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44-463: Near Crissa, but established later, was a seaport named Cirrha . In course of time the seaport town of Cirrha increased at the expense of Crissa; and the sanctuary of Pytho grew into the town of Delphi, which claimed to be independent of Crissa. Thus Crissa declined, as Cirrha and Delphi rose in importance. Cirrha was destroyed in the First Sacred War ; but the fate of Crissa is uncertain. It

88-411: A group of twenty poets, exercised a relatively strong influence on the cultural life of Paris, particularly due to their tenacity in the perfection of rhyme and vocabulary. Parnassism influenced several French poets, but it also exercised an influence on modern Greek poets, particularly Kostis Palamas and Ioannis Gryparis. The name of the mountain (Mont Parnasse) was given to a quarter of Paris on

132-577: A little golden lyre and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to write verses for singing. As the Oracle of Delphi was sacred to the god Apollo , so did the mountain itself become associated with Apollo . According to some traditions, Parnassus was the site of the fountain Castalia and the home of the Muses; according to other traditions, that honor fell to Mount Helicon , another mountain in

176-654: A new ski area was completed in Kelaria, while in winter season 1987–1988 the chair lift Hermes started operating and connected the two ski areas. Both ski resorts continued expanding, and in 1993, the first high-speed quad in Greece was installed, named Hercules. In 2014–2015, two new hybrid lifts were installed along with a new eight-seater, replacing the old infrastructure. Today, the Ski Center operates with 16 lifts, two hybrid ski lifts that combine an eight-seater Cabin and

220-399: A romance; but it is a curious circumstance that near the ruins of Cirrha there is a salt spring having a purgative effect like the hellebore of the ancients. Cirrha was thus destroyed; but the fate of Crissa is uncertain. It is not improbable that Crissa had sunk into insignificance before this war, and that some of its inhabitants had settled at Delphi, and others at Cirrha. At all events, it

264-498: Is a mountain range of central Greece that is, and historically has been, especially valuable to the Greek nation and the earlier Greek city-states for many reasons. In peace, it offers scenic views of the countryside and is a major international recreational site with views of mountain landscapes. Economically, its rolling foothills and valleys host extensive groves of olive , a cash crop marketed world-wide since prehistory. The mountain

308-599: Is about 344 km (85,000 acres), bringing the terrain not covered by the park under protection.. Among the endemic flora species under protection are the Cephalonian fir tree and the Parnassian peony ( Paeonia parnassica ). In the Park are to be found birds of prey, wolves, boars, badgers, and weasels. The slopes of Mount Parnassus are composed of two ski sections, Kellaria and Fterolakka, which together make up

352-466: Is also the location of historical, archaeological, and other cultural sites, such as Delphi perched on the southern slopes of the mountain in a rift valley north of the Gulf of Corinth . Parnassus has an abundance of trails for hiking in the three warm seasons. In the winter, the entire range is open to skiing, especially from the resorts of Arachova . Its melting snows are a source of municipal water for

396-733: Is certain that Cirrha was the town against which the vengeance of the Amphictyons was directed. The spoils of Cirrha were employed by the Amphictyons in founding the Pythian Games . Near the ruins of the town in the Cirrhaean plain was the Hippodrome, and in the time of Pindar the Stadium also. The Hippodrome always remained in the maritime plain; but at a later time the Stadium was removed to Delphi. Cirrha remained in ruins, and

440-458: Is divided by two projecting rocks from the larger and more fertile Crissaean plain, which stretches as far as Crissa and Amphissa. The small Cirrhaean plain on the coast was the one dedicated to Apollo after the destruction of Cirrha. The name of the Crissaean plain in its more extended sense might include the Cirrhaean, so that the latter may be regarded as a part of the former. The boundaries of

484-399: Is in accordance with what we find in the history of other Grecian states. The original town is built upon a height at some distance from the sea, to secure it against hostile attacks, especially by sea; but in course of time, when property has become more secure, and the town itself has grown in power, a second place springs up on that part of the coast which had served previously as the port of

