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121-664: This coalition governed the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia from 1903 until the dissolution of the Austria-Hungary and the Yugoslav unification in 1918, when it was by and large integrated into the liberal Yugoslav Democratic Party . The previous incarnation of Croat-Serb cooperation in the historical Croatian lands under Austro-Hungarian rule had happened sixty years earlier in the Illyrian movement ; its proponents advocated

242-639: A coup d'état plot , and requested help from the Serbian Army to quell the violence. At the same time, the council hoped Serbian support would halt the Italian Army 's advance from the west, where it had seized Rijeka and was approaching Ljubljana . Having no legal means to stop the Italian advance because the Entente Powers hand authorised it, nor having sufficient armed forces to stop it,

363-517: A South-Slavic polity with a rank equal to the Kingdom of Hungary . After the neighbouring Kingdom of Serbia achieved independence through the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , the Yugoslav idea became irrelevant in that country. Before the 1912 First Balkan War , Serbia was mono-ethnic and Serbian nationalists sought to include those they considered to be Serbs into the state. It portrayed the work of bishops Josip Juraj Strossmayer and Franjo Rački as

484-495: A Yugoslav Committee until Italy's entry into the war became certain. The Entente Powers ultimately concluded an alliance with Italy by offering it large areas of Austria-Hungary that were inhabited by South Slavs, mostly Croats and Slovenes, along the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea. The offer was formalised as the 1915 Treaty of London , and caused Trumbić and Supilo to reconsider their criticism of Serbian policies. This

605-529: A book examining the relationship between the Yugoslav Committee and the Serbian government, and its translation was published in 1925. According to Paulová, the committee had to fight for an equal position while Pašić's actions were guided by Serbian nationalism. Paulová's work had an impact on Yugoslav historiography, especially Slovene and Croatian, and contributed to the interwar period debate on

726-407: A centralised state. They saw no need for a federal system because they deemed differences between Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes to be the artificial result of Austrian rule. Supilo protested by informing the Yugoslav Committee he had sent a memo to Grey proposing an independent Croatian state should be established unless Serbia agreed to treat Croats and Slovenes as equal to Serbs. His principal complaint

847-539: A county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into Croatia–Slavonia in 1881. The counties were subsequently divided into a total of 77 districts ( Croatian : kotari , similar to Austrian Bezirke ) as governmental units. Cities ( gradovi ) and municipalities ( općine ) were local authorities. According to the 1868 Agreement and the Decree No. 18.307 of 16 November 1867 of

968-606: A disputed section in the 1868 Settlement known as the Rijeka Addendum  [ hr ] , became a corpus separatum and was legally owned by Hungary, but administered by both Croatia and Hungary. The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was ruled by the emperor of Austria , who bore the title King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and was confirmed by the State Sabor (Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia or Croatian-Slavonian Diet) upon accession. The King's appointed steward

1089-525: A fine of 2 to 200 K or with arrest from 6 hours to 14 days and confiscate the unauthorized flag or emblem. " Data taken from the 1910 census. According to the 1910 census, illiteracy rate in Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia was 45.9%. The lowest illiteracy was in Zagreb , Osijek and Zemun . The Royal Croatian Home Guard was the military of the Kingdom. Additionally, Croats made up 5 percent of members in

1210-493: A manner that ignored the earlier declarations, and the committee ceased to exist shortly afterwards. The idea of South Slavic political unity predates the creation of Yugoslavia by nearly a century. The concept was first developed in Habsburg Croatia by a group of Croat intellectuals who formed the Illyrian movement in the 19th century and developed through many forms and proposals. They argued Croatian history

1331-465: A means to conquer neighbouring territories for Serbian gain. Trumbić and Supilo found another reason to distrust Pašić when Pašić dispatched envoys to address Sazonov's opposition to the addition of Roman Catholic South Slavs to the proposed South Slavic union. The envoys wrote a memorandum claiming Croats only inhabit the north of Central Croatia, and that the regions of Slavonia, Krbava , Lika , Bačka , and Banat should be added to Serbia, as well as

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1452-647: A message from the President of France Raymond Poincaré stating he wished Pašić to come to an agreement with the representatives of the National Council. In return, the National Council and the Yugoslav Committee agreed to a speedy unification, and signed the Geneva Declaration . A week later, prompted by Pašić, the Serbian government renounced the declaration, saying it limited Serbian sovereignty to its pre-war borders. The Vice President of

1573-725: A part of the Sava Banate and in 1939 autonomous Banovina of Croatia . The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ( Ausgleich ) created the Dual Monarchy. Under the Compromise, Austria and Hungary each had separate parliaments (the Imperial Council and the Diet of Hungary ) that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of

1694-657: A part or all of Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina . A wider aim was to gather all South Slavs or Jugo-Slaveni for short, in a commonwealth within or outside the Empire. The movement's two directions became known as Croatianism and Yugoslavism respectively, meant to counter Germanisation and Magyarisation . Fearing the Drang nach Osten (drive to the east), the Illyrians believed Germanisation and Magyarisation could only be resisted through unity with other Slavs, especially

1815-413: A pivotal idea for the establishment of a South Slavic political union. Most Serbs equated the idea with Greater Serbia or a vehicle to bring all Serbs into a single state. For many Croats and Slovenes, Yugoslavism protected them against Austrian and Hungarian challenges to the preservation of their own national identities and political autonomy. In October 1914, Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić learnt

