964 Doubleday hardcover and various subsequent editions which launched cryonics. The book became

4410-524: The west, Scottsdale is bordered by Phoenix , Paradise Valley , and unincorporated Maricopa County land. Carefree is along the eastern boundary, as well as sharing Scottsdale's northern boundary with the Tonto National Forest . To the south Scottsdale is bordered by Tempe . The southern boundary is also occupied by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community , which extends along the eastern boundary, which also borders Fountain Hills ,

4480-516: The working-class neighborhood. The median resale home price is US$ 291,500, compared to $ 667,450 in North Scottsdale. Part of McDowell Road in South Scottsdale used to be known as "Motor Mile," having at one time 31 dealerships on the street. The strip at one time generated over $ 10 million in sales tax revenue each year and was one of the most profitable auto-miles in the United States. In recent years, many of these dealerships have left

4550-496: Was Cyrus McCormick , the inventor of the grain reaper, and his maternal grandfather was John D. Rockefeller . When Anne died in 1970, the property was sold to Kaiser-Aetna for $ 12.1 million. This started a series of large-scale, master-planned communities within Scottsdale's borders, including Scottsdale Ranch (1978), Gainey Ranch (1980), McDowell Mountain Ranch (1992), Desert Mountain (1986), and DC Ranch (1990s). In 1975,

4620-478: Was 42 years. According to a 2007 estimate, the median household income was $ 90,533 and the median family income for a family was $ 122,289. The per capita income was $ 59,158. About 3.4% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over. Scottsdale is home to a large number of churches , chapels , temples , synagogues , mosques and other places of religious worship. Though

4690-628: Was born in 1991. Teaming with developers, a plan was developed to set aside the McDowell Mountains and adjoining areas in a huge preserve. In 1995, Scottsdale's citizens voted to implement a sales tax to purchase acreage for this purpose. When completed, the 36,000 acres (15,000 ha) planned for the McDowell Sonoran Preserve will be nearly one-third of Scottsdale's land area, equal in size to Bryce Canyon National Park . From its official incorporation in 1951 with

4760-541: Was built in the city, representing the larger numbers of Armenians in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. The tourism industry is Scottsdale's primary employer, accounting for 39% of the city's workforce. In 2005, Scottsdale attracted over 7.5 million visitors to the city, providing an economic impact of over $ 3.1 billion. The city of Scottsdale is tied with Atlanta for fourth, after New York City, Las Vegas, and Chicago respectively, as having

4830-411: Was completed in 1984, although minor projects continue. Today, the 12-mile-long (19 km) Scottsdale Greenbelt connects four city parks—Vista del Camino Park, Eldorado Park, Indian School Park and Chaparral Park—through a 25-mile (40 km) bike path. The city continued to grow in the 1960s and 1970s, the population reaching almost 68,000 by 1970. Most of the unused property within the city limits

4900-544: Was to the north, so that was the direction in which the city expanded. The city, which in 1959 had spanned 5 sq mi (13 km ), expanded its borders to encompass 62 sq mi (160 km ). Large ranch tracts covered huge areas in the northern part of the city. One of the largest of these was the McCormick ranch, a 4,236-acre (1,714 ha) ranch serving much of the eastern boundary of Scottsdale owned by Fowler and Anne McCormick. Fowler's paternal grandfather

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