Crindau ( Welsh : Crindai ) is a Victorian inner-city area just north of the city centre in Newport in south-east Wales . It lies within the Shaftesbury electoral district (ward) and community (parish).
116-738: Crindau is roughly bounded by the Monmouthshire canal to the west, the M4 motorway to the north, River Usk to the east and South Wales Main Line to the south. It is bisected by the elevated section of the A4042 road . The district is well-served in transport terms as it contains junction 26 and 25a of the M4 as well as the A4042 and A4051 roads. There is a regular Newport Bus service from Malpas and Bettws to
232-567: A Brycheiniog ) is a small network of canals in South Wales . For most of its currently (2018) navigable 35-mile (56 km) length it runs through the Brecon Beacons National Park , and its present rural character and tranquillity belies its original purpose as an industrial corridor for coal and iron, which were brought to the canal by a network of tramways and/or railroads, many of which were built and owned by
348-626: A debate on the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill in 1938, Lord Raglan objected to the stipulation that the chairman of the Monmouthshire quarter sessions should be a Welsh-speaker. Raglan stated that "The County of Monmouth is an English county. I do not think that will be disputed.." and he claimed that Welsh nationalists had attempted to convince the Lord Chief Justice to move Monmouthshire from
464-528: A final lock brings the total rise to 68 ft (21 m). The River Usk provides the main water supply for the canal. A weir near the Brecon Promenade controls the water levels on the river, and one-half mile (0.80 km) of underground culvert brings water through the town to the Theatre Basin . Additional water is taken from a number of streams, where part of the flow is diverted into
580-493: A question from George Thomas that "...in future the argument about Monmouthshire being part of Wales is over, and that [his] statement makes it clear that Monmouthshire is part of Wales for good and for ever?" Raymond Gower said that the statement was "quite consistent with the fact that towns with names such as Abergavenny and Llantarnam could not be anything other than Welsh"; it was opposed by Gerald Kaufman , who stated: "Am I to take it that an act of annexation of this magnitude
696-474: A revised sign at Monmouth stating "Welcome to Wales and Monmouthshire"; first, the words "..and Monmouthshire" were painted over, and then the words "..to Wales" were also obliterated. The Welsh Office , established in 1965, included Monmouthshire within its remit. The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed in regard to Wales in 1967 by the Welsh Language Act 1967 , which however also continued to use
812-418: A ribbon was cut by Huw Irranca-Davies, the waterways minister, and Rhodri Morgan, the first minister. The canal is located within the boundaries of a number of local authorities, and such bodies are increasingly aware of the benefits and regeneration that a canal restoration project can bring. To this end, the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canals Regeneration Partnership was created as a collaborative effort between
928-498: Is always coupled with Monmouthshire". However, most Acts of Parliament listed Monmouthshire as part of England; for example, the Local Government Act 1933 listed both the administrative county of Monmouth and county borough of Newport as part of England. In the rare event that an Act of Parliament was restricted to Wales, Monmouthshire was usually included, in the format "Wales and Monmouthshire"; for example, although
1044-513: Is on Cadw 's list of scheduled monuments . Restoration of the old Monmouthshire Canal began in 1994, when Torfaen Borough Council raised Crown Bridge in Sebastopol, to give sufficient height for navigation again. The section to Five locks was restored over the next two years, and was formally opened on 24 May 1997 by the Mayor of Torfaen. A new basin at the top of the locks marks the end of
1160-721: Is that it was located not on, strictly speaking, a national frontier, but within a single political formation. This had been the case since the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543 which had extended the English system of justice, government and parliamentary representation to the principality of Wales and the March. From the mid-sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century it had not been a matter of very much importance as to whether an England/Wales border could be identified and, if so, where it ran in respect of Monmouthshire. That situation changed in
1276-567: Is to be carried through a sparsely attended House of Commons on the nod at five minutes to midnight on the same basis as Europe has annexed England? I wish to voice my protest." The name "Monmouthshire" was revived for one of the principal areas created on further local government reorganisation in 1996 . The principal area covers only part of the historic county, which also included Newport , Torfaen , most of Blaenau Gwent , and parts of Caerphilly and Cardiff . The preserved county of Gwent , which still exists for some ceremonial purposes,
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#17327984912071392-422: Is well served by a number of churches providing a cross-section of Christian traditions including Malpas Road Evangelical Church (built 1897), Crindau Community Church (built 1901), and All Saints Church (built 1898, rebuilt 1995). Until 1875 the area was marshland with the northern artery road of Newport running through it. The only residences were Crindau House, an Elizabethan Manor, and a row of terraces built by
1508-571: The Church in Wales was set up in 1920, containing within it the Diocese of Llandaff which included almost all of Monmouthshire. The new Diocese of Monmouth was formed in 1921. In Anglican terms, the area thus came to be treated as part of Wales. The question of Monmouthshire's status continued to be a matter of discussion, especially as Welsh nationalism and devolution climbed the political agenda in
1624-475: The County of Monmouth ( / ˈ m ɒ n m ə θ , ˈ m ʌ n -/ MON -məth, MUN - ; Welsh : Sir Fynwy ), was one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales in the south-east of Wales , on the border with England . Its area now corresponds approximately to the present principal areas of Monmouthshire , Blaenau Gwent , Newport and Torfaen , and those parts of Caerphilly and Cardiff east of