1936-604: A political unification of South Slavs within a single nation-state through the realisation of Yugoslavist ideas. They believed the South Slavs were one people who were entitled to a national homeland through the principle of self-determination and advocated for unification based on equality. He advocated for the establishment of a federal state within which Slovene Lands, Croatia – consisting of pre-war Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia expanded to include Vojvodina, and Montenegro would become

2057-551: A recreation of the Croat-Serb Coalition. The coalition existed from 1927 until Yugoslavia was invaded by Axis powers in 1941 and the start of World War II in Yugoslavia . Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ( Croatian : Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija ; Hungarian : Horvát-Szlavónország or Horvát–Szlavón Királyság ; German : Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien )

2178-536: A reformed Austria-Hungary with Pašić, saying Serbia could annex any areas occupied by the Royal Serbian Army before an armistice. In return, Trumbić asked Wilson to deploy US troops to Croatia-Slavonia to quell the disorder associated with the Green Cadres that had arisen, suppress Bolshevism , and not to allow Italian or Serbian troops into the territory. He was not successful. In the process of

2299-443: A result, Supilo and Trumbić did not trust Pašić, and considered him a proponent of Serbian hegemony. Despite the mistrust, Supilo and Trumbić wanted to work with Pašić to further the aim of South-Slavic unification. Pašić offered to work with them towards the establishment of a Serbo-Croat state in which Croats would be given some concessions, an offer they declined. Trumbić was convinced the Serbian leadership thought of unification as

2420-641: A scheme to establish a Greater Croatia . A group of Royal Serbian Army officers known as the Black Hand exerted pressure to expand Serbia; they carried out a May 1903 coup that brought the Karađorđević dynasty to power and then organised nationalist actions in the "unredeemed Serbian provinces", specified as Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro , an Old Serbia  – meaning Kosovo  – Macedonia, Central Croatia , Slavonia , Syrmia , Vojvodina , and Dalmatia . This echoed Garašanin's 1844 Načertanije ,

2541-630: A separate peace with Austria-Hungary until early 1918, regardless of the Corfu Declaration. In January 1918, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George confirmed his support for the survival of Austria-Hungary. In his Fourteen Points speech, Wilson agreed, advocating for the autonomy of the peoples of Austria-Hungary. In October, Lloyd George discussed the potential preservation of

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2662-590: A statute (an act) after the royal assent (sanction). It also had to be signed by the Ban of Croatia. The King had the power to veto all legislation passed by the Diet and also to dissolve it and call new elections. If the King dissolved the Diet, he would have to call new elections during the period of three months. The parliament was summoned annually at Zagreb by the King or by the King especially appointed commissioner (usually

2783-535: A treatise that anticipated the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , and which called for the establishment of Greater Serbia to pre-empt Russian or Austrian expansion into the Balkans by unifying all Serbs into a single state. In the first two decades of the 20th century, Croat, Serb, and Slovene national programmes adopted Yugoslavism in different, conflicting, or mutually exclusive forms. Yugoslavism became

2904-477: A war aim and did not support the work of the committee, whose activities could undermine the territorial integrity of Austria-Hungary. The Yugoslav Committee worked to be recognised by the Entente Powers as the legal representative of South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary but Pašić consistently prevented any formal recognition. A further point of friction between Supilo and Trumbić on one side and Pašić on

3025-577: A wide internal autonomy with "national features", in reality, Croatian control over key issues such as tax and military issues was minimal and hampered by Hungary. It was internally officially referred to as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia , also simply known as the Triune Kingdom , and had claims on Dalmatia , which was administered separately by the Austrian Cisleithania . The city of Rijeka , following

3146-555: Is a part of a wider history of the South Slavs, and that Croats, Serbs , and potentially Slovenes and Bulgarians were parts of a single "Illyrian" nation, choosing the name as a neutral term. The movement began as a cultural one, promoting Croatian national identity and integration of all Croatian provinces within the Austrian Empire, usually in reference to the Habsburg kingdoms of Croatia, Slavonia , and Dalmatia , and

3267-536: The 1906 Croatian parliamentary election they won a majority of seats in the Parliament (Sabor) of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . The coalition supported the separation of church and state, opposing clergy participation in politics. Its initial goal was to get rid of the governing National party, seeing German-Austrian domination as a threat, while long-term it sought the unification of South Slavs. The Social Democrats and Serb Radicals would later break away from

3388-462: The Agram Trial , the defendants were found guilty with flimsy evidence and given prison sentences. As the international political situation shifted (the Serbian government recognized Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina), the members were pardoned by Franz Joseph in 1910. This came at a cost of having to marginalize their leader Frano Supilo and having to temper their criticism of

3509-474: The Croat Independent Party . At the 1906 elections Serb Independent Party run along with Serb People's Radical Party , which left the coalition in 1907. The Peasant-Democratic Coalition ( Croatian Peasant Party and Independent Democratic Party ) led by Stjepan Radić and Svetozar Pribićević (later Vladko Maček alone) during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia is generally seen as

3630-707: The Entente Powers . Pašić discovered the UK was considering guaranteeing Hungarian access to the Adriatic Sea through the Port of Rijeka and overland access to Rijeka over Croatian soil, and resolving the Adriatic Question satisfactorily for Italy. Pašić thought these developments, coupled with a potential UK– Romanian alliance, would threaten Serbia and jeopardise the Serbian objective of gaining access to

