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26-402: Crazy refers to craziness, or insanity , a spectrum of behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns. Crazy may also refer to: Insanity Insanity , madness , lunacy , and craziness are behaviors caused by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns. Insanity can manifest as violations of societal norms , including a person or persons becoming

52-435: A Competency to Stand Trial evaluation . In modern times, labeling someone as insane often carries little or no medical meaning and is rather used as an insult or as a reaction to behavior perceived to be outside the bounds of accepted norms. For instance, the definition of insanity is sometimes colloquially purported to be "doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result." However, this does not match

78-425: A personality disorder for the purposes of an insanity defense. The second question is whether the mental illness interfered with the defendant's ability to distinguish right from wrong. That is, did the defendant know that the alleged behavior was against the law at the time the offense was committed. Additionally, some jurisdictions add the question of whether or not the defendant was in control of their behavior at

104-416: A danger to themselves or to other people. Conceptually, mental insanity also is associated with the biological phenomenon of contagion (that mental illness is infectious) as in the case of copycat suicides . In contemporary usage, the term insanity is an informal, un-scientific term denoting "mental instability"; thus, the term insanity defense is the legal definition of mental instability. In medicine,

130-484: A specific language impairment are likely to be diagnosed, whereas only 4% of the population overall is likely to be diagnosed. There are also language disorders that are known to be genetic, such as hereditary ataxia, which can cause slow and unclear speech. Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy , but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics . Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy . In

156-871: A speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. This bullying can result in decreased self-esteem . Religion and culture also play a large role in the social effects of speech disorders. For example, in many African countries like Kenya cleft palates are largely considered to be caused by a curse from God. This can cause people with cleft palates to not receive care in early childhood, and end in rejection from society. For those with speech disorders, listeners reactions are often negative, which may correlate negative effects to self-esteem. It has also been shown that adults tend to view individuals with stutters in more negative ways than those without them. Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, although they are often used synonymously. Speech disorders refer to problems in producing

182-418: Is known to be a higher incidence of apraxia of speech , which is a disorder affecting neurological pathways involved with speech. Poor motor function is also suggested to be highly associated with speech disorders, especially in children. Hereditary causes have also been suggested, as many times children of individuals with speech disorders will develop them as well. 20-40% individuals with a family history of

208-549: Is no longer considered a medical diagnosis but is a legal term in the United States, stemming from its original use in common law . The disorders formerly encompassed by the term covered a wide range of mental disorders now diagnosed as bipolar disorder , organic brain syndromes , schizophrenia , and other psychotic disorders. In United States criminal law , insanity may serve as an affirmative defense to criminal acts and thus does not need to negate an element of

234-586: The United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. Children who struggle to learn to talk often experience persistent communication difficulties in addition to academic struggles. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools' special education programs in the 2000–2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech and language impairments secondary to other conditions such as deafness". Many school districts provide

260-406: The act ( actus reus ) was committed. A more informal use of the term insanity is to denote something or someone considered highly unique, passionate or extreme, including in a positive sense. The term may also be used as an attempt to discredit or criticize particular ideas, beliefs, principles, desires, personal feelings, attitudes, or their proponents, such as in politics and religion. Madness,

286-409: The basis of today's theory of psychosomatic illness. The Romans also supported humane treatment of the mentally ill, and in so doing, codified into law the principle of insanity as a mitigation of responsibility for criminal acts, although the criterion for insanity was sharply set as the defendant had to be found " non compos mentis ", a term meaning "not sound of mind". The Middle Ages witnessed

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312-590: The end of the progressive ideas of the Greeks and Romans. During the 18th century, the French and the British introduced humane treatment of the clinically insane, though the criteria for diagnosis and placement in an asylum were considerably looser than today, often including such conditions as speech disorder , speech impediments, epilepsy , and depression or being pregnant out of wedlock. Europe's oldest asylum

338-411: The final decision regarding the defendant's status regarding an insanity defense . In most jurisdictions within the United States, if the insanity plea is accepted, the defendant is committed to a psychiatric institution for at least 60 days for further evaluation, and then reevaluated at least yearly after that. Insanity is generally no defense in a civil lawsuit, but an insane plaintiff can toll

