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68-686: Crab Orchard may refer to: People [ edit ] Crab Orchard Culture of Mound Builders in prehistoric America Places [ edit ] Crab Orchard, Illinois Crab Orchard, Kentucky Crab Orchard, Nebraska Crab Orchard, Tennessee Crab Orchard, West Virginia Crab Orchard Mountains in Tennessee Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge in Southern Illinois Crab Orchard Lake , located in

136-407: A book on the subject of "astronomers, geometers, and magicians" at the earthworks. Many of the mounds also contain various types of human burials, some containing precious grave goods such as ornaments of copper , mica and obsidian imported from hundreds of miles away. Stone and ceramics were also fashioned into intricate shapes. The Hopewell created some of the finest craftwork and artwork of

204-549: A means to bring people together for important ceremonies. Today, the best-surviving features of the Hopewell tradition era are earthwork mounds. Researchers have speculated about their purposes and debate continues. Great geometric earthworks are one of the most impressive Native American monuments throughout American prehistory, and were built by cultures following the Hopewell. Eastern Woodlands mounds typically have various geometric shapes and rise to impressive heights. Some of

272-522: A northern section consisting of a number of circular enclosures, two large, horseshoe-shaped enclosures, and three sets of parallel-walled roads leading away from this location. One set of walls went to the southwest and may have linked to a large square enclosure located on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River. Another set of walls led to the southeast, where it crossed the Ohio River and continued to

340-403: A single large mound. Little studied are their four reported village sites, which appear to have been abandoned by about 500 CE. As of 2009, new local researchers are looking at this area period and may provide future insight. Around 500 CE, the Hopewell exchange ceased, mound building stopped, and characteristic art forms were no longer produced. War is a possible cause, as villages dating to

408-449: A small mussel harvest to provide shells to seed pearl oysters overseas. It is commercially fished downstream of the Rt. 89 bridge at Spring Valley . However, an infestation of invasive Asian Carp has crowded out many game fish in the river. The Illinois River is still an important sports fishing waterway with a good sauger fishery. The Illinois forms part of a modern waterway that connects

476-501: A vanguard of Hopewellian tradition that had probably peacefully absorbed the local Adena in the Kanawha River Valley. Their culture and very Late Adena (46PU2) is thought to have slowly evolved into the later Buck Garden people. The Copena culture was a Hopewellian culture in northern Alabama , Mississippi, and Tennessee , as well as in other sections of the surrounding region including Kentucky. Researchers developed

544-737: Is close to the western limit of the Hopewell. "Hopewell-style" pottery and stone tools, typical of the Illinois and Ohio River valleys, are abundant at the Trowbridge site. Decorated Hopewell-style pottery rarely appears further west. The Cloverdale site is situated at the mouth of a small valley that opens into the Missouri River Valley, near present-day Saint Joseph, Missouri . It is a multi-component site with evidence of Kansas City Hopewell (around 100 to 500 CE) and Steed-Kisker (around 1200 CE) occupation. The Laurel complex

612-675: Is formed by the confluence of the Kankakee River and the Des Plaines River in eastern Grundy County , approximately 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Joliet . Its other major tributaries include the Fox, Vermilion, Macoupin, Mackinaw, Spoon, Sangamon, and La Moine. This river flows west across northern Illinois, passing Morris and Ottawa , where it is joined by the Mazon River and Fox River respectively. At LaSalle ,

680-668: Is little evidence of large resident populations at the monument complexes. The Hopewell Culture National Historical Park , encompassing mounds for which the culture is named, is in the Paint Creek Valley just a few miles from Chillicothe, Ohio. Other earthworks in the Chillicothe area include Hopeton , Mound City , Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District , High Banks Works , Liberty, Cedar-Bank Works , Anderson, Frankfort , Dunlap, Spruce Hill , Story Mound , and Shriver Circle . When colonial settlers first crossed

748-653: Is south of Peoria and Pekin and northwest of Lincoln and Springfield. Near the confluence of the Illinois with the La Moine River , it turns south, flowing roughly parallel to the Mississippi across western Illinois. Macoupin Creek joins the Illinois on the border between Greene and Jersey counties, approximately 15 miles (24 km) upstream from the confluence with the Mississippi River . For