3751-651: The Government of the United Kingdom was considering expanding the alliance against the Central Powers , which at that time consisted of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary . The UK intended to persuade Hungary to secede from Austria-Hungary and to persuade the Kingdom of Italy to abandon its neutrality so both countries could join the alliance of the UK, France, and Russia that was known as

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3872-456: The Kingdom of Dalmatia (excluding Zadar and Lastovo ), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , which together with the Kingdom of Serbia , formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ). The new Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of

3993-645: The Nagodba ( Croatian–Hungarian Settlement , known also as Croatian–Hungarian Agreement or Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868). This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia (eastern part of Syrmia ). After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868 when agreement

4114-589: The Niš Declaration . The declaration called on South Slavs to struggle to liberate and unify "unliberated brothers", "three tribes of one people" – referring to Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. This formulation was adopted instead of an explicit goal of territorial expansion as a way to attract support from South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary. The Serbian government wanted to appeal to fellow South Slavs because it feared little material support would be delivered from its Entente Powers allies because it became clear

4235-481: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The modern University of Zagreb was founded in 1874. The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts and Matica hrvatska were the main cultural institutions in the kingdom. In 1911 the main cultural institution in the Kingdom of Dalmatia , Matica dalmatinska, merged with Matica hrvatska. Vijenac was one of the most important cultural magazines in

4356-649: The dissolution of Austria-Hungary , following the monarchy's military defeat in 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was proclaimed in the South Slavic-inhabited lands of the former empire. The new state was governed by the Croat-Serb Coalition-dominated National Council, which authorised the Yugoslav Committee to speak on behalf of the Council in international relations. In late October 1918,

4477-607: The Adriatic. In response, Pašić directed Bosnian Serb members of the Austro-Hungarian Diet of Bosnia Nikola Stojanović and Dušan Vasiljević to contact the émigré Croatian politicians and lawyers Ante Trumbić and Julije Gazzari to resist the pro-Hungarian British proposals and to create a Slavic alternative. Pašić proposed the establishment of a body that would cooperate with the Government of Serbia on

4598-732: The Austro-Hungarian Common Army , a higher proportion than the percentage of the general population of the empire they composed. Notable Croatians in the Austro-Hungarian Army included Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević , commander of the Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Emil Uzelac , commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Maximilian Njegovan and Josip Broz Tito who later became Marshal and President of

4719-591: The Ban). It was unicameral , but alongside 88 elected deputies (in 1888), 44 ex officio members were Croatian and Slavonian high nobility (male princes, counts and barons – similar to hereditary peers – over the age of 24 who paid at least 1,000 florins a year land tax), high dignitaries of the Roman Catholic , Greek Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and supreme county prefects ( veliki župani ) of all Croatian–Slavonian counties . Legislative term

4840-745: The Coalition, while in 1910 Croatian Party of Rights and the Croatian People's Progressive Party merged into the Croat Independent Party (Hrvatska samostalna stranka). In 1908, the Coalition won the election again, but it also came under attack from the Vienna Imperial Court, which accused its leadership of grand treason. In 1909, 53 members of the Serb Independent Party were put on trial for collaboration with Serbia . In this politically motivated trial, known as

4961-662: The Compromise (or Nagodba in Croatian) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian Ban would now be nominated by the joint Croatian–Hungarian government led by the Hungarian Prime Minister, and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy,

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5082-912: The Croatian Parliament in 1865 , 1867 , 1871 , 1872 , 1878 , 1881 , 1883 , 1884 , 1887 , 1892 , 1897 , 1901 , 1906 , 1908 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 . Main political parties represented in the Parliament were People's Party (People's Liberal Party), Independent People's Party (after 1880), Croatian-Hungarian Party (People's (National) Constitutional Party or Unionist Party) (1868–1873), Party of Rights , Pure Party of Rights (after 1895), Starčević's Party of Rights (after 1908), Serb Independent Party (after 1881), Croatian Peoples' Peasant Party (after 1904), Croat-Serb Coalition (after 1905) etc. The Autonomous Government or Land Government, officially "Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Land Government"( Croatian : Zemaljska vlada or Kraljevska hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinska zemaljska vlada )

5203-642: The Croatian Sabor declared the end of ties with Austria-Hungary and elected the president of the National Council, Slovene politician Anton Korošec , to the new position of President of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Trumbić and Pašić met again in November in Geneva , where they were joined by Korošec and representatives of Serbian opposition parties, to discuss unification. At the conference, Pašić

5324-671: The Croatian–Hungarian entity of the Monarchy. The Croatian Parliament or the Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Sabor ( Croatian : Kraljevski Hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinski sabor or Sabor Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije ) had legislative authority over the autonomous issues according to the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. A draft law (bill), approved by the Diet, became

5445-673: The Department of the Interior of the Royal Country Government: The red–white–blue tricolor is the civil flag in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia, which with the united coat of arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with the crown of St. Stephen on top is the official flag for usage in autonomous affairs. The aforementioned civil flag may be used by everyone in an appropriate way. It was also stated that

5566-427: The Entente Powers with their demands. The Serbian government denied the Yugoslav Committee had any legitimacy, saying it alone represented all South Slavs, including those living in Austria-Hungary. Pašić requested the Entente Powers to issue a declaration recognising Serbia had the right to liberate and unify territories with Serbia but this was unsuccessful. Pašić stated Yugoslavia would be absorbed by Serbia and not