1740-751: The European Regional Development Fund and the Local Regeneration Fund. The grants were secured in 2004, and the bridge was formally opened by the Mayor of Newport on 1 March 2007. The trust was awarded a grant of £854,500 in 2012 by the Heritage Lottery Fund , to enable the eight locks near Ty Coch to be restored. It will also be used to train people in the skills needed to restore historic canals, and to enable lock gates to be made locally using traditional working methods. Communities on or near
1856-607: The Honddu Valley remained an exclave within Monmouthshire until 1891. The county was divided into six hundreds in 1542: Abergavenny , Caldicot , Raglan , Skenfrith , Usk and Wentloog . The county contained the three boroughs of Monmouth, Newport and Usk. In the medieval period Monmouthshire was divided into the following civil parishes, listed by hundred (chapelries in italics ): extra-parochial, but still had its own church Monmouth and Newport were reformed as municipal boroughs with elected town councils by
1972-570: The House of Commons in February 1957 he said "I think that it is about time we dropped this Wales and Monmouthshire business. Apart from a few cranks who search the files of the distant past for some very flimsy tokens of evidence to suggest that Monmouthshire belongs to England, no person acquainted with the county — its history, customs, place names, culture and way of life — would dream of regarding Monmouthshire people as anything but Welsh." Later in
2088-541: The House of Lords : "To ask Her Majesty's Government why they propose to incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales without consulting Monmouthshire's inhabitants." Replying for the government, Baroness Phillips stated that "The purpose of the change is to remove the anomaly arising from the present need to refer to Monmouthshire separately from Wales in Statutes. My right honourable friend the Secretary of State believes that
2204-410: The Local Government Act 1894 , the administrative county was divided into urban and rural districts , based on existing sanitary districts . In 1899 Abergavenny was incorporated as a borough. Two further urban districts were formed: Mynyddislwyn in 1903, and Bedwas and Machen in 1912. The County of Monmouth Review Order 1935 revised the number and boundaries of the urban and rural districts in
2320-521: The Local Government Act 1972 , which provided that "in every act passed on or after 1 April 1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) "Wales", subject to any alterations of boundaries..." included "the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport ". Debate on the relevant amendment, Clause 256, took place late on 20 July 1972, with few local MPs present. The Minister of State , David Gibson-Watt , agreed to
2436-786: The Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company under an act of Parliament obtained in 1845, bought out the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal Company in 1865, but the move came too late, and the Monmouthshire Canal gradually closed, while the Brecon line was retained as a water feeder. Control of the canals passed to the Great Western Railway in 1880, and they were consequently nationalised in 1948. The section of canal from Pontymoile to Pontnewynydd
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#17327984912072552-616: The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . Usk continued as an unreformed borough until its final abolition in 1886. New forms of local government were established in the urban areas of the county with the setting of local boards under the Public Health Act 1848 and Local Government Act 1858. The Public Health Act 1875 divided the rural areas into rural sanitary districts . An administrative county of Monmouthshire, governed by an elected county council ,
2668-476: The Rhymney River . The eastern part of the county was mainly agricultural, while the western valleys had rich mineral resources. This led to the area becoming highly industrialised with coal mining and iron working being major employers from the 18th century to the late 20th century. Its five largest towns were Newport, Cwmbran , Pontypool , Ebbw Vale and Abergavenny . Monmouthshire's Welsh status
2784-591: The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 did not apply to Monmouthshire, the creation of the Welsh Office in 1965 and the Welsh Language Act 1967 did (although the latter had the paradoxical effect of reinforcing the legal connection of Monmouthshire with England: see next section). The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 also applied to Monmouthshire. The Sunday Closing Act was also extended to Monmouthshire in 1915 under wartime legislation. In considering
2900-468: The diocese of St David's . In 1549 Edward VI granted a Charter to Monmouth which was described as being "in the Marches of Wales ". Later writers who described Monmouthshire as being in Wales included Humphrey Llwyd ( History of Cambria , 1568); Thomas Churchyard ( Worthiness of Wales , 1587); and Michael Drayton ( Poly-Olbion , 1613). In the late 17th century, under Charles II , Monmouthshire
3016-711: The "Country or Dominion of Wales", the Laws in Wales Act 1542 enumerates the Welsh counties as twelve in number, omitting Monmouthshire from the count. Monmouthshire was made directly responsible to the courts of Westminster rather than falling under the Court of Great Sessions in Wales . According to historian John Davies , this arrangement was the origin of the belief that the county had been annexed by England rather than remaining part of Wales. Davies disagrees, and says, "Monmouthshire
3132-640: The "Head and Shire town of the said county or shire of Monmouth", and ordered that the Sheriff 's county or shire court be held alternately in Monmouth and Newport. The county boundaries are the River Wye on the east, dividing it from Gloucestershire and the Rhymney River to the west dividing it from Glamorganshire , with the Bristol Channel to the south. The boundaries with Herefordshire to
3248-423: The 11th until the 16th centuries, the area which later became Monmouthshire (subject to some boundary revisions) comprised six Marcher lordships – Abergavenny , Caerleon , Chepstow (or Striguil ), Gwynllwg (Wentloog), Monmouth and Usk . until the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543, the land which is today called Monmouthshire was undisputedly in Wales. The Laws in Wales Act 1535 integrated Wales directly into