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816-713: Is then joined by the Mackinaw River , and then passes through the Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge . Across from Havana , the Illinois is joined by the Spoon River coming from Fulton County , and across from Browning , it is joined by the Sangamon River , which passes through the state capital, Springfield, Illinois . The La Moine River flows into it approximately five miles (8 km) southwest of Beardstown , which

884-757: Is used in the summer and early fall by tourists in pleasure boats cruising the Great Loop . The Illinois River is an important part of the Great Loop, the circumnavigation of Eastern North America by water. The City of Peoria is developing a long-term plan to reduce combined sewer overflows to the Illinois River, as required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency . During dry weather, sewage flows safely through

952-570: The Biggs site , a complicated circular enclosure surrounding a conical mound. The third set of walls went to the northwest for an undetermined distance, in the direction of the Tremper site . The Point Peninsula complex was a Native American culture located in present-day Ontario, Canada and New York, United States, during the Middle Woodland period. It is thought to have been influenced by

1020-813: The Des Plaines and Chicago Rivers and the Kankakee and St. Joseph rivers allowed Native Americans, Europeans, and later Americans access between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi basin . The first European presence in the area was the Jesuit mission founded in 1675 by Father Jacques Marquette on the banks of the Illinois across from Starved Rock at the Grand Village of the Illinois , near present-day Utica. The Illinois Confederation were

1088-757: The Great Lakes at Chicago to the Mississippi River. The waterway was originally established by the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal that connected the Illinois River to the Chicago River . When the Sanitary District of Chicago later reversed the flow of the Chicago River, the pollution and sewage of the city of Chicago flowed down into the Illinois River. The Illinois and Michigan Canal has since been replaced by

1156-688: The Illinois Waterway , including the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . River traffic and flood control is managed by eight locks and dams operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . As of 2011, all locks and dams on this waterway are closed to visitors for security reasons, except the Starved Rock Visitor Center, which offers an excellent interpretation of the entire system. The waterway is heavily used by barges transporting bulk goods such as grain and oil. It

1224-649: The Northern Panhandle of West Virginia . They were contemporaneous to Armstrong central in the Big Sandy valley, nearly 200 miles downstream on the Ohio River. They were surrounded by peoples who made Watson-styled pottery, with a Z-twist cordage finished surface. Wilhelm pottery was similar to Armstrong pottery, but not as well made. Pipe fragments appear to be the platform-base type. Small earthwork mounds were built around individual burials in stone-lined graves (cists). These were covered over together under

1292-681: The Ohio River channel in southern Indiana , southern Illinois , and northwestern and western Kentucky. In the far western limits of Crab Orchard culture is the O'byams Fort site . This large earthwork, shaped like a tuning fork, is reminiscent of Ohio Hopewell enclosures. Examples of a type of pottery decoration found at the Mann site are also known from Hopewell sites in Ohio (such as Seip earthworks, Rockhold, Harness, and Turner ), as well as from Southeastern sites with Hopewellian assemblages, such as

1360-553: The Tremper site in Scioto County . Some artwork was made from carved human bones. A rare mask found at Mound City was created using a human skull as a face plate. Hopewell artists created both abstract and realistic portrayals of the human form. One tubular pipe is so accurate in form that the model was identified by researchers as an achondroplastic ( chondrodystropic ) dwarf . Many other figurines are highly detailed in dress, ornamentation, and hairstyles . An example of

1428-487: The 17th and 18th centuries. After the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the Hennepin Canal in the 19th century, the role of the river as link between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi was extended into the era of modern industrial shipping. The Illinois now forms the basis for the Illinois Waterway , extending the river's capabilities for navigation and commercial shipping. The Illinois River

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1496-616: The Adena. Grizzly bear teeth, fresh water pearls , sea shells, sharks' teeth, copper , and small quantities of silver were crafted as elegant pieces. The Hopewell artisans were expert carvers of pipestone, and many of the mortuary mounds are full of exquisitely carved statues and pipes. Excavation of the Mound of Pipes at Mound City found more than 200 stone smoking pipes; these depicted animals and birds in well-realized three-dimensional form. More than 130 such artifacts were excavated from