5687-584: The Government of Serbia. Trumbić became the Yugoslav Committee president and Supilo its vice-president. The committee also included Croatian Sabor members sculptor Ivan Meštrović , Hinko Hinković , Jovan Banjanin , and Franko Potočnjak ; Diet of Istria member Dinko Trinajstić ; Diet of Bosnia members Stojanović and Vasiljević; Imperial Council member Gustav Gregorin  [ sl ] ; writer Milan Marjanović  [ hr ] ; literary historian Pavle Popović ; ethnologist Niko Županič ; jurist Bogumil Vošnjak ; Miće Mičić; and Gazzari. Later,

5808-458: The Greater Serbian expansionist designs pursued by Pašić. While most of the committee agreed with Supilo, they did not want to openly confront Serbia until the South Slavic lands were safe from Italian and Hungarian threats. Following the Serbian military defeat in the 1915 Serbian campaign , Supilo, Gazzari, and Trinajstić concluded the Serb members of the Yugoslav Committee believed the proposed unification should primarily encompass ethnic Serbs in

5929-418: The Hungarian version neither Hungary, nor Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia are styled kingdoms, and Erdély is not even mentioned, while the Settlement is named as the Settlement between Parliament of Hungary and Parliament of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. Both versions received Royal sanction and both as such became fundamental laws of the state with constitutional importance, pursuant to article 69. and 70. of

6050-432: The Independent People's Party, who had previously split from the pro-Hungarian mainstream faction of the People's Party . On December 11, 1905, the Coalition representatives published their political programme. Its declaration promoted equality between Serbs and Croats, constitutional rule and civic rights, local autonomy, and reforms of the Nagodba , the Austro-Hungarian pact which governed Croatia's political status. In

6171-497: The Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia was the Table of Seven in Zagreb ("Table of Septemvirs" or "Court of Seven"; Croatian : Stol sedmorice , Latin : Tabula Septemviralis ), while the second-level court ( court of appeal ) was the Ban's Table or Ban's Court ( Croatian : Banski stol , Latin : Tabula Banalis ) in Zagreb. After the judicial reorganization of 1874 – 1886 (complete separation of judicial and administrative power, laws on judges' independence and judicial organization,

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6292-450: The Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, the title would be styled as "Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia" (putting Slavonia before Dalmatia and omitting "Kingdom"). The laws passed in Croatia–Slavonia used the phrase "Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". In Hungarian, Croatia is referred to as Horvátország and Slavonia as Szlavónia . The combined polity was known by the official name of Horvát-Szlavón Királyság . The short form of

6413-434: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina , and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina . On the basis of the political agreement between Dragiša Cvetković and Vlatko Maček ( Cvetković-Maček Agreement ) and the "Decree on the Banovina of Croatia " ( Uredba o Banovini Hrvatskoj ) dated 24 August 1939,

6534-425: The Local Courts and Local Courts Procedure Act of 1875 as special tribunals for minor civil cases. The Royal Court Table in Zagreb was also a jury court for press offences. Judges were appointed by the king, but their independence was legally guaranteed. In 1886, under Croatian ban Dragutin Khuen-Héderváry , Croatia–Slavonia was divided into eight counties ( županije , known as comitatus ): Lika-Krbava became

6655-415: The National Council Croatian Serb politician Svetozar Pribićević supported the repudiation of the Geneva Agreement and swayed the National Council against the position negotiated by Trumbić. Pribićević persuaded the Council members to proceed with unification and accept the details of the new arrangements would be decided afterwards. The National Council was confronted by civil unrest and, they believed,

6776-434: The National Council feared the Italian presence on the eastern shores of the Adriatic would become permanent. The National Council dispatched a delegation to Prince Regent Alexander to arrange an urgent unification with Serbia in a federation. The delegation ignored the instructions it had been given when it addressed the Prince Regent, omitting to secure specific terms for the unification agreement. The Prince Regent accepted

6897-1108: The Organization of Courts of the First Instance Act of 1874 (with 1886 amendments), the Judicial Power Act of 1874 and the Judges' Disciplinary Responsibility (etc.) Act of 1874, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Act of 1875, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Press Offences Act of 1875) and reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881; courts of first instance became 9 royal court tables with collegiate judgeships ( Croatian : kraljevski sudbeni stolovi in Zagreb , Varaždin , Bjelovar , Petrinja , Gospić , Ogulin , Požega , Osijek and Mitrovica ; criminal and major civil jurisdiction ; all of which had been former county courts and Land Court/ Royal County Court Table in Zagreb), approximately 63 royal district courts with single judges ( Croatian : kraljevski kotarski sudovi ; mainly civil and misdemeanor jurisdiction ; former district administrative and judicial offices and city courts) and local courts ( Croatian : mjesni sudovi ), also with single judges, which were established in each municipality and city according to

7018-435: The Serb-inhabited areas of the Balkans . A committee that was tasked with determining the country's war aims produced a program to establish a single South-Slavic state through the addition of Croatia-Slavonia, the Slovene Lands , Vojvodina , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Dalmatia. Pašić thought the process should be implemented through the addition of new territories to Serbia. On 7 December, Serbia announced its war aims in

7139-441: The Serbs. They advocated for the unification of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia as the Triune Kingdom , which was expanded to include other South Slavs in Austria or Austria-Hungary after the Compromise of 1867 before joining other South Slavic polities in a federation or confederation . The proposed consolidation of variously defined Croatian or South Slavic lands led to proposals for trialism in Austria-Hungary , accommodating