3364-598: The 1970's changed the landscape of Crindau. The Malpas Road Relief Scheme in the 1990's follows the route of the railway. Closed industries such as the glass, gas, pottery and confectionery works were redeveloped and a new flood defence scheme was completed in 2021 (the area having been notoriously subjected to flooding for hundreds of years). Only the Lyceum Tavern (est. 1898) and the Crindau Constitutional Club (est. 1902) on Malpas Road remain as
3480-519: The 20th century. This sometimes led to heated debates in Parliament . In 1921 the Earl of Plymouth objected strongly to the inclusion of the county in legislation forcing the closing of public houses in Wales on Sundays. "I stand as strongly as I can for the privileges of Monmouthshire, to say it is a county of England." He went on to complain that Welsh representatives were imposing the ban "against
3596-631: The 5th and 10th centuries the Welsh Kingdom of Gwent covered a variable area roughly contiguous with Monmouthshire. It then became part of Morgannwg , and was part of the unified Welsh realm of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn . At the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086 the Chepstow and Monmouth areas were, for accounting purposes, reckoned as parts of the English counties of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire respectively. These areas, along with
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3712-981: The Act the shire consisted of all Honours, Lordships, Castles, Manors, Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments, lying or being within the Compass or Precinct of the following Lordships, Townships, Parishes, Commotes and Cantrefs... in the Country of Wales : Monmouth • Chepstow • Matherne ( Mathern ) • Llanvihangel ( Llanfihangel Rogiet ) • Magour ( Magor ) • Goldcliffe ( Goldcliff ) • Newport • Wentlooge • Llanwerne ( Llanwern ) • Caerlion ( Caerleon ) • Usk • Treleck ( Trellech ) • Tintern • Skenfrith • Grosmont • Witecastle ( White Castle ) • Raglan • Calicote ( Caldicot ) • Biston ( Bishton ) • Abergavenny • Penrose ( Penrhos ) • Grenefield ( Maesglas ) • Maghen ( Machen ) • Hochuyslade (possessions of Llanthony Priory ) The Act also designated Monmouth as
3828-408: The Brecknock and Abergavenny Company meant that carriage was cheaper if the goods originated on the northern canal, and so a second tramway was constructed along the heads of the valleys to Gilwern. In 1798, the canal company agreed with Sir Richard Salusbury to build a line connecting his collieries to the head of the canal at Crumlin and Llanhilleth . It was not until 1800, however, that Outram
3944-705: The Cefn flight (Fourteen Locks) is a separate project from the main scheme; contractors will work down the flight, while a voluntary team led by the Canals Trust and Waterway Recovery Group will work up from lock 3 on the Allt-yr-yn locks. There are also plans to connect the southern end of the canal to the River Usk by means of a marina in Crindau . The Crindau Gateway Project is an urban regeneration project for
4060-653: The Crumlin branch, to the bottom end of Waen Lock. Work started in January 2008, and was completed in time for the Welsh Waterways Festival held at the end of May 2010. The Inland Waterways Association National Trailboat Festival was held at the same time, and a slipway was rebuilt at Bettws Lane, just below Malpas Lock, to enable the trailboats to be launched easily. Bettws Lane bridge was itself rebuilt to provide more headroom for boats, using grants from
4176-491: The English legal system and the "Lordships Marchers within the said Country or Dominion of Wales" were allocated to existing and new shires. Some lordships were annexed to existing counties in England and some were annexed to existing counties in Wales, with the remainder being divided up into new counties, one of which was Monmouthshire. Although the original Laws in Wales Act 1535 specifically includes Monmouthshire as being in
4292-615: The Great Western Railway in the 1850's to house its workers. After the Borough Extension Act of 1876 and the new Marshes Road entrance from Old Green opened, Newport Corporation began construction of the Marshes estate, streets named after Newport mayors and was completed in 1901, the remainder of the land becoming Shaftesbury Park. More land was acquired to the north of Crindau Pill, along the eastern side of
4408-543: The Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 contained the provision that "For the purposes of this Act the administrative county of Monmouth shall be taken to be part of Wales and not part of England." This left the county borough of Newport as part of England but treated the rest of the county as part of Wales. The Member of Parliament (MP) for Abertillery , Llywelyn Williams , campaigned to have Monmouthshire unambiguously placed in Wales. Speaking in
4524-566: The Monmouthshire, Brecon and Abergavenny Canals Trust, Torfaen County Borough Council , Newport City Council , Caerphilly County Borough Council , the Forestry Commission and British Waterways . The partnership submitted a bid to the Big Lottery Living Landmarks Fund for £25 million, this being 75 percent of the estimated cost of restoring the main line from Barrack Hill to Cwmbran, including
4640-536: The Oxford Circuit to the South Wales Circuit, thereby making it part of Wales in matters of court administration. He alleged that these "persons unconnected with Monmouthshire" had claimed incorrectly that the inhabitants of the county "spoke nothing but Welsh". In 1948, Monmouthshire County Council was granted a coat of arms with the motto Utrique fidelis ("Faithful to both"), to reflect
4756-625: The River Usk near Caerleon . The Monmouthshire proprietors invited their potential competitors to alter the plans to create a junction with the Monmouthshire Canal at Pontymoile near Pontypool and share the navigation from there to Newport. An act of Parliament, the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal Act 1793 ( 33 Geo. 3 . c. 96), was passed on 28 March 1793, allowing the newly formed canal company to raise £100,000 in shares, with an additional £50,000 if required, and to construct railways to link
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4872-569: The Sunday Closing Act in 1921, Monmouthshire County Council resolved, with only one vote against, to request that the county should be included in Wales for all legislative purposes. Another typical example was the division of England and Wales into registration areas in the 19th century — one of which, the "Welsh Division", was defined as including "Monmouthshire, South Wales and North Wales ". According to Chris Williams of Cardiff University : "...The problem with Monmouthshire
