Misplaced Pages

#588411

84-643: The Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center ( PWRCC ) is a wildlife rehabilitation and conservation facility and crocodile farm in Puerto Princesa , Palawan , Philippines . The Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center (PWRCC) was established on August 20, 1987, as the Crocodile Farming Institute (CFI). A joint venture of the Philippine government's Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and

168-418: A zoo or nature center or be kept by the rehabilitator (under separate permit) as a surrogate parent for orphaned or injured young wildlife. Preventing imprinting and habituation is important in the rehabilitation process. Imprinting occurs when a young animal, specifically young birds, begin to see the rehabilitator as their primary caregiver. It is possible to reverse this process in most animals, but it

252-457: A French physician and professor of medicine, and Michael Boudewijns (1601–1681), a physician and teacher. Other voices argued for euthanasia, such as John Donne in 1624, and euthanasia continued to be practised. In 1678, the publication of Caspar Questel's De pulvinari morientibus non-subtrahend , (" On the pillow of which the dying should not be deprived "), initiated debate on the topic. Questel described various customs which were employed at

336-401: A climate of anti-Catholic sentiment generally, regarding issues such as birth control, eugenics, and population control. However, the petition did not result in any legal changes. Historically, the euthanasia debate has tended to focus on a number of key concerns. According to euthanasia opponent Ezekiel Emanuel , proponents of euthanasia have presented four main arguments: a) that people have

420-541: A desire to artificially hasten their death. In addition, it allowed for infants to be euthanised if they were sufficiently deformed, and permitted guardians to request euthanasia on behalf of their wards. The proposed legislation also imposed penalties on physicians who refused to perform euthanasia when requested: a 6–12-month prison term and a fine of between $ 200 and $ 1,000. The proposal proved to be controversial. It engendered considerable debate and failed to pass, having been withdrawn from consideration after being passed to

504-652: A discussion of euthanasia presented in 2003 by the European Association of Palliative Care (EPAC) Ethics Task Force, the authors offered: "Medicalized killing of a person without the person's consent, whether nonvoluntary (where the person is unable to consent) or involuntary (against the person's will), is not euthanasia: it is murder. Hence, euthanasia can be voluntary only." Although the EPAC Ethics Task Force argued that both non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia could not be included in

588-408: A doctor at the request of a patient". The Dutch law, however, does not use the term 'euthanasia' but includes the concept under the broader definition of "assisted suicide and termination of life on request". Euthanasia is categorised in different ways, which include voluntary , non-voluntary , and involuntary . Voluntary euthanasia is when a person wishes to have their life ended and is legal in

672-544: A fatal dose of morphine and cocaine to hasten his death. At the time he was suffering from cardio-respiratory failure, and the decision to end his life was made by his physician, Lord Dawson . Although this event was kept a secret for over 50 years, the death of George V coincided with proposed legislation in the House of Lords to legalise euthanasia. A 24 July 1939 killing of a severely disabled infant in Nazi Germany

756-695: A federal permit are common birds considered to be introduced invasive species such as rock doves , European starlings , and house sparrows ; although many licensed rehabilitation facilities cannot accept introduced species as a condition of their licensing. Not only is it illegal for many licensed wildlife rehabilitators to release non-native wildlife, most introduced species are harmful to native species and ecosystems Euthanasia Note: Varies by jurisdiction Note: Varies by jurisdiction Euthanasia (from Greek : εὐθανασία , lit.   'good death': εὖ , eu , 'well, good' + θάνατος , thanatos , 'death')

840-525: A genuine euthanasia. He explains that the Nazi version of "euthanasia" was based on the work of Adolf Jost , who published The Right to Death (Das Recht auf den Tod) in 1895. Lifton writes: Jost argued that control over the death of the individual must ultimately belong to the social organism, the state. This concept is in direct opposition to the Anglo-American concept of euthanasia, which emphasizes

924-507: A growing number of countries. Non-voluntary euthanasia occurs when a patient's consent is unavailable and is legal in some countries under certain limited conditions, in both active and passive forms. Involuntary euthanasia, which is done without asking for consent or against the patient's will, is illegal in all countries and is usually considered murder . As of 2006 , euthanasia had become the most active area of research in bioethics . In some countries, divisive public controversy occurs over