7260-674: The Settlement. With this compromise the parliament of personal union (in which Croatia–Slavonia had only twenty-nine, after 1881 – forty deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, Sea (Maritime) Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbours, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and Croatia–Slavonia. Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization,

7381-487: The UK appeared to support the efforts of new Austro-Hungarian emperor Charles to restructure the empire and seek peace. This presented a problem for the Serbian government, which was exiled on the Greek island of Corfu since their military defeat and increased the risk of a trialist solution for the Habsburg South Slavs if the separate peace treaty materialised, preventing the fulfilment of expansionist Serbian war objectives. Pašić felt he had to come to an agreement with

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7502-408: The World War I. The committee designated London as its seat. The committee was an unelected, ad-hoc group of anti-Habsburg politicians and activists who had fled Austria-Hungary when World War I broke out. The committee's work was largely funded by members of the Croatian diaspora , including Gazzari's brother and the Croatian-Chilean industrialist Remigio. A portion of the costs were covered by

7623-445: The Yugoslav Committee as a propaganda tool in pursuit of its own policies, including territorial expansion or the creation of a Greater Serbia . Representatives of the Yugoslav Committee and the Serbian government met on the Greek island of Corfu in 1917; they discussed the proposed unification of South Slavs and produced the Corfu Declaration , outlining some elements of the future union's constitution. Further meetings took place at

7744-605: The Yugoslav Committee to strengthen the Serbian position with the Entente Powers while countering Italian interests in the Balkans. Trumbić and Pašić met on Corfu. At the conference, the Yugoslav Committee was represented by Trumbić, Hinković, Vošnjak, Vasiljević, Trinajstić, and Potočnjak. Trumbić received no information on the conference agenda so the committee members were unprepared and had to individually negotiate with Pašić. Trumbić prioritised assurances Croatia would not be left within Austria-Hungary and that no Italy would not occupy Dalmatia. He also opposed complete centralisation of

7865-572: The authority to annex South Slavic Austro-Hungarian lands, and the British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour upheld the Corfu Declaration as an agreement of partners, demanding Pašić align his views with those of the Yugoslav Committee. In line with Serbia's wishes, the Entente Powers decided against recognition of the Yugoslav Committee as an allied body, informing the committee it would have to come to an agreement with Pašić. The potential preservation of Austria-Hungary also caused friction between Trumbić and Pašić. The Entente Powers continued to pursue

7986-700: The autonomous Banovina of Croatia ( Banate of Croatia ) was created by uniting the Sava Banovina , the Littoral Banovina , and districts Brčko , Derventa , Dubrovnik , Fojnica , Gradačac , Ilok , Šid and Travnik . 45°48′N 15°58′E  /  45.800°N 15.967°E  / 45.800; 15.967 Yugoslav Committee German/Austrian nationalism Hungarian nationalism Italian nationalism Polish nationalism Romanian nationalism Ukrainian nationalism Yugoslav nationalism Other important events The Yugoslav Committee ( Croatian : Jugoslavenski odbor , Slovene : Jugoslovanski odbor , Serbian : Југословенски одбор )

8107-400: The bulk of the constitutional matters were left to be decided later because Trumbić felt some agreement was necessary to curb threats of Italian expansion. Relations between Pašić and Trumbić deteriorated throughout 1918 because they openly disagreed on several key demands made by Trumbić, including the recognition of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes living in Austria-Hungary as allied peoples;

8228-427: The city most suited to becoming the new country's capital. The Yugoslav Committee believed unification should be the result of an agreement between itself and the Government of Serbia. The Yugoslav Committee attracted support in the UK, especially that of Seton-Watson, journalist and historian Wickham Steed , and archaeologist Arthur Evans . The Entente Powers did not initially consider a breakup of Austria-Hungary as

8349-441: The constitution of the proposed union state. The bulk of the committee members espoused various forms of Yugoslavism  – advocating for either a centralised state or a federation in which lands constituting the new state would preserve a degree of autonomy. The committee was financially supported by donations from the Croatian diaspora and by the government of the Kingdom of Serbia led by Nikola Pašić . Serbia attempted to use

8470-533: The design of the shield. The unofficial coat of arms was the preferred design and its widespread use was the reason that the Ban issued a Decree on 21 November 1914, stating that it had become " a custom in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia to use flags that are not adequate either in state-juridical or in political sense " and which strengthened flag related laws. It reiterated the aforementioned definitions of Croatian flags from 1867 and further stated that " Police authorities shall punish violations of this Decree with

8591-435: The emblem for "joint affairs of the territories of the Hungarian Crown" is formed by the united coat of arms of Hungary and Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia . However, there existed several variations of the internally used version of the flag, with some variants using an unofficial type of crown or simply omitting the crown instead of using the officially prescribed Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen. There were also variations in

8712-537: The emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromise confirmed Croatia–Slavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the division of the Croat lands, for both Dalmatia and Istria remained under Austrian administration (as Kingdom of Dalmatia and Margraviate of Istria ). At Franz Joseph 's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached

8833-485: The end of the war in Geneva in 1918. Those discussions resulted in the Geneva Declaration that determined a confederal constitution of the union. The Government of Serbia repudiated the declaration shortly afterwards. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , which was formed as Austria-Hungary was breaking up, treated the Yugoslav Committee as its representative in international affairs. The committee soon came under pressure to unify with Serbia and proceeded to do so in