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528-528: Is its rich deposits of bauxite , which has led to their systematic mining since the end of the 1930s, resulting in ecological damage to part of the mountain. Mount Parnassus has very cold winters and cool summers. Below the data of the World Meteorological Organization station in the doline of Vathistalos. Mount Parnassus is named after Parnassos, son of the nymph Kleodora and the man Kleopompus. A city of which Parnassos

572-477: Is not improbable that Crissa had sunk into insignificance before this war, and that some of its inhabitants had settled at Delphi, and others at Cirrha. Between Crissa and Cirrha was a fertile plain, bounded on the north by Parnassus, on the east by Mount Cirphis , and on the west by the mountains of the Ozolian Locrians . On the western side it extended as far north as Amphissa , which was situated at

616-600: Is nothing to tie the Cretans to the Luwians. Linear A , the script of the Minoans , as the Cretans have been called, remains yet undeciphered. In summary, the ethnicity of the pre-Greek people or peoples, after many decades of scholarship, remains unknown, and there is yet no explanation of how and when this mountain was named with a Luwian name. Parnassus is one of the largest mountainous regions of Mainland Greece and one of

660-440: Is said to have been taken by a stratagem which is ascribed by some to Solon . The town was supplied with water by a canal from the river Pleistus. This canal was turned off, filled with hellebore , and then allowed to resume its former course; but scarcely had the thirsty Crissaeans drank of the poisoned water, than they were so weakened by its purgative effects that they could no longer defend their walls. This account sounds like

704-555: The Crissaean Gulf , and its ruins may still be seen at a short distance from the modern village of Chrisso . Cirrha was built subsequently at the head of the gulf, and rose into a town from being the port of Crissa. This is in accordance with what we find in the history of other Grecian states. The original town is built upon a height at some distance from the sea, to secure it against hostile attacks, especially by sea; but in course of time, when property has become more secure, and

748-584: The Cirrhaean plain continued uncultivated down to the time of Philip II of Macedon , the father of Alexander the Great , when the Amphissians dared to cultivate again the sacred plain, and attempted to rebuild the ruined town. This led to the Second Sacred War , in which Amphissa was taken by Philip, to whom the Amphictyons had entrusted the conduct of the war, in 338 BCE. Cirrha, however,

792-469: The Cirrhaean, so that the latter may be regarded as a part of the former. The boundaries of the land dedicated to the god were inscribed on one of the walls of the Delphian temple. The site of ancient Cirrha is identified at a hill called Magoula Xeropigadas near the modern village of Kirra , which reflects the ancient name, within the bounds of the municipal unit of Itea . As of the mid-19th century,

836-482: The Greek Civil War. Parnassus was in a unique position to serve as a center for resistance, as it had for the Greek war of independence. Battles were fought in the valleys surrounding the range. When the wars were over and the region went back to being an active park, the new science of ecology brought changes to the park administration. Species were inventoried, endemic and endangered ones were identified, and

880-477: The concept of a protected area was established. Parnassus National Park became a protected area for birds under the "Birds Directive." Subsequently, it acquired other protections under other laws as required by the EU. After 2000, it became Oros Parnassos, "Mount Parnassus," Natura 2000 protected area ID GR2410002. The two are not exactly identical. The national park is about 150 km (37,000 acres). The Natura 2000 area

924-488: The decade of 1866 to 1876 as a reaction to Romanticism . Parnassism was characterized by a return to some classicistic elements and belief in the doctrine of " Art for the Art ", first articulated by Theophile Gautier . The periodical Modern Parnassus , issued by Catul Mendes and Xavier Ricard, contained direct references to Mt. Parnassus and its mythological feature as habitation of the Muses. The Parnassists, who did not exceed

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968-421: The head of that part of the plain. This plain, as lying between Crissa and Cirrha, might be called either the Crissaean or Cirrhaean, and is sometimes so designated by the ancient writers; but, properly speaking, there appears to have been a distinction between the two plains. The Cirrhaean plain was the small plain near the town of Cirrha, extending from the sea as far as the modern village of Xeropegado , where it