SECTION 10

#1732782974589

1008-608: A key part of conservation programs. Current Trends and Challenges Today, wildlife rehabilitation is a global practice, with centers and trained rehabilitators operating in many countries. Rehabilitators work closely with veterinarians, government agencies, and conservationists to care for animals and address the impact of human activities on wildlife populations. Rehabilitation efforts have expanded to include not only individual animal care but also broader roles in conservation, public education, and wildlife research. Climate change , habitat destruction , and pollution continue to drive

1092-582: A number of objections to the Christian doctrine of the sanctity of human life". The rise of the euthanasia movement in the United States coincided with the so-called Gilded Age , a time of social and technological change that encompassed an "individualistic conservatism that praised laissez-faire economics, scientific method , and rationalism ", along with major depressions , industrialisation and conflict between corporations and labour unions. It

1176-424: A number of possible actions that would meet the requirements of the definition but would not be seen as euthanasia. In particular, these include situations where a person kills another, painlessly, but for no reason beyond that of personal gain, or accidental deaths that are quick and painless but not intentional. Another approach incorporated the notion of suffering into the definition. The definition offered by

1260-399: A patient's death, so long as the person is of lawful age and sound mind, and was suffering from a fatal injury, an irrevocable illness, or great physical pain. It also required that the case be heard by a physician, required informed consent in front of three witnesses, and required the attendance of three physicians who had to agree that the patient's recovery was impossible. A motion to reject

1344-405: A person gives informed consent : voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. There is a debate within the medical and bioethics literature about whether or not the non-voluntary (and by extension, involuntary) killing of patients can be regarded as euthanasia, irrespective of intent or the patient's circumstances. In the definitions offered by Beauchamp and Davidson and, later, by Wreen, consent on

1428-400: A person suffering from an incurable disease for personal gain (such as to claim an inheritance), and commentators such as Tom Beauchamp and Arnold Davidson have argued that doing so would constitute "murder simpliciter" rather than euthanasia. The third element incorporated into many definitions is that of intentionality: the death must be intended rather than accidental, and the intent of

1512-498: A recognized profession. In 1984, these two organizations collaborated to publish the Minimum Standards for Wildlife Rehabilitation. As scientific understanding of wildlife behavior and veterinary medicine advanced, rehabilitators adopted more sophisticated techniques for treating injured animals. This era also saw the development of wildlife-specific veterinary practices and the establishment of wildlife rehabilitation as

1596-541: A right to self-determination , and thus should be allowed to choose their own fate; b) assisting a subject to die might be a better choice than requiring that they continue to suffer; c) the distinction between passive euthanasia, which is often permitted, and active euthanasia, which is not substantive (or that the underlying principle–the doctrine of double effect –is unreasonable or unsound); and d) permitting euthanasia will not necessarily lead to unacceptable consequences. Pro-euthanasia activists often point to countries like

1680-437: A secret Nazi decree that led to 'mercy killings' of almost 300,000 mentally and physically handicapped people". While Kretchmar's killing received parental consent, most of the 5,000 to 8,000 children killed afterwards were forcibly taken from their parents. The "euthanasia campaign" of mass murder gathered momentum on 14 January 1940 when the "handicapped" were killed with gas vans and at killing centres, eventually leading to

1764-474: A specific practice began to emerge in the 20th century. In the early 1900s, conservationists and animal welfare advocates started to recognize the value of rescuing and rehabilitating injured wildlife. At this time, it was common for private individuals or veterinarians to care for wild animals in their homes with little formal training or regulatory oversight. The Rise of Wildlife Conservation (Mid-20th Century) Wildlife rehabilitation became more organized during

SECTION 20

#1732782974589

1848-546: Is a burden or hindrance to the state. The Nazis followed this principle and compulsory Euthanasia was practiced as a part of their program during the recent war. We American citizens of New York State must ask ourselves this question: "Are we going to finish Hitler's job?" The petition brought tensions between the American Euthanasia Society and the Catholic Church to a head that contributed to

1932-399: Is almost nonexistent. As of 2024, dictionary definitions focus on euthanasia as the act of killing someone to prevent further suffering. There is no sense of whether the person agrees or is proactive in the situation. In 1974 euthanasia was defined as the "painless inducement of a quick death". However, it is argued that this approach fails to properly define euthanasia, as it leaves open