8954-405: The establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , which was later renamed Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Committee was led by its president the Croat lawyer Ante Trumbić and, until 1916, by Croat politician Frano Supilo as its vice president. The members of the Yugoslav Committee had different positions on topics such as the method of unification, the desired system of government, and

9075-520: The five constituent elements. Croat members of the Yugoslav Committee, except Hinković, thought the federal units would ensure preservation of the historical, legal, and cultural traditions of the individual parts of the new state. Supilo proposed the new country would be named Yugoslavia to avoid imposing the name of Serbia onto areas of the new country outside of the pre-war Serbian boundaries. He also suggested Croatia should be given some protection against future Serbian dominance and that Zagreb might be

9196-549: The formal title of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia , thereby pressing its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia . But Dalmatia was a Kronland within the imperial Austrian part of Austria-Hungary (also known as Cisleithania ). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government, which backed Croatia–Slavonia in an effort to increase its share of the dual state. The union between

9317-576: The government in the Kingdom of Hungary . Svetozar Pribićević became the new leader and closed a formal agreement with the government in 1913. The Coalition continued to win elections in 1910 and 1913. It dominated Croatian South Slavic politics throughout World War I . While the leaders of the Coalition continued to participate in Austro-Hungarian politics, they also participated in the Yugoslav Committee during World War I. When

9438-499: The head of the Yugoslav Committee. The newly appointed Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Stojan Protić instructed the Yugoslav Committee to dissolve. On 12 February, Trinajstić convened a meeting, with Trumbić attending; the majority of the committee members decided not to dissolve the body despite Protić's instructions. The Yugoslav Committee ceased to exist in March 1919. Czech historian Milada Paulová wrote

9559-666: The idea because Italy was displeased with the prospect of the unification of South Slavs close to its borders, and thereby pressure Pašić and the Serbs into giving into his demands. Relations between the Yugoslav Committee and Serbia did not improve after Supilo's departure. A new contentious issue was the designation of the South Slavic volunteer units established in Odesa . These consisted of prisoners of war who had been captured from Austria-Hungary and now wanted to fight against them on

9680-511: The integration of Dalmatia with Croatia-Slavonia and the elevation of the country's position within the monarchy. The parties which initially joined the Coalition included: Croatian Party of Rights , Croatian People's Progressive Party (the liberals), Serb People's Independent Party , Serb People's Radical Party and Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia . By this time, the Croatian Party of Rights had also included members of

9801-602: The kingdom. In 1867 the Zagreb Synagogue was built. The first railway line opened in the kingdom was the Zidani Most – Zagreb – Sisak route which began operations in 1862. The Zaprešić – Varaždin – Čakovec line was opened in 1886 and the Vinkovci – Osijek line was opened in 1910. The Croatian Sports Association was formed in 1909 with Franjo Bučar as its president. While Austria-Hungary had competed in

9922-625: The kingdom. The building of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb was opened in 1895. The Croatian National Theatre in Osijek was established in 1907. The Sisters of Charity Hospital in Zagreb was the first established in the kingdom. Roughly 75% of the population were Roman Catholic, with the remaining 25% Orthodox. The Catholic Church had the following hierarchy within the kingdom: In 1890, there were 17,261 Jews living in

10043-528: The legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia. The citizenship was named "Hungarian–Croatian citizenship" in Croatia–Slavonia. In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of Croatia–Slavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury ("Joint Hungarian–Croatian Ministry of Finance"). The kingdom existed until 1918 when it joined

10164-611: The levels of Yugoslavism espoused by the Yugoslav Committee and the Pašić government. In Communist Yugoslavia , the work of the Yugoslav Committee was re-examined from late 1950s, and the results exhibited the first post-war disagreements between Croatian and Serbian historiographies. At the 1961 congress of the union of historians in Ljubljana, Franjo Tuđman argued the Serbian government had aspired to hegemony and criticised fellow historian Jovan Marjanović , who had claimed otherwise. In 1965,

10285-546: The membership also included Milan Srškić , Ante Biankini , Mihajlo Pupin , Lujo Bakotić , Ivan De Giulli, Niko Gršković , Josip Jedlowski , and Josip Mandić . Prominent non-member supporters included Rikard Katalinić Jeretov  [ hr ] and Josip Marohnić , the latter being the president of the North American Croatian Fraternal Union , which collected money for the Yugoslav Committee. The committee's central London office

10406-626: The modern Olympics since the inaugural games in 1896, the Austrian Olympic Committee and Hungarian Olympic Committee held the exclusive right to send their athletes to the games. The association organized a national football league in 1912. In 1918, during the last days of World War I , the Croatian parliament abolished the Hungarian–Croatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and

10527-473: The name was Horvát-Szlavónország and, less frequently Horvát-Tótország . The order of mentioning Dalmatia was a contentious issue, as it was ordered differently in the Croatian- and Hungarian-language versions of the 1868 Settlement. The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was created in 1868, when the former kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were joined into one single kingdom (the full civil administration

10648-408: The newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , which together with the Kingdom of Serbia formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The new Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia became

10769-480: The offer on behalf of Peter I of Serbia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , which was subsequently renamed Yugoslavia, was established with no agreement on the nature of the new political union. Mate Drinković , a member of the delegation, informed Trumbić in a letter unification had been proclaimed, accepting these terms and saying any other agreement would have been impossible to obtain. In early 1919, Trumbić appointed Trinajstić as his replacement at