1564-475: The Americas. Most of their works had some religious significance, and their graves were filled with necklaces, ornate carvings made from bone or wood, decorated ceremonial pottery , ear plugs, and pendants. Some graves were lined with woven mats, mica (a mineral consisting of thin glassy sheets), or stones. The Hopewell produced artwork in a greater variety and with more exotic materials than their predecessors

1632-620: The Appalachians, after almost a century and a half in North America, they were astounded at these monumental constructions, some of which were as high as 70 feet and covering acres. The Portsmouth Earthworks were constructed from 100 BCE to 500 CE. It is a large ceremonial center located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers. Part of this earthwork complex extends across the Ohio River into Kentucky. The earthworks included

1700-568: The Copena name based on the first three letters of copper and the last three letters of the mineral galena , as copper and galena artifacts have often been found with Copena burials. During the Middle Woodland period, the Crab Orchard culture population increased from a dispersed and sparsely settled Early Woodland pattern to one consisting of small and large base camps. These were concentrated on terrace and floodplain landforms associated with

1768-733: The Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Crab Orchard Wilderness , located in the Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge Railroad [ edit ] Crab Orchard & Egyptian Railroad Other [ edit ] Crab Orchard Series in Poetry Open Competition Awards Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

1836-678: The Fairground Circle in Newark, Ohio aligns to the sunrise on May 4, i.e. that it marks the May cross-quarter sunrise. In 1983, Turner demonstrated that the Hopeton earthworks encode various sunrise and moonrise patterns, including the winter and summer solstices , the equinoxes , the cross-quarter days , the lunar maximum events, and the lunar minimum events, due to their precise straight and parallel lines. William F. Romain has written

1904-673: The Havana Hopewell tradition was thought to have spread up the Illinois River and into southwestern Michigan, spawning Goodall Hopewell. (Dancey 114) American archaeologist Warren K. Moorehead popularized the term Hopewell after his 1891 and 1892 explorations of the Hopewell Mound Group in Ross County, Ohio . The mound group was named after Mordecai Hopewell, whose family then owned the property where

1972-531: The Hopewell exchange network. The Armstrong culture was a Hopewell group in the Big Sandy River Valley of northeastern Kentucky and western West Virginia from 1 to 500 CE. They are thought to have been a regional variant of the Hopewell tradition or a Hopewell-influenced Middle Woodland group who had peacefully mingled with the local Adena peoples. Archaeologist Edward McMichael characterized them as an intrusive Hopewell-like trade culture or

2040-487: The Hopewell exchange system ran from the northern shores of Lake Ontario south to the Crystal River Indian Mounds in modern-day Florida . Within this area, societies exchanged goods and ideas, with the highest amount of activity along waterways, which were the main transportation routes. Peoples within the Hopewell exchange system received materials from all over the territory of what now comprises

2108-636: The Hopewell traditions of the Ohio River valley. This influence seems to have ended about 250 CE, after which burial ceremonialism was no longer practiced. The Saugeen complex was a Native American culture located around the southeast shores of Lake Huron and the Bruce Peninsula , around the London, Ontario area, and possibly as far east as the Grand River in Canada. Some evidence exists that

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2176-560: The Illinois River is joined by the Vermilion River , and then it flows west past Peru and Spring Valley . In southeastern Bureau County it turns south at an area known as the "Great Bend", flowing southwest across western Illinois, past Lacon , Henry and downtown Peoria , the chief city on the river. South of Peoria, the Illinois River goes by East Peoria and Creve Coeur and then Pekin in Tazewell County . It

2244-561: The Illinois River was shaped in a matter of days by the Kankakee Torrent . During the melting of the Wisconsin Glacier about 10,000 years ago, a lake formed in present-day Indiana, comparable to one of the modern Great Lakes . The lake formed behind the terminal moraine of a substage of that glacier. Melting ice to the north eventually raised the level of the lake so that it overflowed the moraine. The dam burst , and