4988-456: The administrative county. A new Cwmbran urban district was formed by the abolition of Llanfrechfa Upper and Llantarnam UDs, Abersychan and Panteg UDs were absorbed by Pontypool urban district, and Magor and St Mellons RD was formed by a merger of two rural districts. The county boundaries provided the basis of the boundaries of the new Diocese of Monmouth , created in October 1921 following
5104-501: The area around the southern terminus of the canal, which has received £75,000 in funding from the Welsh Assembly to consider the provision of a marina as part of the scheme. A link from the marina to the River Usk would be provided by way of Crindau Pill, an inlet from the river which would be made navigable. This would create sustainability for the project. As of February 2015, Caerphilly County Borough Council plan to develop
5220-534: The area into a new "South East Wales" county. The proposed inclusion of Monmouthshire in Wales infuriated Lord Raglan, by now Lord Lieutenant of the county. In reaction, a "Make Monmouthshire Welsh" campaign was launched in August 1961 to gain parliamentary recognition that the county was in Wales. In November 1961 it was announced that a branch of the Royal Society of St George was to be formed, emphasising
5336-588: The canal and railways so far opened, and was running 20 boats by 1806, carrying coal and limestone as their main cargoes. By 1809 the Monmouthshire Canal was threatening litigation over the uncompleted connection from Gilwern. Help came from Richard Crawshay , the Merthyr Tydfil ironmaster and a major force on the Glamorganshire Canal , who provided a loan of £30,000. This sum enabled the canal company to appoint William Crosley to complete
5452-441: The canal and the rest flows under an aqueduct to reach the River Usk. The Welsh canals were in the main constructed along narrow valleys, where the terrain prevented the easy construction of branches to serve the industries which were located along their routes, but they had the advantage that their enabling acts of Parliament allowed tramways to be constructed, the land for which could be obtained by compulsory purchase , as if
5568-604: The canal company. The "Mon and Brec" was originally two independent canals – the Monmouthshire Canal from Newport to Pontymoile Basin (including the Crumlin Arm ) and the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal running from Pontymoile to Brecon . Both canals were abandoned in 1962, but the Brecknock and Abergavenny route and a small section of the Monmouthshire route have been reopened since 1970. Much of
5684-529: The canal corridor from Fourteen Locks to Cwmcarn Forest Drive, and fully restore this part of the canal with a new marina in Risca. The Canals Trust has taken over the lease of the Canal Centre at Fourteen Locks. An extension has been completed, which houses a meeting room (available for groups to hire) and also a community run tea room. The Canal Centre is now a base for the trust and its restoration work at
5800-472: The canal include: On the main arm: On the Crumlin arm : Much of the canal towpath is easily walkable along the entire route. The towpath from Brecon to Pontymoile is passable by cyclists over its whole length. The Taff Trail cycle route follows the canal for a few miles from Brecon , but the path after that is not suitable for cyclists with road bikes. National Cycle Network Routes 47 and 49 follow
5916-520: The canal itself and construction began in earnest at Penpedairheol near Crickhowell . Work began in 1796 and by late 1797, the canal was open from Gilwern to Llangynidr in Brecknockshire and much of the rest was in hand. However costs, as usual, were higher than expected and, in 1799 Dadford stated that further money was needed to complete the section from Clydach to Brecon . Benjamin Outram
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#17327984912076032-465: The canal to mines, quarries and iron works. Initially work concentrated on the railways, with John Dadford overseeing the construction of lines from the collieries at Gellifelen to Llangrwyney Forge, and on to the Abergavenny to Brecon turnpike road . The line was opened in 1794, and later served the canal at Gilwern. It was not until 1795 that Thomas Dadford was appointed as the engineer for
6148-689: The canal was supervised by Thomas Dadford Jr. , and further acts of Parliament were obtained as the work progressed. An act of 4 July 1797, the Monmouth Canal Act 1797 ( 37 Geo. 3 . c. 100), gave the company powers to extend the navigation, which resulted in the Newport terminus being moved southwards to Potter Street, while a third act of 26 June 1802, the Monmouthshire Canal Navigation Act 1802 ( 42 Geo. 3 . c. cxv), authorised specific railways, and allowed
6264-480: The canal, with the erection of a works (which was later Tredegar Ironworks). The Monmouthshire Canal Navigation Act 1802 ( 42 Geo. 3 . c. cxv) sanctioned the construction of tramroads to places within 8 miles (13 km) of the canal, and they therefore built 8 miles (13 km) of tramroad from Newport to a point near Wattsville and Cwmfelinfach . The Sirhowy Tramroad from the Sirhowy Ironworks
6380-622: The canals between Cross Keys and Pontypool. On 16 October 2007 a serious breach occurred when part of the canal bank near Gilwern collapsed, causing a number of houses to be evacuated. Eight people were rescued by local fire and emergency services, and the A4077 road between Crickhowell and Gilwern was closed for a period which was expected to be several weeks. Two families were provided with temporary accommodation, and twenty-three hire boats were also affected with cranes being brought in to help them back to their bases. Contractors Noel Fitzpatrick working for British Waterways managed to reopen
6496-462: The centre of the community. Organised by the volunteers of the Mon & Brec Canals Trust, the 2010 Welsh Waterways Festival, which included the IWA National Trailboat festival was held at Newport at the end of May 2010. Over 30 boats attended from all over the UK. The boats were able to cruise from Barrack Hill to Pentre Lane in Torfaen Borough for the first time in 84 years, using restored locks at Malpas, Ty Fynnon, and Tamplin. Over 15,000 members of