10890-499: The other was the Serbian ambassador's demand to the UK to ask the Yugoslav Committee to omit any mention of Dalmatia as a part of Croatia since time immemorial because it might jeopardise Serbian territorial claims. Supilo and Trumbić were surprised but they complied, believing Croatia would be otherwise left defenceless against Italian territorial claims. Supilo thought the Yugoslav Committee had to confront Italian and Hungarian attempts to encroach on lands inhabited by South Slavs and

11011-480: The other way around, that Serbia was primarily waging war to liberate Serbs, and that Pašić had created the Yugoslav Committee. He refuted Trumbić's claim only one third of population of the future union lived in Serbia and that the Corfu Declaration called for two partners, stating the declaration was only for foreign consumption and was no longer valid. The French and British governments declined two Serbian requests for

11132-462: The policy of the Serbian government. Supilo left the Yugoslav Committee on 5 June 1916. Believing the piecemeal approach being taken was wrong, and that problems must be immediately dealt with in the open, Supilo abandoned integral Yugoslavism and unsuccessfully urged Croat members of the Yugoslav Committee to resign and join him in pursuit of an independent Croatia because Serbia had prioritised uniting ethnic Serbs. He hoped to obtain Italian support for

11253-540: The populace of those territories would decide on their own fate rather than Britain supplying guarantees of westward territorial expansion to Serbia. Crucially, Serbia received Russian support for its dismissal of the proposed land swap. The Yugoslav Committee was formally founded in the Hôtel Madison, Paris, on 30 April 1915, a few days after signing of the London Agreement ensuring Italy's entry into

11374-505: The popular demonstrations against the Croatian ban Khuen Hedervary in 1903, where the masses of Croat peasants were joined by Serb peasants, and achieved a greater effect. The Coalition itself originated in the Resolutions of Rijeka and Zadar of October 1905, wherein the groups of individual Croat and Serb parliamentary representatives formulated requests for the improvement of Croat and Serb national interests, respectively, focused on

11495-453: The post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the Croatian–Hungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian. A ministry of Croatian Affairs was created within the Hungarian government. Although the Nagodba provided a measure of political autonomy to Croatia–Slavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary in

11616-484: The previously claimed Dalmatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trumbić and Supilo became convinced because of the Government of Serbia's expansionist policy, the proposed unification would be perceived within Croatian-inhabited areas of Austria-Hungary as a Serbian conquest rather than as a liberation. They decided to proceed with caution, gather political support abroad, and to refrain from the establishment of

11737-469: The proposed union state. The meeting resulted in the Corfu Declaration , a manifesto in which the disparate groups declared the common objective of the unification of South Slavs in a constitutional, democratic, and parliamentary monarchy that would be headed by the Serbian ruling Karađorđević dynasty . Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Committee's preferred name for the unified country, was rejected and

11858-507: The recognition of the Yugoslav Committee as the representative of those peoples; and the recognition of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Volunteer Corps (formerly called the First Serbian Volunteer Division) as an allied force drawn from Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes living in Austria-Hungary. After Pašić refused to support these positions, the Yugoslav Committee authorised Trumbić to bypass Pašić and directly present

11979-501: The ruling political party of the Austro-Hungarian realm of Croatia-Slavonia , met with British foreign secretary Sir Edward Grey and Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , providing them with the manifesto of the nascent Yugoslav Committee and discussing benefits of South Slavic unification. The manifesto was co-written by Supilo and British political activist and historian Robert Seton-Watson . The Serbian leadership considered World War I to be an opportunity for territorial expansion beyond

12100-622: The same time, the Entente Powers were still looking for ways to achieve a separate peace with Austria-Hungary and isolate the German Empire in the war. South Slavic deputies on the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Council in Vienna presented the May Declaration , proposing the introduction of trialism in Austria-Hungary, allowing the South Slavs to unite in a single polity within the monarchy. France and

12221-638: The side of Slavic independence. While the Yugoslav Committee wanted the force to be called Yugoslav, Pašić successfully arranged through Serbian diplomatic mission in Russia to have the unit named the First Serbian Volunteer Division , which was commanded by officers of the Royal Serbian Army who were sent to Russia for the task. While the committee hoped the force would help promote a common Yugoslav identity, Yugoslavism

12342-655: The titles, but even the same institutions would at the same time use different naming standards for the same institution. For instance, when the Imperial and Royal Court in Vienna would list the Croatian Ban as one of the Great Officers of State in the Kingdom of Hungary ( Barones Regni ), the style used would be Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Banus , but when the Court would list the highest officials of

12463-596: The two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place, however. According to the Article 53 of the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement , governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, the ban's official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". Not only would different parts of the Monarchy at the same time use different styles of

12584-526: The unification of South Slavs in a state that would be created through the expansion of Serbia. The policy of expansion was to be set and controlled entirely by Serbia, and the proposed body would carry out propaganda activities on its behalf. The four men met in Florence , Italy, on 22 November 1914. In January 1915, Frano Supilo , who was once a leading figure in the Croat-Serb Coalition ,

12705-618: The unification of South Slavs in the Habsburg monarchy under an autonomous Croatian kingdom. The idea came to an abrupt end with the revolution of 1848 . The underlying reason for the formation of the Coalition in the early 1900s was the mass realization that the Hungarian and Austrian governments as well as the Italian irredentists all profit from the divisions between the Croats and the Serbs. This became particularly apparent following