1012-519: The highest Greek mountains. It spreads over three municipalities, namely Boeotia , Phthiotis and Phocis , where its largest part lies. Its altitude is 2,457 meters, and its highest peak is Liakouras. To the northwest, it is connected to Mount Giona and to the south to Kirphe. The mountain is delimited to the east by the valley of the Boeotian Kephissus and to the west by the valley of Amfissa . An unusual geological feature of Parnassus

1056-523: The inland town. This was undoubtedly the origin of Cirrha, which was situated at the mouth of the river Pleistus , and at the foot of Mount Cirphis. As of the mid-19th century, ancient Crissa's ruins could still be seen at a short distance from the modern village of Chrisso, surrounding the church of the Forty Saints. They consist of very ancient polygonal walls, still as high as 10 feet (3.0 m) in some parts, and as broad as 18 feet (5.5 m) on

1100-474: The land dedicated to the god were inscribed on one of the walls of the Delphian temple. The ancient town of Crissa gave its name to the bay above which it stood ; and the name was extended from this bay to the whole of the Corinthian Gulf , which was called Crissaean in the most ancient times. Cirrha was built subsequently at the head of the bay, and rose into a town from being the port of Crissa. This

1144-468: The largest ski center in Greece. A smaller ski center (only two drag lifts) called Gerontovrahos is across a ridge from Kellaria. Parnassus is mined for its abundant supply of bauxite which is converted to aluminium oxide and then to aluminium . The construction of the ski resort started in 1975 and was completed in 1976, when the first two drag lifts operated in Fterolaka. In 1981 the construction of

1188-609: The left bank of the Seine , where artists and poets used to gather and recite their poems in public. Montparnasse is nowadays one of the most renowned quarters of the city, and in its cemetery, many personalities of the arts and culture are buried. Parnassus figures earlier in Jonathan Swift's The Battle of the Books (1697) as the site of an ideological war between the ancients and the moderns. The National Park of Parnassus

1232-537: The northern side, and 12 feet (3.7 m) on the western. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Crissa". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. [REDACTED] Media related to Krisa (Akropolis) at Wikimedia Commons Cirrha 38°25′47″N 22°26′44″E  /  38.4296°N 22.4455°E  / 38.4296; 22.4455 Cirrha or Kirra ( Ancient Greek : Κίρρα )

1276-592: The possessive adjective of the Luwian word parna meaning house , or specifically temple , so the name effectively means the mountain of the house of the god . Such a derivation, being consistent with the reputation of the mountain as being a holy one, where the power of divinity is manifested, has always been considered a strong one, even by critics of the theory. Palmer goes on to postulate that some pre-Greek people were Anatolian, perhaps from an earlier wave of conquest, and that their country and facilities were taken by

1320-438: The proto-Greeks. The consistency, however, ends there. With regard to a possible preponderance of the evidence, this one word remains an isolate . There is no historical or archaeological evidence to tie the name to an Anatolian presence. G. Mylonas , reviewing the possibilities, found nothing at all to tie the archaeology around the mountain to anything Anatolian, and although a probable Cretan connection has been detected, there

1364-547: The remains of walls, enclosing a quadrangular space about a mile (1.6 km) in circuit, could be traced; and both within and without this space are the foundations of many large and small buildings. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Crissa". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. Mount Parnassus Mount Parnassus ( / p ɑːr ˈ n æ s ə s / ; Greek : Παρνασσός , Parnassós )

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1408-542: The same range. As the home of the Muses, Parnassus became known as the home of poetry, music, and learning. Parnassus was also the site of several unrelated minor events in Greek mythology. Parnassus was also the home of Pegasus , the winged horse of Bellerophon . This relation of the mountain to the Muses offered an instigation for its "mystification" by the poetic-artistic Parnassism movement, established in France in

1452-522: The south and east. They had good views of Parnassus, and climbed some part of it frequently, and yet the name remains unattested in what is known of their language, Mycenaean Greek , which is written in Linear B script. The philologist Leonard Robert Palmer suggested that Parnassus is a name derived from Luwian language , one of the Anatolian languages . In his view, the name derives from parnassas ,