364-510: The general term psychosis is used to include the presence of delusions and/or hallucinations in a patient; and psychiatric illness is " psychopathology ", not mental insanity . In English, the word "sane" derives from the Latin adjective sanus , meaning "healthy". Juvenal 's phrase mens sana in corpore sano is often translated to mean a "healthy mind in a healthy body". From this perspective, insanity can be considered as poor health of

390-582: The legal definition of insanity. Speech disorder There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a speech disorder and the proper treatment or therapy: In some cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impairments, such as hearing loss , neurological disorders , brain injury , an increase in mental strain, constant bullying, intellectual disability , substance use disorder , physical impairments such as cleft lip and palate , and vocal abuse or misuse. After strokes, there

416-457: The mind did not differ from diseases of the body. Moreover, they saw mental and physical illness as a result of natural causes and an imbalance in bodily humors . Hippocrates frequently wrote that an excess of black bile resulted in irrational thinking and behavior. Romans made other contributions to psychiatry, in particular a precursor of some contemporary practice. They put forward the idea that strong emotions could lead to bodily ailments,

442-411: The mind, not necessarily of the brain as an organ (although that can affect mental health), but rather refers to defective function of mental processes such as reasoning. Another Latin phrase related to our current concept of sanity is compos mentis ("sound of mind"), and a euphemistic term for insanity is non compos mentis . In law, mens rea means having had criminal intent, or a guilty mind, when

468-486: The most famous of which was Isaac Ray in 1838 (fifth edition 1871); others include Ryan (1832), Taylor (1845), Wharton and Stille (1855), Ordronaux (1869), Meymott (1882). The typical techniques as outlined in these works are the background for Dr. Neil S. Kaye's widely recognized guidelines that indicate an attempt to feign insanity. One famous example of someone feigning insanity is Mafia boss Vincent Gigante , who pretended for years to be suffering from dementia, and

494-440: The non-legal word for insanity, has been recognized throughout history in every known society. Some traditional cultures have turned to witch doctors or shamans to apply magic, herbal mixtures, or folk medicine to rid deranged persons of evil spirits or bizarre behavior, for example. Archaeologists have unearthed skulls (at least 7000 years old) that have small, round holes bored in them using flint tools. It has been conjectured that

520-477: The prosecution's case such as general or specific intent. Each U.S. state differs somewhat in its definition of insanity but most follow the guidelines of the Model Penal Code . All jurisdictions require a sanity evaluation to address the question first of whether or not the defendant has a mental illness. Most courts accept a major mental illness such as psychosis but will not accept the diagnosis of

546-417: The statute of limitations for filing a suit until gaining sanity, or until a statute of repose has run. Feigned insanity is the simulation of mental illness in order to deceive. Amongst other purposes, insanity is feigned in order to avoid or lessen the consequences of a confrontation or conviction for an alleged crime. A number of treatises on medical jurisprudence were written during the nineteenth century,

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572-441: The students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances. Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include speech–language pathologists , specialists, family doctors, teachers, and family members. Having a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with

598-418: The subjects may have been thought to have been possessed by spirits that the holes would allow to escape. More recent research on the historical practice of trepanning supports the hypothesis that this procedure was medical in nature and intended as means of treating cranial trauma. The Greeks appeared to share something of the modern Western world's secular and holistic view, believing that afflictions of

624-429: The time of the offense. For example, if the defendant was compelled by some aspect of their mental illness to commit the illegal act, the defendant could be evaluated as not in control of their behavior at the time of the offense. The forensic mental health specialists submit their evaluations to the court. Since the question of sanity or insanity is a legal question and not a medical one, the judge and or jury will make

650-516: Was often seen wandering aimlessly around his neighborhood in his pajamas muttering to himself. Testimony from informants and surveillance showed that Gigante was in full control of his faculties the whole time, and ruled over his Mafia family with an iron fist. Today feigned insanity is considered malingering . In a 2005 court case, United States v. Binion , the defendant was prosecuted and convicted for obstruction of justice (adding to his original sentence ) because he feigned insanity in

676-741: Was the precursor of today's Bethlem Royal Hospital in London , known then as Bedlam , which began admitting the mentally ill in 1403 and is mentioned in Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales . The first American asylum was built in Williamsburg, Virginia , circa 1773. Before the 19th century, these hospitals were used to isolate the mentally ill or the socially ostracized from society rather than cure them or maintain their health. Pictures from this era portrayed patients bound with rope or chains, often to beds or walls, or restrained in straitjackets . Insanity

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