12826-591: The war ended and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was formed, the Coalition fielded 12 representatives in the National Council of the State. Later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formed, and the party dissolved and its former members mostly became advocates of the new government in Belgrade , within Yugoslav Democratic Party . In 1910 Frano Supilo' Party of Rights and Croatian People's Progressive Party merged into

12947-488: The war would not be short. Serbia assumed a central role in the state-building of the future South Slavic polity with support from major Entente Powers. Supilo initially assumed the Niš Declaration meant Serbia was fully supportive of his ideas on the method of unification. He was convinced otherwise by Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov , who informed Supilo Russia only supported the creation of Greater Serbia. As

13068-428: Was a World War I -era, unelected, ad-hoc committee that largely consisting of émigré Croat , Slovene , and Bosnian Serb politicians and political activists, whose aim was the detachment of Austro-Hungarian lands inhabited by South Slavs and unification of those lands with the Kingdom of Serbia . The group was formally established in 1915 and it last met in 1919, shortly after the breakup of Austria-Hungary and

13189-715: Was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It was created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. It was associated with the Kingdom of Hungary within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen , also known as Transleithania . While Croatia had been granted

13310-632: Was actively suppressed by the officers on instructions given by Pašić. As a result, 12,735 of 33,000 volunteers left the force in protest at its specifically Serbian identification, and recruitment of volunteers significantly slowed. The Serbian position was weakened following the loss of Russian support after the February Revolution and President of the United States Woodrow Wilson 's refusal to honour secret agreements that had promised territorial rewards. At

13431-653: Was because they saw potential Serbian war success against Austria-Hungary as the only realistic safeguard against Italian expansion into the Slovene-and-Croat-inhabited lands. Supilo was convinced Croatia would be partitioned between Italy, Serbia, and Hungary if the Treaty of London was to be implemented. The matter became closely related to simultaneous efforts to obtain an alliance with Bulgaria , or at least to secure its neutrality, in return for territorial gains against Serbia. As compensation, Serbia

13552-528: Was destroyed. In March 1916, Trumbić dismissed Supilo's idea of establishing a Croatian Committee, fearing it would lead to conflict with the Serbian government and weaken the Croatians' position against Italy. In early May 1916, Pašić declared Serbian recognition of Italian dominance in the Adriatic, causing Gazzari, Trinajstić, and Meštrović to ask for a meeting of the committee. In the meeting, Vasiljević and Stojanović again attacked Supilo for his opposition to

13673-726: Was established in 1869 with its seat in Zagreb (Croatian Parliament Act No. II of 1869). Until 1914 it possessed three departments: At the head of the Autonomous Government in Croatia–Slavonia stood the Ban , who was responsible to the Croatian–Slavonian Diet. The Ban was appointed by the King, on the proposal and under the counter-signature of the Joint Hungarian minister-president . List of bans (viceroys) from 1868 until 1918: The supreme court of

13794-422: Was introduced in the Kingdom of Slavonia in 1745 and it was, as one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen , administratively included into both the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary , but it existed virtually until 1868). The Croatian parliament, elected in a questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of Croatia–Slavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of Hungarian–Croatian union constitution called

13915-401: Was isolated and ultimately compelled to recognise the National Council as an equal partner to the Serbian government. Trumbić obtained agreement from the other conference participants on the establishment of a common government, in which the National Council and the Government of Serbia would appoint an equal number of ministers to govern a common confederal state. Pašić consented after receiving

14036-480: Was led by Hinković and Jedlowski. According to some sources, Jedlowski used the title of secretary of the committee, although it appears the position was an administrative one that conferred no special authority. Members of the Yugoslav Committee believed the Croatian question could only be resolved through the abolition of Austria-Hungary and Croatia's unification with Serbia. Trumbić and Supilo were proponents of

14157-571: Was promised territories that were within Austria-Hungary at the time: Bosnia and Herzegovina and an outlet to the Adriatic Sea in Dalmatia. Regardless of the promised compensation, Pašić was reluctant to accede to all of the Bulgarian territorial demands, especially before Serbia had secured the new territories. Supilo obtained British support for plebiscites in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Dalmatia so

14278-559: Was reached between the Diet of Hungary on one hand and the Croatian Parliament on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them. Settlement reached between Hungary and Croatia was in Croatian version of the Settlement named "The Settlement between Kingdom of Hungary, united with Erdély on the one side and the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia ". In

14399-513: Was that the Entente Powers thought of Croatia and other Austro-Hungarian territories as compensation to Serbia for the loss of Macedonia and concessions in Banat instead of treating the populations of these areas as equal partners. Serb and Slovene members of the committee accused Supilo and his allies of separatism and favouring Croatian interests over Slovene ones. Trumbić believed unification should be pursued at all costs providing Austria-Hungary

14520-541: Was the Ban of Croatia and Slavonia. On 21 October 1918, Emperor Karl I , known as King Karlo IV in Croatia, issued a Trialist manifest , which was ratified by the Hungarian side on the next day and which unified all Croatian Crown Lands. One week later, on 29 October 1918, the Croatian State Sabor proclaimed an independent kingdom which entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . The kingdom used

14641-552: Was three years, after 1887 – five years. The Croatian Parliament elected twenty-nine (after reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881 – forty) deputies to the House of Representatives and two members (after 1881 – three) to the House of Magnates of the Diet of Hungary. The delegates of Croatia–Slavonia were allowed to use Croatian in the proceedings, but they voted personally. The Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia held independent elections for

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