43-677: The Fortaleza da São Tomé , also known as Cranganore Fort or Kottapuram Fort , is situated in Kodungallur of Thrissur District in Kerala , India. It was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of laterite . The stone fort was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after Thomas the Apostle . The fort was enlarged in 1565 and passed into the hands of the Dutch in 1663, who destroyed
86-565: A tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack. Later when Paliyattachan betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On 15 January 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack
129-609: Is a historically significant town situated on the banks of river Periyar on the Malabar Coast in Thrissur district of Kerala , India. It is 36 kilometres (22 mi) north of Kochi (Cochin) by National Highway 66 and 38 km (24 mi) from Thrissur . Kodungallur, being a port city at the northern end of the Kerala lagoons, was a strategic entry point for the naval fleets to the extensive Kerala backwaters . As of
172-516: Is a part of Chalakudi Lok Sabha Constituency . Kodungallur is well connected to other towns in Kerala through the road network. Aluva Railway Station in Ernakulam district (28 km [17 mi]) is the major railway station near Kodungallur. Fort Cranganore (Fortaleza São Tomé) , known locally as Kottappuram Fort, was constructed in Kodungallur by Portuguese in 1523. The fort
215-412: Is located at 10.14° N 76.7° E[1]. It has an average elevation of 10 metres (32 feet). The town is situated at north end of Ernakulam district and bordering with Thrissur district . The towns in Thrissur district like Kodungallore , Mala , Chalakudy and the towns Kalamassery , Aluva , Angamaly , Vypin island are located near to this town. The Paravur Taluk lies in the flat delta region of
258-459: Is part of the Kochi metropolitan area and is located 19 km (11.8 mi) north of the Kochi city centre. As per the 2011 Indian census , North Paravur has a population of 31,503 people, and a population density of 3,490/km (9,000/sq mi). North Paravur was the first constituency to hold elections using Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in 1982. EVMs were used in 50 polling stations out of
301-591: Is well known in ancient times due to trade, and also due to the Baghavathy kshethram, and as well as the seat of Kannagi's resting place in the ksethram, after she burns down the capital of the Pandya rulers Madurai, who falsely accuse her husband of stealing the anklet of the royal Queen. This is steeped in the folklore of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which is evident in the temple festivals, and has it roots in Dharma , which
344-599: The 11th century CE. After the dissolution of the Chera Perumal rule (early 12th century CE), Kodungallur emerged as a principality, named Padinjattedathu Swaroopam, under the control of the royal family of Kodungallur Kovilakam . The city state was "allied" either to the kingdom of Cochin (Kochi) or to Calicut (Kozhikode). It is postulated that the harbour at Kodungallur was devastated by natural calamities—a flood or an earthquake—in 1341, and consequently lost its commercial/strategic importance thereafter. Consequently,
387-460: The 2011 India Census, Kodungallur Municipality had a population of 33,935. It had an average literacy rate of 95.10%. Around 64% of the population follows Hinduism, 32% Islam and 4% Christianity. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 7.8% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.1% of total population in Kodungallur. Kodungallur is the headquarters of the Kodungallur sub-district (tehsil) in Thrissur district . Kodungallur Kerala Legislative Assembly constituency
430-689: The Kingdom of Travancore for 300,000 Surat silver rupees. The Muziris Heritage Project was launched by the Government of Kerala's Department of Cultural Affairs in 2006 to "scientifically retrieve and preserve the historical heritage of the region, extending from North Paravur to Kodungallur". The Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR), identified as the nodal agency for the Muziris Heritage Project, provides academic guidance and undertakes archaeological and historical research in
473-665: The Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king. The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on 7 May 1790. Mysore troops captured Aikotta , Paravur and Kuryappilly one by one and advanced towards Aluva . At
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#1732780982644516-583: The Mysore side. English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated. However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved. The Madras governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that
559-568: The Pandya ruler failed to follow, and incurs the wrath of the chaste Kannagi. This is also the story of the classical Tamil epic Chilappatikaram , written by royal born, but later turned ascetic Ilango Adigal , brother of the Chera King Sengottuvan. It was also known as Muchiri Pattanam, Muyirikkode, Mahavanchimana Pattanam, and Thrikulasekarapuram. Kodungallur was also known as Jangli, Gingaleh, Cyngilin, Shinkali, Chinkli, Jinkali, Shenkala, and Cynkali, which are all derived from
602-502: The Portuguese in a fortnightly war, with the help of Zamorin, and occupied Kodungallur. The Dutch took the control of Kodungallur fort in 1663 and it eventually protected southern Kerala, especially Travancore , from the Mysorean invasion in 1776. In 1786, Mysorean troops again marched to northern Kerala, but failed to progress ahead of Kodungallur. On 31 July 1789, the Dutch handed over their establishments in Kodungallur and Azhikode to
645-700: The Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians. Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King. The Maharaja requested the Madras governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which