6612-433: The city centre. To the eastern side, adjoining the river is Shaftesbury Park, opened in 1898, which was the original home of Newport Rugby Club before they moved to the Newport Athletics and Cricket Club site at Rodney Parade . A cycle and pedestrian walkway alongside the River Usk links Newport city centre to the centre of Caerleon along National Cycle Route 88 . There is a marked heritage trail in Caerleon. Crindau
6728-414: The company to raise additional finance. The main line, which opened in February 1796, was 12.5 miles (20.1 km) long, and ran from Newport to Pontnewynydd, via Pontymoile, rising by 447 feet (136 m) through 42 locks. The 11 miles (18 km) Crumlin Arm left the main line at Crindau , rising 358 feet (109 m) through 32 locks to Crumlin (including the Cefn flight of Fourteen Locks ), and
6844-438: The construction of a new aqueduct to take the canal over Greenforge Way, and of restoring the Crumlin Branch from Malpas Junction to the bottom of the Cefn flight of Fourteen Locks, including improvements to its water supply. The bid reached the development stage, and the partnership successfully obtained a grant of £250,000 to enable them to undertake a full cost and engineering study for the proposed community based regeneration of
6960-427: The county is mainly agricultural, while the western valleys had rich mineral resources. This led to the area becoming highly industrialised with coal mining and iron working being major employers from the 18th century to the late 20th century. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica unambiguously described the county as part of England, but notes that "whenever an act [...] is intended to apply to [Wales] alone, then Wales
7076-493: The county's English identity. Another group, the "Monmouthshire is Welsh" society, was formed and was supported by local MPs Michael Foot and Leo Abse . Two years later Monmouth Borough Council made representations to the Minister of Housing and Local Government seeking the transfer of the town to Herefordshire in the event that the reforms were carried out. Signs erected by Monmouthshire County Council welcoming motorists to Wales were defaced or removed. The County Council placed
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#17327984912077192-446: The disestablishment of the Church in Wales from the Church of England in April 1920. The Diocese covered all of the County of Monmouthshire but also included the Parish of Cyncoed in north-east Cardiff , a situation which continues in 2023. The last major boundary change to affect the administrative county came in 1938 when the Monmouthshire parish of Rumney was incorporated into the city and county borough of Cardiff . However,
7308-521: The dual loyalties of the area. Increasingly in legislation, "the state was prepared to treat Monmouthshire as if it were part of Wales, even if it was not able to concede that legally it was Welsh." In 1949, Monmouthshire was included within the remit of the Council for Wales and Monmouthshire , an appointed body established by the Government to advise on Welsh affairs and a precursor of the Welsh Office. Treating Monmouthshire as part of Wales in legislation occasionally created further anomalies. For example,
7424-425: The general provisions of the original act. At least 21 tramways are known to have connected to the Monmouthshire Canal, with a further 13 connecting to the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal. Some works were eventually connected to both canals. The Beaufort Ironworks was originally connected to Crumlin Bridge by the Ebbw Vale tramway, but the incentives for through trade which the Monmouthshire Canal Company had offered to
7540-454: The geographical Monmouthshire/Glamorgan and England/Wales border remained the Rhymney River . The administrative county of Monmouth and county borough of Newport were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 . The successor authority, with minor boundary changes, was titled Gwent . Some border parishes became part of the new Rhymney Valley district of Mid Glamorgan or the Cardiff district of South Glamorgan . Between about
7656-400: The issuing of shares, and a further £60,000 if required. The act stated that the canal would run from Pontnewynydd to the River Usk near Newport , and would include a branch from Crindau to Crumlin Bridge. The company also had powers to construct railways from the canal to any coal mines, ironworks or limestone quarries which were within eight miles (13 km) of it. Construction of
7772-415: The judges then began to keep the assizes here in the Oxford circuit." A later traveller, George Borrow in 1862, wrote: "Monmouthshire is at present considered an English county, though certainly with little reason, for it not only stands on the western side of the Wye , but the names of almost all its parishes are Welsh, and many thousands of its population still speak the Welsh language." Although Wales
7888-401: The line was opened on 7 May 1816. The tramway was built to a gauge of 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ). The railway adopted the use of cast-iron L-shaped tramroad plates in its construction. The vertical portions of the two plates were positioned inside the wheels of the tramway wagons and the plates were spiked to stone blocks for stability. The size of the stones, and their spacing,
8004-531: The loaded weights of wagons were reduced, in an attempt to reduce the number of broken tramplates. Ultimately, many of the tramways were converted to standard gauge railways, and so reverted to the flanged wheel system. The canal acts obtained by the Monmouthshire Canal Company authorised tramways to Aberbeeg , Beaufort, Ebbw Vale , Blaenavon , Blaendare, Nantyglo , Sirhowy and Trosnant. In some cases, these were named specifically because they were longer than 8 miles (13 km) and were not therefore covered by
8120-433: The main line, railway branches were constructed from near Pontypool to Blaen-Din Works and Trosnant Furnace. From Crumlin a railway was built to Beaufort Iron Works , which was 10 miles (16 km) long and rose by 619 feet (189 m), and there were additional branches to Sorwy Furnace, Nantyglo Works, and the Sirhowy Railway at Risca . This canal was first proposed in 1792 as a separate venture, to link Brecon to
8236-421: The navigable section. All of the canal route within the jurisdiction of the City of Newport was designated as a conservation area on 21 January 1998. Twenty one of the structures of the canal now have Grade II listed building status. At the Brecon end, the canal terminates at the Theatre Basin, as a result of a project to rebuild the Brecknock Boat Company wharf, which was abandoned and infilled in 1881. Funding