2016-420: Is found and reported to a wildlife rehabilitator, or seized from the illegal wildlife trade or a poacher. If you find wildlife in need of rescue, it can be dangerous or even illegal to interact with the animal yourself; be sure to contact a licensed rehabilitator before taking action. Assessment and Treatment: Upon arrival, the animal is examined by a trained wildlife rehabilitator or veterinarian to determine

2100-515: Is fully recovered, rehabilitators aim to release it into a suitable habitat close to where it was originally found. The release site is carefully chosen to ensure the animal can thrive in its environment. Other Outcomes: In order to be released, an animals must be physically and mentally well and be able to survive on its own. Animals that cannot be rehabilitated are usually euthanized humanely, although animals are occasionally placed at facilities appropriately licensed for educational exhibit such as

2184-477: Is permanent with birds. Rehabilitators have to take caution when caring for young animals in order to avoid this. It is critical to establish maintain boundaries between the rehabilitator and the animal. This includes wearing a mask and gloves around animals or even covering an animal's cage with a towel to prevent contact with humans. Early Practices Throughout history, various cultures have exhibited compassion toward injured animals, but wildlife rehabilitation as

2268-427: Is sufficient current evidence for either A or B that causal means to A's death will not produce any more suffering than would be produced for A if B were not to intervene; (4) the causal means to the event of A's death are chosen by A or B to be as painless as possible, unless either A or B has an overriding reason for a more painful causal means, where the reason for choosing the latter causal means does not conflict with

2352-466: Is sufficient current evidence related to A's present condition such that one or more known causal laws supports B's belief that A will be in a condition of acute suffering or irreversible comatoseness; (3) (a) B's primary reason for intending A's death is cessation of A's (actual or predicted future) suffering or irreversible comatoseness, where B does not intend A's death for a different primary reason, though there may be other relevant reasons, and (b) there

2436-494: Is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering . Different countries have different euthanasia laws . The British House of Lords select committee on medical ethics defines euthanasia as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering". In the Netherlands and Belgium , euthanasia is understood as "termination of life by

2520-815: The Japan International Cooperation Agency , the CFI is intended to facilitate the sustainable conservation of the Philippine crocodile and Saltwater crocodile as well as to promote crocodile farming to locals as a means of livelihood. The management of the facility was done by the DENR's Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) In 2000, the CFI was renamed as the Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center (PWRCC) through DENR Administrative Order 49. From 2002 to 2010,

2604-528: The National Secular Society , considering it a duty to society to "die voluntarily and painlessly" when one reaches the point of becoming a 'burden'. Popular Science analyzed the issue in May 1873, assessing both sides of the argument. Kemp notes that at the time, medical doctors did not participate in the discussion; it was "essentially a philosophical enterprise ... tied inextricably to

Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-570: The Oxford English Dictionary incorporates suffering as a necessary condition with "the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma", This approach is included in Marvin Khol and Paul Kurtz's definition of it as "a mode or act of inducing or permitting death painlessly as a relief from suffering". Counterexamples can be given: such definitions may encompass killing

2772-679: The Saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ). The facility has accreditation from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) which it obtained on January 4, 1997, allowing it to sell Saltwater crocodiles for commercial purposes. While it is illegal for the center to sell Philippine crocodiles, Saltwater crocodiles are sometimes sold for their leather. It also hosts other animals and plants including Palawan endemic species. Some animals were temporarily kept in

2856-425: The individual's 'right to die' or 'right to death' or 'right to his or her own death,' as the ultimate human claim. In contrast, Jost was pointing to the state's right to kill. ... Ultimately the argument was biological: 'The rights to death [are] the key to the fitness of life.' The state must own death—must kill—in order to keep the social organism alive and healthy. In modern terms, the use of "euthanasia" in

2940-724: The 1980s and 1990s as more people became involved, and the need for standardized care practices became apparent. Organizations like the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council (IWRC), founded in 1972, and the National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA), founded in 1982, were instrumental in developing training programs, certifications, and best practices. These organizations provided education, support, and networking for wildlife rehabilitators, helping to establish wildlife rehabilitation as

3024-541: The Birmingham Speculative Club in England, which was subsequently published in a one-off publication entitled Essays of the Birmingham Speculative Club , the collected works of a number of members of an amateur philosophical society. Williams' proposal was to use chloroform to deliberately hasten the death of terminally ill patients: That in all cases of hopeless and painful illness, it should be