688-565: The Zamorin of Calicut, pushing the frontline north and effectively placing the Vembanad lagoon out of the Zamorin's reach. The battle set the scene for Portuguese to expand their colonial authority over a significant area of the Malabar coast. By 1510, their fluid power in the Malabar coast solidified into a perceptible territorial entity. In 1662, the Dutch entered the competition, sacked
731-453: The ancient Christian community of Kodungallur from extinction during the 1504 assault on the city. The Calicut fleet, some five ships and 80 paraus , that had been dispatched to save the city was intercepted by the idling Portuguese ships near Palliport and defeated in a naval encounter. In the meantime, the raja of the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettattnad), whose kingdom lay to the north, on
774-409: The early 16th century CE. During this period, Kodungallur was a "tributary state" of the kingdom of Kozhikode (Calicut) of Zamorins (Samoothiris) . Since Kodungallur was sandwiched between the kingdom of Kozhikode and the kingdom of Kochi, it was a matter of frequent dispute for both the kings. The chieftain of Kodungallur often switched allegiance from one king to another. The Portuguese spice trade
817-507: The enemy force in Kodungallur. The assault troops captured and sacked the city of Kodungallur, and was set on fire by the squads led by Duarte Pacheco Pereira and Diogo Fernandes Correa. Nonetheless, according to some records, Portuguese arsonists spared the Saint Thomas Christian quarters in the city. (At the time the community was in a tenuous position: though thriving in the spice trade and protected by their own militia,
860-568: The entrance of the Periyar River before it joins the Arabian Sea . Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion. In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the fort after much struggle. In 1662 the Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build
903-544: The fort with artillery and get in through it. After the Dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the Ambazhakkad seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 Nair soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships. However, during the reign of Tipu Sultan , when he conquered Malabar and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify
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#1732780982644946-459: The fort. Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the Nedumkotta fort built by Travancore under the leadership of Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy to defend against Tipu Sultan. Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort, was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after Thomas the Apostle . It was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on
989-465: The fort. The king of Cochin was the feudatory lord of Mysore . On 31 July 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the pallipuram fort from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between Raja Kesava Das , the Diwan of Travancore and John Gerard Van Angelbeck , the Dutch governor. At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or
1032-527: The goddess Bhadrakali, a form of Mahakali or simply Durga or Aadi Parashakthi worshipped and significantly revered in Kerala. The goddess is known also by the names " Sri Kurumba "" (The Mother of Kodungallur). This temple is the head of 64 Bhadrakali temples in Kerala and is one of the oldest functioning temples in India. It was here that one of Jesus's disciples, St. Thomas reached during 1st century AD to preach Christianity. The first case of COVID-19 in India
1075-514: The harbour of Kodungallur remained even in medieval South India. Sulaiman, a West Asian visitor to India during this period, recorded the "economic prosperity" of the region. Also, he describes the Chinese traders in the city; they are described as purchasing articles such as spices (pepper and cinnamon ), ivory , pearls, cotton fabrics and teak wood. The port was sacked by the Chola rulers in
1118-544: The last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty , who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad , the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam , Madayi , Barkur , Mangalore , Kasaragod , Kannur , Dharmadam , Panthalayini , and Chaliyam , were built during the era of Malik Dinar , and they are among
1161-484: The local political sphere was volatile and the Saint Thomas Christians had found themselves under pressure from the rajas of Calicut, Cochin and other small kingdoms in the area. Hence the community had sought an alliance with the Portuguese newcomers. Since they were one of the major suppliers of pepper in the region, the Portuguese also found the relationship reciprocating. ) This might have helped
1204-513: The middle of the first century CE and founded Seven Churches : Kodungallur, Niranam , Nilackal ( Chayal ), Kokkamangalam , Kottakkavu , Palayoor and Kollam. According to Kerala Muslim tradition, Kodungallur was home to the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent . According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals , the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of
1247-706: The name of the River Changala (or the Chain River, i.e., Shrinkhala in Sanskrit ), a tributary of the Periyar . Scholars believe that Muziris, an ancient harbour located on the mouth of Periyar, coincides with modern-day Kodungallur. Central Kerala and western Tamil Nadu in early historic south India was ruled by the Chera line of rulers. The harbour was visited by navigators from all over