2312-595: The Illinois River with a viewing area of the working lock in a site frequented by bald eagles. From 1905 to 1915, more freshwater fish were harvested from the Illinois River than from any other river in the United States except for the Columbia River . The Illinois River was once a major source of mussels for the shell button industry. Overfishing , habitat loss from heavy siltation , and water pollution have eliminated most commercial fishing except for

2380-608: The Late Woodland period shifted to larger communities protected by palisade walls and ditches. Colder climatic conditions could have driven game animals north or west in search of grazing land. The introduction of the bow and arrow may have led to over-hunting of game populations, as well as making warfare more deadly. With fewer people using trade routes, the transmission of traditions may have dwindled away. The breakdown in social organization could also have resulted from adoption of full-scale agriculture. Conclusive reasons for

2448-542: The Midwest states and was less important here. The greatest concentration of Hopewell ceremonial sites is in the Scioto River Valley (from Columbus to Portsmouth, Ohio ) and adjacent Paint Creek valley, centered on Chillicothe, Ohio . These cultural centers typically contained a burial mound and a geometric earthwork complex that covers ten to hundreds of acres, with sparse residential settlements. There

2516-408: The Midwest. Although the origins of the Hopewell are still under discussion, the Hopewell culture can also be considered a cultural climax. Hopewell populations originated in western New York and moved south into Ohio , where they built upon the local Adena mortuary tradition. Or, Hopewell was said to have originated in western Illinois and spread by diffusion... to southern Ohio. Similarly,

2584-459: The Miller culture, such as Ingomar Mound and Pinson Mounds on its western periphery, built large platform mounds . Archaeologist speculate the mounds were for feasting rituals. With that purpose, they fundamentally differed from later Mississippian culture platform mounds, which were mortuary and substructure platforms. By the end of the Late Woodland period, about 1000CE, the Miller culture area

2652-590: The Miner's Creek site, Leake Mounds , 9HY98, and Mandeville site in Georgia, and the Yearwood site in southern Tennessee. The Goodall focus culture occupied Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip of Lake Michigan , east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching to Saginaw Bay on

2720-510: The Mississippi. South of Hennepin , the Illinois River follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi River. The Illinoian Stage , about 300,000 to 132,000 years ago, blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island , diverting it into its present channel. After the glacier melted, the Illinois River flowed into the ancient channel. The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi upstream of Rock Island. The modern channel of

2788-646: The River. The river's trade flowed downstream to be dominated by St. Louis . After the I&;M Canal was built, a string of cities, such as LaSalle, Peru, and Ottawa grew along the river, extending Chicago 's influence into the Mississippi Valley. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the residents of the river towns were deeply involved in harvesting the river's fish, waterfowl, mussels , and ice . They were economically and culturally dependent on

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2856-591: The Saugeen complex people of the Bruce Peninsula may have evolved into the historic Odawa people , also known as the Ottawa. The Swift Creek culture was a Middle Woodland period archaeological culture in the southeast of the United States (present-day Georgia, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, and Tennessee) dating to around 100–700 CE. The Wilhelm culture (1 to 500 CE), Hopewellian influenced, appeared in

2924-470: The abstract human forms is the "Mica Hand" from the Hopewell Site in Ross County, Ohio . Delicately cut from a piece of mica 11 x 6 in, the hand carving was likely worn or carried for public viewing. They also made beaded work. In addition to the noted Ohio Hopewell, a number of other Middle Woodland period cultures are known to have been involved in the Hopewell tradition and participated in

2992-443: The canal declined by the early 1900s, it was eventually replaced by the Illinois Waterway in 1933, which is still in use today. The Peoria Riverfront Museum contains a gallery, "Illinois River Encounter," that offers an interpretation of the river through an aquarium tank, and displays of the river's geology, ecology, social history, engineering, and commercial use. The Starved Rock Lock and Dam Visitor Center features exhibits on