3108-679: The Clean Water Act helped further establish a legal framework that encouraged wildlife preservation and, by extension, rehabilitation efforts. The Lindsay Wildlife Experience , originally the Lindsay Wildlife Museum and Wildlife Hospital in Walnut Creek, California was the first wildlife hospital in the United States, opening in 1970. Professionalization of Wildlife Rehabilitation (Late 20th Century) The field of wildlife rehabilitation began to professionalize in

3192-698: The Committee on Public Health. After 1906 the euthanasia debate reduced in intensity, resurfacing periodically, but not returning to the same level of debate until the 1930s in the United Kingdom. Euthanasia opponent Ian Dowbiggin argues that the early membership of the Euthanasia Society of America (ESA) reflected how many perceived euthanasia at the time, often seeing it as a eugenics matter rather than an issue concerning individual rights. Dowbiggin argues that not every eugenist joined

3276-565: The ESA "solely for eugenic reasons", but he postulates that there were clear ideological connections between the eugenics and euthanasia movements. The Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society was founded in 1935 by Charles Killick Millard (now called Dignity in Dying). The movement campaigned for the legalisation of euthanasia in Great Britain. In January 1936, King George V was given

3360-627: The Euthanasia Society of America presented to the New York State Legislature a petition to legalize euthanasia, signed by 379 leading Protestant and Jewish ministers, the largest group of religious leaders ever to have taken this stance. A similar petition had been sent to the New York Legislature in 1947, signed by approximately 1,000 New York physicians. Roman Catholic religious leaders criticized

3444-757: The Natural Resource Development Corporation (NRDC) took full control over the PWRCC. For 10 years the management of the PWRCC was taken care by the BMB, except the commercial aspect which was handled by the NRDC. In 2020, the PWRCC was once again reverted to the NRDC. Also known as the Crocodile Farm, the PWRCC is dedicated to keeping two endemic crocodile species in captivity – the Philippine crocodile ( Crocodylus mindorensis ) and

Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-555: The Netherlands under the Groningen Protocol . Passive forms of non-voluntary euthanasia (i.e. withholding treatment) are legal in a number of countries under specified conditions. Involuntary euthanasia is conducted against the will of the patient. Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary types can be further divided into passive or active variants. Passive euthanasia entails the withholding treatment necessary for

3612-417: The action must be a "merciful death". Michael Wreen argued that "the principal thing that distinguishes euthanasia from intentional killing simpliciter is the agent's motive: it must be a good motive insofar as the good of the person killed is concerned." Similarly, Heather Draper speaks to the importance of motive, arguing that "the motive forms a crucial part of arguments for euthanasia, because it must be in

3696-423: The action specified in (1) is more or less in accordance with A's plan of action; (5) A's killing of B is a voluntary action; (6) the motive for the action specified in (1), the motive standing behind the intention specified in (2), is the good of the person killed. Wreen also considered a seventh requirement: "(7) The good specified in (6) is, or at least includes, the avoidance of evil", although, as Wreen noted in

3780-580: The aim of releasing them back into the wild. The U.S. saw the rise of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which played an important role in wildlife protection. It prohibited the capture, killing, or selling of migratory birds and laid the groundwork for more structured wildlife care, specifically for bird species. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, landmark conservation laws like the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and

3864-428: The benefit of the second person, who actually does benefit from being killed". Draper argued that any definition of euthanasia must incorporate four elements: an agent and a subject; an intention; causal proximity, such that the actions of the agent lead to the outcome; and an outcome. Based on this, she offered a definition incorporating those elements, stating that euthanasia "must be defined as death that results from

3948-465: The best interests of the person on the receiving end." Definitions such as those offered by the House of Lords Select committee on Medical Ethics take this path, where euthanasia is defined as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering." Beauchamp and Davidson also highlight Baruch Brody 's "an act of euthanasia is one in which one person ... (A) kills another person (B) for

4032-637: The bill outright was voted down, but the bill failed to pass, 79 to 23. Along with the Ohio euthanasia proposal, in 1906 Assemblyman Ross Gregory introduced a proposal to permit euthanasia to the Iowa legislature . However, the Iowa legislation was broader in scope than that offered in Ohio. It allowed for the death of any person of at least ten years of age who suffered from an ailment that would prove fatal and cause extreme pain, should they be of sound mind and express