1496-455: The surrounding communities. The mountain is composed of limestone , but also contains bauxite aluminum ore, which is mined and processed. In war, Parnassus has been a center of resistance if need be, providing cover and refuge to partisans. Parnassus is mentioned in early Ancient Greek literature. Many of its ancient communities are cited in Homer's Iliad . From a linguistic point of view, it

1540-522: The temple. In consequence of these outrages, the Amphictyons declared war, the First Sacred War , against the Cirrhaeans about 595 BCE, and at the end of ten years besieged (see Siege of Cirrha ) and succeeded in taking the city, which was razed to the ground, and the plain in its neighbourhood dedicated to Apollo , and curses imprecated upon any one who should till or dwell in it. Cirrha

1584-408: The town itself has grown in power, a second place springs up on that part of the coast which had served previously as the port of the inland town. This was undoubtedly the origin of Cirrha, which was situated at the mouth of the river Pleistus , and at the foot of Mount Cirphis . In course of time the sea-port town of Cirrha increased at the expense of Crissa; and the sanctuary of Pytho grew into

1628-408: The town of Cirrha, extending from the sea as far as the modern village of Xeropegado , where it is divided by two projecting rocks from the larger and more fertile Crissaean plain, which stretches as far as Crissa and Amphissa. The small Cirrhaean plain on the coast was the one dedicated to Apollo after the destruction of Cirrha. The name of the Crissaean plain in its more extended sense might include

1672-524: The town of Delphi, which claimed to be independent of Crissa. Thus Crissa declined, as Cirrha and Delphi rose in importance. The power of Cirrha excited the jealousy of the Delphians, more especially as the inhabitants of the former city commanded the approach to the temple by sea. Moreover, the Cirrhaeans levied exorbitant tolls upon the pilgrims who landed at the town upon their way to Delphi, and were said to have maltreated Phocian women on their return from

1716-402: The western side it extended as far north as Amphissa, which was situated at the head of that part of the plain. This plain, as lying between Crissa and Cirrha, might be called either the Crissaean or Cirrhaean, and is sometimes so designated by the ancient writers; but, properly speaking, there appears to have been a distinction between the two plains. The Cirrhaean plain was the small plain near

1760-476: Was a town in ancient Phocis on the coast, which served as the harbour of Delphi . Pausanias erroneously supposes that Cirrha was a later name of the Homeric Crissa . They were two separate towns, with interlinked histories. Crissa was more ancient than Cirrha, and was situated inland a little southwest of Delphi, at the southern end of a projecting spur of Mount Parnassus . Crissa gave name to

1804-403: Was afterwards rebuilt as the port of Delphi. It is first mentioned again by Polybius ; and in the time of Pausanias (2nd century) it contained a temple common to Apollo, Artemis , and Leto , in which were statues of Attic work. Between Crissa and Cirrha was a fertile plain, bounded on the north by Parnassus, on the east by Cirphis, and on the west by the mountains of the Ozolian Locrians . On

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1848-497: Was founded in 1938. The idea behind the park was to preserve the natural habitat, for which it was necessary to govern the disposition of its natural resources. However, the park did not include all the terrain considered to be in the range. The highest peaks were omitted. Within a few years the park aspect of the land became dormant as Greece turned its attention toward ending the German occupation, and then after World War II, settling

1892-640: Was home to states of the Dorians , such as the Phokians , who spoke a Doric dialect, Phokian. According to Greek mythology , this mountain was sacred to Dionysus and the Dionysian mysteries ; it was also sacred to Apollo and the Corycian nymphs , and it was the home of the Muses . However, there is a significant gap in the proto-history of the name, Parnassos. Mycenaean settlements were abundant to

1936-490: Was the leader was flooded by torrential rains. The citizens ran from the flood, following the howling of wolves, up the mountain slope. There, the survivors built another city called Lykoreia, which in Greek means "the howling of the wolves." While Orpheus was living with his mother and his eight beautiful aunts on Parnassus, he met Apollo , who was courting the laughing muse Thalia . Becoming fond of Orpheus , Apollo gave him

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