3060-575: The city's sewers to the Greater Peoria Sanitation District wastewater treatment plant . However, about 28 times a year, melting snow or rainwater can overwhelm the sewers, causing untreated sewage to overflow into the Illinois River. Peoria was required to examine the sewer overflows and prepare a long-term control plan to meet Clean Water Act requirements and protect the Illinois River. The city had to submit its plan by December 2008 to U.S. EPA and Illinois EPA. The issue

3128-538: The confluence of the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers in the Chicago metropolitan area , and it generally flows to the southwest across Illinois, until it empties into the Mississippi near Grafton, Illinois . Its drainage basin extends into southeastern Wisconsin , northwestern Indiana , and a very small area of southwestern Michigan in addition to central Illinois. Along its shores are several river ports, including Peoria, Illinois . Historic and recreation areas on

3196-708: The earthworks are sited. What any of the various peoples now classified as Hopewellian called themselves is unknown; indeed, what language families they spoke is unknown. Archaeologists applied the term "Hopewell" to a broad range of cultures. Many of the Hopewell communities were temporary settlements of one to three households near rivers. They practiced a mixture of hunting, gathering, and horticulture. The Hopewell inherited from their Adena forebears an incipient social stratification . This increased social stability and reinforced sedentism , specialized use of resources, and probably population growth. Hopewell societies cremated most of their deceased and reserved burial for only

3264-418: The east and Grand Traverse Bay to the north. The culture is named for the Goodall site in northwest Indiana. The Havana Hopewell culture was a Hopewellian people in the Illinois and Mississippi river valleys in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. They are considered ancestral to the groups who eventually formed the Mississippian culture that built Cahokia (in present-day southwestern Illinois) and influenced

3332-531: The emergence of " big-men ", leaders whose influence depended on their skill at persuasion in important matters such as trade and religion. They also perhaps augmented their influence by cultivating reciprocal obligations with other important community members. The emergence of "big-men" was a step toward the development of these societies into highly structured and stratified chiefdoms . The Hopewell settlements were linked by extensive and complex trading routes; these operated also as communication networks, and were

3400-439: The entire volume of the lake was released in a very short time, perhaps a few days. Because of the manner of its formation, the Illinois River runs through a deep canyon with many rock formations. It has an "underutilized channel", one far larger than would be needed to contain any conceivable flow of the modern river. The Illinois River valley has long been an important transportation route for civilizations. The portages between

3468-417: The evident dispersal of the people have not yet been determined. Illinois River The Illinois River ( Miami-Illinois : Inoka Siipiiwi ) is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River at approximately 273 miles (439 km) in length. Located in the U.S. state of Illinois , the river has a drainage basin of 28,756.6 square miles (74,479 km ). The Illinois River begins with

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3536-417: The first fort in Illinois, Ft. St. Louis, at Starved Rock to facilitate the fur trade and defend the Illinois against the Iroquois . Later the fort was relocated to the present site of Creve Coeur , near Peoria. The French retained a presence in the area, with small trading posts. Prior to the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal , completed in 1845, Peoria was the only large settlement on

3604-400: The gigantic sculpted earthworks, described as effigy mounds , were constructed in the shape of animals, birds, or writhing serpents. Several scientists, including Bradley T. Lepper, hypothesize that the Octagon, in the Newark Earthworks at Newark, Ohio , was a lunar observatory . He believes that it is oriented to the 18.6-year cycle of minimum and maximum lunar risings and settings on

3672-452: The hinterlands of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, including into the Appalachian Mountains. The Toolesboro site is a group of seven burial mounds on a bluff overlooking the Iowa River near its confluence with the Mississippi River. The conical mounds were constructed between 100 BCE and 200 CE. At one time, as many as 12 mounds may have existed. Mound 2, the largest remaining, measures 100 feet in diameter and 8 feet in height. This mound

3740-401: The last 20 miles (32 km) of its course, the Illinois is separated from the Mississippi River by only about five miles (8 km), by a peninsula of land that makes up Calhoun County . The Illinois joins the Mississippi near Grafton , approximately 25 miles (40 km) northwest of downtown St. Louis and about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from the confluence of the Missouri River and