1290-456: The names of St. Thomas, St. Kuriakose, and St. Mary. The Knanaya left their settlement after its destruction during a battle between the Kingdom of Cochin and Zamorin of Calicut in the 16th century. According to one tradition, a Cochin Jew colony in Malabar Coast , probably established before the sixth century BCE, attracted the Apostle to this region. The economic and political prestige of
1333-566: The northern end of the Vembanad lagoon, was a strategic entry point for Zamorin's army and fleet into the Kerala backwaters . Hence, in October 1504 Zamorin dispatched a force to fortify Kodungallur. Reading this movement as a preparation for a renewed attack on Kochi, the Portuguese commander, Lopo Soares, ordered a preemptive strike . A squadron of around ten fighting ships, accompanied by numerous fighting boats from Kochi, headed up to Kodungallur. The heavier ships, unable to make their way into
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1376-651: The oldest Masjid s in the Indian subcontinent . It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town. Sometime between the fourth and eighth century, the Knanaya Community is believed to have arrived from the Middle East under the leadership of the Syrian merchant Thomas of Cana . The community settled on the southern side of Cranganore and eventually established three churches in
1419-487: The region. North Paravur North Paravur ( Malayalam : വടക്കൻ പറവൂർ IPA: [vadak:ən paravuːr] ; formerly known as Paravur or Parur ), is a municipality in the Ernakulam district of Kerala , India . It is located 20 km (12.4 mi) north of the district collectorate in Thrikkakara and about 201 km (124.9 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram . North Paravur
1462-474: The road between Calicut and Kodungallur, and who had a spoiled relation with the Zamorin, offered to place himself under Portuguese suzerainty. It is recorded that the military of Calicut, which was led by Zamorin in person, was defeated on their way to Kodungallur by a sizeable Portuguese army with the assistance of the Tanur ruler. The raid on Cranganore and the defection of the Tanur raja were serious setbacks to
1505-1137: The same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the Nizam and the Marathas in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the Third Anglo-Mysore War . Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to Srirangapatnam . 10°11′49″N 76°12′43″E / 10.197°N 76.212°E / 10.197; 76.212 Kodungallur Kovilakam Kodungallur Kodungallur ( IPA: [koɖuŋːɐlːuːr] ; formerly also called as Cranganore (anglicised name) , Portuguese : Cranganor ; Mahodayapuram , Shingly , Vanchi , Muchiri , Muyirikkode , and Muziris )
1548-525: The shallow channels, anchored at Palliport (Pallipuram, on the outer edge of Vypin island), while the smaller frigates progressed to the destination. Converging on Kodungallur, the Portuguese-Kochi fleet quickly dispersed the Calicut forces on the beach using cannons, and launched their composite army – some 1,000 Portuguese soldiers and 1,000 Nair warriors of Kochi – who took on the rest of
1591-415: The total 123. As of 2011 Census , Paravur had a population of 31,503 with 15,060 males and 16,443 females. Paravur municipality have an area of 9.02 km (3.48 sq mi) with 8,095 families residing in it. 8% of the population was under 6 years of age. Paravur had an average literacy of 96.75% higher than the state average of 94%: male literacy was 97.8% and female literacy was 95.8%. Paravur
1634-698: The trade got diverted to other ports of the Malabar Coast, such as Cochin (Kochi) and Calicut (Kozhikode). It is speculated that the floods split the left branch of the River Periyar into two, just before the town of Aluva . The flood silted the right branch (known as the River Changala) and the natural harbour at the mouth of the river to make it poorly navigable for large vessels. Portuguese navigators began operating in South India from
1677-629: The world, especially from the Mediterranean world. The Roman Empire had a continuous trading connection with the West Coast of India. Along with spices ( black pepper ), commodities including pearls, muslin , ivory , diamonds, silk and perfumes were acquired by the sailors from central Kerala. A traditional belief among the Saint Thomas Christians in Kerala is that Thomas the Apostle landed in or around Kodungallur in
1720-470: Was challenged by the kings of Kozhikode in the Indian Ocean. The port of Kodungallur had a sizeable Jewish, native Christian and Muslim population at the time. Portuguese Company extended their aggression on Calicut to allied coastal city-states, including Kodungallur. The port was almost completely destroyed by the Portuguese (Suarez de Menezes) on 1 September 1504. Kodungallur, being a port city at
1763-619: Was enlarged in 1565, and passed into the hands of the Dutch in 1663. Thiruvanchikulam Mahadeva Temple, dedicated to the god Siva, is one of the major Siva temples in South India. Siva in the Thiruvanchikulam Temple was the patron deity of the Chera Perumals of Kerala and remains the family deity of the Cochin Royal Family . Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple is a Hindu temple at Kodungallur dedicated to
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1806-456: Was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of Nedumkotta in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like Semal Beg were killed on
1849-496: Was reported at Kodungallur in a medical student who returned from Wuhan University . Origin of the modern name 'Kodungallur' has multiple interpretations: In the medieval period (from c. ninth century CE), Kondungallur was part of the city of Makothai Vanchi (Sanskrit: Mahodaya Pura , Malayalam: Mahodaya Puram ). It was the seat of the Kerala branch of the Chera clan , the Perumals, for about three hundred years. Kodungallur
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