4116-619: The cold ground. Suicide and euthanasia became more accepted during the Age of Enlightenment . Thomas More wrote of euthanasia in Utopia , although it is not clear if More was intending to endorse the practice. Other cultures have taken different approaches: for example, in Japan suicide has not traditionally been viewed as a sin, as it is used in cases of honor, and accordingly, the perceptions of euthanasia are different from those in other parts of

4200-401: The context of Aktion T4 is seen to be a euphemism to disguise a program of genocide , in which people were killed on the grounds of "disabilities, religious beliefs, and discordant individual values". Compared to the discussions of euthanasia that emerged post-war, the Nazi program may have been worded in terms that appear similar to the modern use of "euthanasia", but there was no "mercy" and

4284-417: The continuance of life. Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces (such as administering a lethal injection ), and is more controversial. While some authors consider these terms to be misleading and unhelpful, they are nonetheless commonly used. In some cases, such as the administration of increasingly necessary, but toxic doses of painkillers , there is a debate whether or not to regard

SECTION 50

#1732782974589

4368-402: The death of a human being, A, is an instance of euthanasia if and only if (1) A's death is intended by at least one other human being, B, where B is either the cause of death or a causally relevant feature of the event resulting in death (whether by action or by omission); (2) there is either sufficient current evidence for B to believe that A is acutely suffering or irreversibly comatose, or there

4452-564: The deaths of 70,000 adult Germans. was a campaign of mass murder by involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany . Its code name Aktion T4 is derived from Tiergartenstraße  4, a street address of the Chancellery department which recruited and paid personnel associated with the program. Professor Robert Jay Lifton , author of The Nazi Doctors and a leading authority on the T4 program, contrasts this program with what he considers to be

4536-507: The definition of euthanasia, there is discussion in the literature about excluding one but not the other. "Euthanasia" has had different meanings depending on usage. The first apparent usage of the term "euthanasia" belongs to the historian Suetonius , who described how the Emperor Augustus , "dying quickly and without suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia, experienced the 'euthanasia' he had wished for." The word "euthanasia"

4620-585: The definition of euthanasia. The first attempt to legalise euthanasia took place in the United States, when Henry Hunt introduced legislation into the General Assembly of Ohio in 1906. Hunt did so at the behest of Anna Sophina Hall , a wealthy heiress who was a major figure in the euthanasia movement during the early 20th century in the United States. Hall had watched her mother die after an extended battle with liver cancer , and had dedicated herself to ensuring that others would not have to endure

4704-405: The evidence in 3b; (5) A is a nonfetal organism. Wreen, in part responding to Beauchamp and Davidson, offered a six-part definition: Person A committed an act of euthanasia if and only if (1) A killed B or let her die; (2) A intended to kill B; (3) the intention specified in (2) was at least partial cause of the action specified in (1); (4) the causal journey from the intention specified in (2) to

4788-492: The extent of the injury and the probability of successful rehabilitation. This can involve treating injuries, administering medication, and providing supportive care such as fluids and nutrition. Rehabilitation: Once stabilized, the animal is placed in an appropriate setting where it can recover. This may include an aviary, enclosure, or pool, depending on the species. Animals undergo rehabilitation to regain their strength, mobility, and survival skills. Release: When an animal

4872-544: The facility for rehabilitation due to being found injured in the wild or seized by authorities from illegal captivity and are meant to be released back to the wild. Some animals are kept under long-term captivity in the PWRCC. The PWRCC is also open to the public and organizes informational tours. As of October 2021, the facility hosts 1,450 individual crocodiles and 245 other wild animals. The PWRCC has four components: Wildlife rehabilitation In addition to caring for animals, wildlife rehabilitators often work to educate

4956-468: The field remains an essential part of modern conservation efforts. Wildlife rehabilitation is regulated by governmental agencies to ensure the safety and welfare of both animals and rehabilitators. In many countries, including the United States and Australia, wildlife rehabilitation requires a license and/or permit(s). In the U.S., the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) oversees

5040-499: The first time by Marx. Marx also stressed the distinction of the theological care of the soul of sick people from the physical care and medical treatment by doctors. Euthanasia in its modern sense has always been strongly opposed in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Thomas Aquinas opposed both and argued that the practice of euthanasia contradicted our natural human instincts of survival, as did Francois Ranchin (1565–1641),