8352-497: The nineteenth century, as the particular cultural, linguistic and political characteristics of Welsh society emerged as both a problem (for the British state) and as a cause (particularly among Welsh Liberals and nonconformists). Once specific policies (be they considered corrective or emancipating) began to be designed for application to Wales, then the question of Monmouthshire's placement became important." It has been suggested that
8468-525: The northeast and Brecknockshire to the north were less well-defined. The parish of Welsh Bicknor , was an exclave of Monmouthshire, sandwiched between Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. The area was considered part of Monmouthshire until it was made part of Herefordshire "for all purposes" by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 , while the Herefordshire hamlet of Fwthog (or Ffwddog) adjoining
8584-490: The notion that anomalies in the 16th-century legislation had made the county non-Welsh. The distinction implied in the description "Wales and Monmouthshire" was nurtured by elements of the establishment, and became increasingly accepted on the English side of the border and in central government, until the local Welsh residents more fully asserted themselves in the 20th century. Following the Welsh Church Act 1914 ,
8700-453: The original licensed premises. All other public houses and social clubs in the area have been demolished or converted to other means. 51°35′58″N 2°59′42″W / 51.59944°N 2.99500°W / 51.59944; -2.99500 This Newport location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Monmouthshire %26 Brecon Canal The Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal ( Welsh : Camlas Sir Fynwy
8816-401: The phrase "Wales and Monmouthshire". The Interpretation Act 1978 hence provides that in legislation passed between 1967 and 1974, "a reference to England includes Berwick upon Tweed and Monmouthshire". In 1969 George Thomas , Secretary of State for Wales proposed to fully incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales. Lord Raglan (son of the former lord lieutenant), asked the following question in
8932-450: The preliminary results of the investigations: there were over 90 leaks on the section from Talybont to Gilwern, with less leakage on the stretch from Llanover to Goytre Wharf. A press release in February 2008 announced that the total cost of restoration was likely to be around £15 million, with major investment required in the 2008/9 financial year, to repair the breach and to deal with other areas identified as being of top priority. The aim of
9048-402: The proposal commands wide support in the county." In April of the following year Plaid Cymru MP Gwynfor Evans asked Thomas "when he proposes to implement his undertaking that the phrase 'Wales and Monmouthshire' " will be dropped." The Secretary of State indicated that it would be after the passing of legislation to reform local government in Wales. The issue was finally clarified in law by
9164-427: The public turned up over the four days of the festival, which was a tremendous success for Newport and its canal. 51°49′26.91″N 3°5′55.06″W / 51.8241417°N 3.0986278°W / 51.8241417; -3.0986278 Monmouthshire (historic) Monmouthshire ( / ˈ m ɒ n m ə θ ʃ ər , ˈ m ʌ n -, - ʃ ɪər / MON -məth-shər, MUN -, -sheer ), also formerly known as
9280-485: The question of the status of Monmouthshire arose in earnest in the 19th century, when some of the local gentry such as the Dukes of Beaufort established family seats in England, and many industrialists and others moved into Monmouthshire, particularly in the eastern part of the county. Some of these, and others with "social aspirations", considered it essential to emphasise their "Englishness", and there were attempts to refine
9396-492: The railway, and a gas and glass works were opened in 1886. The same year the Newport Workmens Cottage Company was established and built terraced houses for the poor at cheaper rates, (Albany, Agincourt (formerly Arlington), Ailesbury, Argyle, Adelaide, Aragon and Alderney) inbetween the works and the Marshes up until its dissolution in 1899. Development followed from the 1890's on the western side of
9512-406: The railway, on what has now become Malpas Road. A confectionery works, Lovell's, was established in 1893 on Albany Street and in 1918 its football team was founded with its own ground on the works site, Rexville. Along Albany Street in the early 20th century were also a brick works, pottery and steam laundry. Post-war redevelopments such as the M4 motorway in the 1960s and older housing clearances in
9628-661: The rest of the original Monmouthshire Canal is the subject of a restoration plan, which includes the construction of a new marina at the Newport end of the canal. This canal was authorised by an act of Parliament , the Monmouthshire Canal Navigation Act 1792 ( 32 Geo. 3 . c. 102), passed on 11 June 1792, which created the Company of Proprietors of the Monmouthshire Canal Navigation and empowered it to raise £120,000 by
9744-722: The rest of what would later become Monmouthshire, included land from Pembrokeshire to Monmouthshire which was largely in the hands of the Marcher Lords ; this land, however, was not subject to English law. While the Principality of Wales (the northern part of Wales) was 'annexed' into the Kingdom of England by the Statute of Rhuddlan , enacted on 3 March 1284, the administration of the Marcher lands remained unchanged. From
9860-418: The road within a week of the breach occurring. British Waterways announced on 5 November 2007 that a 16-mile (26 km) stretch of the canal from Llanover to Llangynidr would be drained completely, so that a full inspection of the canal structure could be carried out. They stated that they were working with boat owners to move all boats to parts of the canal which would not be affected by this drainage, but that
9976-633: The route for the A467 road in 1968/9. The rest of the canal was formally abandoned in 1962, but within two years, restoration had begun. Funding for the restoration became available as a result of the National Parks legislation. This was designed to help The Broads in Norfolk and Suffolk , but that area was not designated as a national park, whereas the Brecon Beacons were, and the canal
10092-496: The said Country of Dominion of Wales". However, it was given only one Borough member , like the other Welsh counties (apart from Pembrokeshire which had two Borough members and Merioneth which had none). In ecclesiastical terms, most of the county outside the town of Monmouth itself remained within the Diocese of Llandaff ; the town of Monmouth was in the diocese of Hereford , while the parishes of Cwmyoy and Llanthony were in