3808-456: The local horizon. The Octagon covers more than 50 acres, the size of 100 football pitches. John Eddy completed an unpublished survey in 1978, and proposed a lunar major alignment for the Octagon. Ray Hively and Robert Horn of Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana , were the first researchers to analyze numerous lunar sightlines at the Newark Earthworks (1982) and the High Banks Works (1984) in Chillicothe, Ohio . Christopher Turner noted that

3876-432: The mainland United States. Most of the items traded were exotic materials; they were delivered to peoples living in the major trading and manufacturing areas. These people converted raw materials into products and exported them through local and regional exchange networks. Hopewell communities traded finished goods, such as steatite platform pipes, far and wide; they have been found among grave goods in many burials outside

3944-442: The most important people. In some sites, hunters apparently were given a higher status in the community: their graves were more elaborate and contained more status goods. The Hopewellian peoples had leaders, but they did not command the kind of centralized power to order armies of slaves or soldiers. These cultures likely accorded certain families a special place of privilege. Some scholars suggest that these societies were marked by

4012-431: The primary inhabitants of the valley. Marquette wrote of the river, "We have seen nothing like this river that we enter, as regards its fertility of soil, its prairies and woods; its cattle, elk, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beaver. There are many small lakes and rivers. That on which we sailed is wide, deep, and still, for 65 leagues." In 1680, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle built

4080-404: The river include Starved Rock , and the internationally important wetlands of the Emiquon Complex and Dixon Waterfowl Refuge . The river was important among Native Americans and early French traders as the principal water route connecting the Great Lakes with the Mississippi. The French colonial settlements along these rivers formed the heart of the area known as the Illinois Country in

4148-406: The river, building up industries such as tourism related to duck hunting and sport fishing, commercial fishing, musseling for the button factories, and ice cutting for early attempts at refrigeration for domestic and commercial use. With the construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in the late 19th century, Chicago's sewage was pushed down the river rather than into Lake Michigan. As

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4216-410: The state. Montane Hopewell is a variant that is a considerable distance from Cole Culture and Peters Phase, or Hopewell central Ohio. According to McMichael, the culture built small, conical mounds in the late Hopewell period; this religion appeared to be waning in terms of being expressed in the daily living activities at these sites. The influence of an elite priest cult, burial phase was centered toward

4284-486: The title Crab Orchard . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crab_Orchard&oldid=575818929 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Crab Orchard Culture At its greatest extent,

4352-408: The upper Tombigbee River drainage areas of southwestern Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and west-central Alabama, best known from excavations at the Pinson Mounds , Bynum Mounds , Miller ( type site ), and Pharr Mounds sites. The culture is divided chronologically into two phases, Miller 1 and Miller 2, with a later Miller 3 belonging to the Late Woodland period . Some sites associated with

4420-406: Was a Hopewellian culture in the Lower Mississippi valley, Yazoo valley, and Tensas valley areas of present-day Louisiana , Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas . It evolved into the Baytown culture and later the Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures. It is named for the Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site in Marksville, Louisiana . The Miller culture was a Hopewellian culture located in

4488-442: Was a Native American culture in what is now southern Quebec , southern and northwestern Ontario , and east-central Manitoba in Canada; and northern Michigan , northwestern Wisconsin , and northern Minnesota in the United States. They were the first pottery-using people of Ontario north of the Trent-Severn Waterway . The complex is named after the former unincorporated community of Laurel, Minnesota . The Marksville culture

4556-401: Was absorbed into the succeeding Mississippian culture. The Montane Hopewell on the Tygart Valley area, an upper branch of the Monongahela River of northern West Virginia , is similar to Armstrong. The pottery and cultural characteristics are also similar to late Ohio Hopewell. They occurred during the neighboring Watson through Buck Garden periods of peoples to the south and westerly in

4624-410: Was possibly the largest Hopewell mound in Iowa. At the western edge of the Hopewell interaction sphere is the Kansas City Hopewell . The Renner Village archeological site in Riverside, Missouri , is one of several sites near the junction of Line Creek and the Missouri River. The site contains Hopewell and succeeding Middle Mississippian remains. The Trowbridge archeological site near Kansas City

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