5124-418: The intention of one person to kill another person, using the most gentle and painless means possible, that is motivated solely by the best interests of the person who dies." Prior to Draper, Beauchamp and Davidson had also offered a definition that included these elements. Their definition specifically discounts fetuses to distinguish between abortions and euthanasia: In summary, we have argued ... that

SECTION 60

#1732782974589

5208-467: The mid-20th century, coinciding with growing global awareness of environmental issues and the need to protect biodiversity. After World War II, wildlife conservation became a major concern in the United States and other parts of the world, as habitats were destroyed by development, pollution, and industrial activities. Along with conservation efforts, the first wildlife rehabilitation centers began to emerge, focusing on treating injured or orphaned animals with

5292-510: The moral, ethical, and legal issues associated with euthanasia. Passive euthanasia (known as "pulling the plug") is legal under some circumstances in many countries. Active euthanasia, however, is legal or de facto legal in only a handful of countries (for example, Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland), which limit it to specific circumstances and require the approval of counsellors , doctors, or other specialists. In some countries—such as Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—support for active euthanasia

5376-503: The need for wildlife rehabilitation. Rehabilitators often care for animals affected by oil spills, wildfires, and other environmental disasters. They also play a key role in managing wildlife diseases like West Nile Virus, avian influenza, and the spread of White-Nose Syndrome in bats. However, wildlife rehabilitators face ongoing challenges, including limited funding, lack of resources, and the ethical dilemmas of when to euthanize severely injured or diseased animals. Despite these challenges,

5460-432: The paper, he was not convinced that the restriction was required. In discussing his definition, Wreen noted the difficulty of justifying euthanasia when faced with the notion of the subject's " right to life ". In response, Wreen argued that euthanasia has to be voluntary and that "involuntary euthanasia is, as such, a great wrong". Other commentators incorporate consent more directly into their definitions. For example, in

5544-542: The part of the patient was not considered one of their criteria, although it may have been required to justify euthanasia. However, others see consent as essential. Voluntary euthanasia is conducted with the consent of the patient. Active voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary euthanasia is legal throughout the US per Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health . When

5628-517: The patient brings about their own death with the assistance of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and the U.S. states of California, Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont. Non-voluntary euthanasia is conducted when the consent of the patient is unavailable. Examples include child euthanasia , which is illegal worldwide but decriminalised under certain specific circumstances in

5712-519: The patients were not necessarily terminally ill. Despite these differences, historian and euthanasia opponent Ian Dowbiggin writes that "the origins of Nazi euthanasia, like those of the American euthanasia movement, predate the Third Reich and were intertwined with the history of eugenics and Social Darwinism, and with efforts to discredit traditional morality and ethics." On 6 January 1949,

5796-468: The petition, saying that such a bill would "legalize a suicide-murder pact" and a "rationalization of the fifth commandment of God, 'Thou Shalt Not Kill. ' " The Right Reverend Robert E. McCormick stated that: The ultimate object of the Euthanasia Society is based on the Totalitarian principle that the state is supreme and that the individual does not have the right to live if his continuance in life

5880-494: The practice , writing "I will not prescribe a deadly drug to please someone, nor give advice that may cause his death" (noting there is some debate in the literature about whether or not this was intended to encompass euthanasia). The term euthanasia , in the earlier sense of supporting someone as they died, was used for the first time by Francis Bacon . In his work, Euthanasia medica , he chose this ancient Greek word and, in doing so, distinguished between euthanasia interior ,

5964-606: The practice as active or passive. Euthanasia was practiced in Ancient Greece and Rome : for example, hemlock was employed as a means of hastening death on the island of Kea , a technique also employed in Massalia . Euthanasia, in the sense of the deliberate hastening of a person's death, was supported by Socrates , Plato and Seneca the Elder in the ancient world, although Hippocrates appears to have spoken against

6048-539: The preparation of the soul for death, and euthanasia exterior , which was intended to make the end of life easier and painless, in exceptional circumstances by shortening life. That the ancient meaning of an easy death came to the fore again in the early modern period can be seen from its definition in the 18th century Zedlers Universallexikon : Euthanasia: a very gentle and quiet death, which happens without painful convulsions. The word comes from ευ, bene , well, and θανατος, mors , death. The concept of euthanasia in

6132-473: The public about conservation, habitat protection, and how to coexist with wildlife. They play an essential role in addressing the effects of human activities on wild animal populations, including habitat destruction, pollution, and vehicle collisions. Wildlife rehabilitation requires specialized knowledge and training in wildlife biology, veterinary medicine, and animal care. The process typically follows these steps: Rescue: Rehabilitation begins when an animal