10208-448: The towpath would remain open during this phase. Subsequently, they announced that a full geotechnical survey would be carried out, and that they expected the stretch to be closed for up to a year. Water levels on this section were reduced significantly, but engineers were then faced with the task of moving upwards of 100,000 fish before it could be drained fully. At a meeting at Crickhowell on 20 December 2007, British Waterways announced
10324-418: The tramway was part of the canal itself. This led to the development of an extensive network of tramways, to serve the many coal and ironstone mines which developed in the area. Dadford was an exponent of "edge rails", where flanged wheels ran on bar section rails, similar to modern railway practice, rather than wheels with no flanges running on L-shaped tram-plates. Following Dadford's demise, Benjamin Outram
10440-481: The waterway. The partnership continues to meet to discuss the way forward to completing the restoration. Restoration of the top lock of the Cefn Flight (lock 21) was completed by volunteers in 2003. The Canals Trust and Newport City Council made a joint presentation to the Heritage Lottery Fund for £700,000 to restore the next four locks of the flight, and this was granted on 23 March 2007. The regeneration of
10556-466: The will of the people of Monmouthshire". The extension of the legislation to Monmouthshire was confirmed by Parliament despite a petition of over 77,000 names against Sunday closing. In 1937, the Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire , Sir Henry Mather Jackson , stated: "Monmouthshire is not in Wales... We are in England, and I am not going to be added to Wales for any purpose whatsoever". During
10672-503: The work would be to ensure that the canal would be safe and fully open from March 2009, but further work would be required during the following three winters to complete the process. Their actions earned British Waterways the praise of Rhodri Glyn Thomas of the Welsh Assembly , who applauded their "courageous decision" to manage the breach in the way that they had. The repaired canal was officially reopened on 29 March 2009, when
10788-541: The work, which opened in February 1812. From the Pontymoile junction, the Brecknock and Abergavenny runs through Llanfoist near Abergavenny and Talybont , ending at a basin in Brecon . The canal is 33 miles (53 km) long and is level for the first 23 miles (37 km) to Llangynidr , where there are five locks. Two miles (3.2 km) below Brecon, the canal crosses the River Usk on an aqueduct at Brynich, and
10904-566: The year he asked Henry Brooke , Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs , "whether he will now remove from official documents and records relating to Wales the additional words 'and Monmouthshire', since Monmouthshire is included in the term Wales.". Brooke replied in the negative, as he did not think "such a course would be consistent with various statutory provisions relating to Monmouthshire." The Local Government Commission for Wales established in 1958 included Monmouthshire within its review area, and in 1961 proposed merging
11020-400: Was abandoned as a commercial waterway in 1930, but was retained in water. In February 1946, a serious breach occurred at Abercarn , 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Crumlin, and although this section of the canal had not been used for 16 years, the breach was repaired. However, the branch was closed just three years later in 1949, and the section from Pontywaun to Crumlin was filled in and used as
11136-708: Was abandoned in 1853, to eliminate the sharp curves at either end, when part of the line was converted to standard gauge, and was demolished in 1905. Conversion of the whole line to standard gauge was completed in 1863, and the Sirhowy Tramroad became the Sirhowy Railway Company in 1865. The Hay Railway received authorisation in an act of Parliament, the Hay Railway Act 1811 ( 51 Geo. 3 . c. cxxii), on 25 May 1811. Construction of its winding 24-mile long route took nearly five years and
11252-512: Was absorbed into the Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway in 1860 and the line was converted to standard gauge for operation by steam locomotives. With their network of feeder railways, the canals were profitable. Coal traffic rose from 3,500 tons in 1796 to 150,000 tons in 1809, but the arrival of the railways brought serious decline, and in the 1850s, several schemes to abandon the canals were proposed. The Monmouthshire Company, which had become
11368-458: Was added to the Oxford circuit of the English assizes following which, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , it gradually "came to be regarded as an English county". The Modern Universal British Traveller of 1779 stated: "Monmouthshire was formerly a part of Wales, and continued so till the reign of Charles II, when it was reckoned an English county (as it has been ever since) because
11484-466: Was ambiguous between the 16th and 20th centuries, with it considered by some to be part of England during this time; its legal inclusion in Wales was clarified by the Local Government Act 1972 , the same act that changed the structure of local government within the county. The "county or shire of Monmouth" was formed from parts of the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535 . According to
11600-469: Was asked to survey the line. The twin track tramway connected by means of an inclined plane to the existing line from the Beaufort Ironworks. Outram's designs were not followed to the letter, probably to save costs, and he expressed his dismay at this. In 1800, the owners of Sirhowy Ironworks were granted permission to exploit the minerals under Bedwellty Common and build a tramroad to join
11716-410: Was based in Newport, rather than the historic county town of Monmouth. In 1891 the borough of Newport achieved county borough status and therefore left the administrative county, although the administration of the county council continued to be based at Shire Hall, Newport . In the same year the parish of Fwthog was transferred to both the administrative and geographic county of Monmouthshire. Under
11832-502: Was being "annexed" to England, not just Monmouthshire. Despite Monmouthshire being a new county, it was given two knights of the shire in common with existing counties in England, rather than one as in the counties in Wales. The relevant section of the Act states that "one Knight shall be chosen and elected to the same Parliaments for every of the Shires of Brecknock , Radnor , Montgomery and Denbigh , and for every other Shire within
11948-419: Was built by the ironmasters, to a point one mile (1.6 km) from the canal company section. The mile between crossed the land of Sir Charles Morgan, Baron Tredegar of Tredegar House , who agreed to build the connection across Tredegar Park , in return for tolls for goods crossing his land. This section became known as the "golden mile", because it proved to be quite lucrative for Sir Charles. The tramroad
12064-522: Was called in to inspect the work and to advise on substituting a railway between Gilwern and Pont-y-Moel. Outram recommended several improvements, in particular the partial rebuilding of the Ashford Tunnel. He was also somewhat critical of the existing railways. The canal was completed and opened to Talybont-on-Usk in late 1799 and through to Brecon in December 1800. Dadford died in 1801, and
12180-586: Was constructed between 1802 and 1805 or 1806. Branches would be built to the limestone quarries at Trefil (the Trefil Tramroad) and to the Union Ironworks at Rhymney . Two more branches, from Llanarth and Penllwyn to Nine Mile Point Colliery were added in 1824. A major feature of the line was the 'Long Bridge' at Risca , 930 feet (280 m) long with 33 arches each of 24-foot (7.3 m) span averaging 28 feet (8.5 m) high. The bridge
12296-505: Was consulted on a number of matters, and recommended that the railways should be converted from edge rails to tram plates. Many of them were converted in this way, but this alteration was not always successful, with users of the Crumlin Bridge to Beaufort Ironworks tramway complaining in 1802 that they had incurred considerable cost to make the transition, only to find that the new tramway was unusable due to poor construction. In 1806,
12412-481: Was converted into a railway in 1853, with the loss of 11 locks, and more significantly, much of the water supply to the lower canal. Following the conversion, the next part of the canal to close was the section from Newport to the docks, which lasted until 1879. The rest of the Newport section, to the northern portal of Barrack Hill Tunnel, was closed in 1930, and the Cwmbran section followed in 1954. The Crumlin branch
12528-506: Was formed in 1889 under the terms of the Local Government Act 1888 . The act directed that where urban sanitary districts straddled county boundaries they should be placed entirely in the administrative county which had the majority of the urban sanitary district's population. Along the boundary between Monmouthshire and Brecknockshire were four urban sanitary districts which straddled the county boundary: Brynmawr , Ebbw Vale , Rhymney , and Tredegar . The majority of Brynmawr's population
12644-590: Was in Brecknockshire, and so the southern parts of Brynmawr within Monmouthshire were transferred to the administrative county of Brecknockshire. For the other three urban sanitary districts the majority of the population was in Monmouthshire, which therefore gained from Brecknockshire the Beaufort and Rassau areas of Ebbw Vale, the Dukestown area of Tredegar, and the Llechryd area of Rhymney. The county council
12760-580: Was legally integrated into England, the word "England" was still taken to exclude Wales in many contexts. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 ensured that "in all Cases where the Kingdom of England, or that Part of Great Britain called England, hath been or shall be mentioned in any Act of Parliament, the same has been and shall from henceforth be deemed and taken to comprehend and include the Dominion of Wales and Town of Berwick upon Tweed ". The eastern part of
12876-413: Was no less Welsh in language and sentiment than any other eastern county". Moreover the belief that Monmouthshire was somehow specially annexed to England is not consistent with the wording in the Act "That his said Country or Dominion of Wales shall be, stand and continue for ever from henceforth incorporated, united and annexed to and with this his Realm of England", making it clear that the whole of Wales
12992-418: Was opened in 1799. In the late 1840s, a short extension joined the canal to Newport Docks , and hence to the River Usk . Because the canal was isolated from other similar undertakings, Dadford was free to set the size of the locks, and they were designed to take boats with a maximum width of 9 feet 2 inches (2.79 m), a length of 63 feet (19 m) and a draught of three feet (0.91 m). On
13108-733: Was provided by the Welsh Office, the Welsh Arts Council and various private sector bodies. The old wharf buildings have been re-used by the Brecon Theatre, and access is provided by a new canal bridge, named after the engineer Thomas Dadford. The next section to be opened for navigation was a 2-mile (3.2 km) stretch running from Pentre Lane bridge, just above Tamplin Lock, down through Tyfynnon, Malpas and Gwasted locks to Malpas junction, and then up through Gwasted Lock on
13224-447: Was replaced as engineer by Thomas Cartwright. The canal company obtained another act of Parliament, the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal Act 1804 ( 44 Geo. 3 . c. xxix), on 3 May 1804, to authorise the raising of more capital, and the section to Govilon , near Abergavenny was completed in 1805, but the company failed to raise the finance authorised by the 1804 act, and so construction stopped. The company then concentrated on running
13340-539: Was seen as a valuable amenity in an area of natural beauty. The canal was reopened to Pontymoile in 1970. The Brecon to Pontypool section was one of seven stretches of canal, formerly designated as 'remainder waterways', which were re-classified by the Transport Act 1968 . Under the act, a total of 82 route miles (132 km) were upgraded to cruising waterway standard. The Cefn Flight of Fourteen locks has been recognised as being of international significance, and
13456-692: Was such that the horses could operate unimpeded. From 1 May 1820, the Hay Railway was joined at its Eardisley terminus, in an end on junction, by the Kington Tramway . Together, the two lines totalled 36 miles in length, comprising the longest continuous plateway to be completed in the United Kingdom. The Hay Railway operated through rural areas on the borders of England and Wales and was built to transport goods and freight. Passengers were not carried on any official basis. The Hay Railway
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