6216-433: The recognized duty of the medical attendant, whenever so desired by the patient, to administer chloroform or such other anaesthetic as may by-and-bye supersede chloroform – so as to destroy consciousness at once, and put the sufferer to a quick and painless death; all needful precautions being adopted to prevent any possible abuse of such duty; and means being taken to establish, beyond the possibility of doubt or question, that

6300-457: The rehabilitation of migratory birds under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , while state and local agencies regulate the care of other species. Rehabilitators must obtain permits to handle and care for wild animals, and they must follow strict guidelines regarding their treatment and release. In these countries, it is against the law to rehabilitate (or in some cases possess) a wild animal without permits. The only birds rehabilitators can admit without

6384-540: The remedy was applied at the express wish of the patient. The essay was favourably reviewed in The Saturday Review , but an editorial against the essay appeared in The Spectator . From there it proved to be influential, and other writers came out in support of such views: Lionel Tollemache wrote in favour of euthanasia, as did Annie Besant , the essayist and reformer who later became involved with

6468-468: The right to commit suicide, and, furthermore, that it should be permissible for a doctor to assist – thus making Adler the first "prominent American" to argue for suicide in cases where people were suffering from chronic illness. Both Ingersoll and Adler argued for voluntary euthanasia of adults suffering from terminal ailments. Dowbiggin argues that by breaking down prior moral objections to euthanasia and suicide, Ingersoll and Adler enabled others to stretch

6552-511: The same suffering. Towards this end she engaged in an extensive letter writing campaign, recruited Lurana Sheldon and Maud Ballington Booth , and organised a debate on euthanasia at the annual meeting of the American Humane Association in 1905 – described by Jacob Appel as the first significant public debate on the topic in the 20th century. Hunt's bill called for the administration of an anesthetic to bring about

6636-427: The sense of alleviating the process of death goes back to the medical historian Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx , who drew on Bacon's philosophical ideas. According to Marx, a doctor had a moral duty to ease the suffering of death through encouragement, support and mitigation using medication. Such an "alleviation of death" reflected the contemporary zeitgeist , but was brought into the medical canon of responsibility for

6720-494: The time to hasten the death of the dying, (including the sudden removal of a pillow, which was believed to accelerate death), and argued against their use, as doing so was "against the laws of God and Nature". This view was shared by others who followed, including Philipp Jakob Spener, Veit Riedlin and Johann Georg Krünitz . Despite opposition, euthanasia continued to be practised, involving techniques such as bleeding, suffocation, and removing people from their beds to be placed on

6804-407: The world. In the mid-1800s, the use of morphine to treat "the pains of death" emerged, with John Warren recommending its use in 1848. A similar use of chloroform was revealed by Joseph Bullar in 1866. However, in neither case was it recommended that the use should be to hasten death. In 1870 Samuel Williams, a schoolteacher, initiated the contemporary euthanasia debate through a speech given at

6888-583: Was also the period in which the modern hospital system was developed, which has been seen as a factor in the emergence of the euthanasia debate. Robert Ingersoll argued for euthanasia, stating in 1894 that where someone is suffering from a terminal illness, such as terminal cancer, they should have a right to end their pain through suicide. Felix Adler offered a similar approach, although, unlike Ingersoll, Adler did not reject religion. In fact, he argued from an Ethical Culture framework. In 1891, Adler argued that those suffering from overwhelming pain should have

6972-700: Was described in a BBC "Genocide Under the Nazis Timeline" as the first "state-sponsored euthanasia". Parties that consented to the killing included Hitler's office, the parents, and the Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious and Congenitally Based Illnesses. The Telegraph noted that the killing of the disabled infant—whose name was Gerhard Kretschmar , born blind, with missing limbs, subject to convulsions, and reportedly "an idiot"— provided "the rationale for

7056-461: Was first used in a medical context by Francis Bacon in the 17th century to refer to an easy, painless, happy death, during which it was a "physician's responsibility to alleviate the 'physical sufferings' of the body." Bacon referred to an "outward euthanasia"—the term "outward" he used to distinguish from a spiritual concept—the euthanasia "which regards the preparation of the soul." Euthanasia may be classified into three types, according to whether

#588411