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52-656: Founded in the late 16th century out of lands of the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia , it was initially a nominal part of that Kingdom, to be transferred in 1627 to direct imperial rule as part of the Military Frontier . The Frontier was located on the border with the Ottoman Empire . In the Frontier zone, the king-emperors promised free land and freedom of religion to people who came to the area with

104-509: A single crown land in 1853. The counties were restructured in 1850 and again in 1854. In 1850 the counties were formally referred to in German as Gespanschaften and were divided into political districts akin to those of modern Austria , much like most of the rest of the Empire. In 1854 they were referred to as Comitate and a different system of Bezirke subordinate to the counties

156-879: The Battle of Mohács , in 1527 the Croatian and Hungarian nobles needed to decide on a new king. The bulk of the Croatian nobility convened the Croatian Parliament in Cetin and chose to join the Habsburg monarchy under the Austrian king Ferdinand I of Habsburg . Some nobles dissented and supported John Zápolya , but the Habsburg option fully prevailed in 1540, when John Zápolya died. Territory recovered by

208-516: The Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt . Matija Gubec and other leaders of the mutiny raised peasants to arms in over sixty fiefs throughout the country in January 1573, but their uprising was crushed by early February. Matija Gubec and thousands of others were publicly executed shortly thereafter, in a rather brutal manner in order to set an example for others. After the Bihać fort finally fell to

260-1044: The February Patent of 1861), the Royal Croatian-Slavonian Court Chancellery (Croatian: Kraljevska hrvatsko-slavonska dvorska kancelarija ) in Vienna - from 1861 to 1862 "courtly (aulic) department for Croatia and Slavonia" (ministry) - and the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Royal Council of Lieutenancy (also known as the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Vice-regency Council, it was headed by the ban; Croatian: Kraljevsko namjesničko vijeće ) in Zagreb were founded. These remained Croatian-Slavonian government until 1868. Ban Jelačić had succeeded in

312-510: The Kingdom of Slavonia . The Kingdom also used the name " Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia " during certain periods (though this was not recognized by the Empire). The Kingdom still controlled the Kingdom of Slavonia , but did not control the Kingdom of Dalmatia . In 1852 the imperial Austrian government, which never recognized the tricolor as official, banned its use, along with

364-695: The Kupa , but it lasted for less than a decade before being reintegrated; however, the coastal area was instead attached to the Corpus separatum of Fiume (Rijeka) as the Hungarian or Croatian Littoral . The Littoral and most of Zagreb County, although not Zagreb itself or anything north of the Sava, was annexed to the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces in the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn . After

416-479: The Ottoman Empire . The Kingdom of Slavonia was bounded by the Kingdom of Croatia to the west, the Kingdom of Hungary to the north and the east, and the Ottoman Empire to the south. Together with the Slavonian Military Frontier , Slavonia was about 6,600 miles squared in area. It was divided into the three counties of Požega , Virovitica and Syrmia . Besides a chain of mountains in

468-647: The Slavonian one). This part of the Military Frontier included the geographic regions of Lika , Kordun , Banovina and bordered the Adriatic Sea to the west, Venetian Republic to the south, Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia to the north-west, the Ottoman Empire to the south-east, Habsburg Kingdom of Slavonia to the east, and Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to the north. It extended onto

520-615: The Slavonian Military Frontier near the confluence of the Una river into the Sava . Like the rest of the Military Frontier, it ceased to exist as a political entity in the late 19th century. Croatian Military Frontier included three General Command ( Croatian : Generalat ) sections which were divided into eight Regiments: In 1802, the estimated population consisted of: In 1820, estimated population of Croatian Military Frontier included: According to Hungarian statistician Elek Fényes , in 1840

572-560: The revolutions of 1848 . In the period following the revolutions of 1848 substantial changes took place in the region. The Slavonian Syrmia County de facto became part of the self-declared Serbian Vojvodina in 1848; the eastern half of Syrmia officially became part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar crown land in 1849. Međimurje , Fiume and the Littoral became part of Croatia. Croatia and Slavonia were formally

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624-566: The 1830s with the Illyrian movement. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia was Latin until 1847 when it became Croatian. By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By

676-1003: The Austrians from the Ottoman Empire was formed in 1745 as the Kingdom of Slavonia , subordinate to the Croatian Kingdom. In 1804 the Habsburg monarchy became the Austrian Empire which annexed the Venetian Republic in 1814 and established the Kingdom of Dalmatia . After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (by which the Austrian Empire became the Austro-Hungarian Empire ) and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement ( Nagodba ) of 1868,

728-542: The Austrians in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd . Despite this contribution, Croatia was later subject to Baron Alexander von Bach's absolutism as well as Hungarian hegemony under Ban Levin Rauch when the Austrian Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. From 1848 to 1850 Croatia

780-750: The Croatian Military Frontier was populated by 498,947 people and the ethnic structure was: The first modern census from 1857 recorded the religion of the populace of Croatian Military Frontier: 74.8% of the active population in Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier were employed in agriculture, 18.63% were inactive soldiers, while 3.11% were working in industry. Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) The Kingdom of Croatia ( Croatian : Kraljevina Hrvatska ; Latin : Regnum Croatiae ; Hungarian : Horvát Királyság , German : Königreich Kroatien )

832-627: The Hungarian Crown. According to the data he collected and processed, 526,550 people lived in the Kingdom of Croatia, out of which 519,426 (98.64%) were Croats , 3,000 (0.56%) Germans , 2,900 (0.55%) Serbs and 1,037 (0.19%) Jews . Population data by counties: Primorje County Varaždin County Zagreb County Križevci County The first modern population census was conducted in 1857 and it recorded religion of

884-597: The Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Slavonia were joined to create the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Hungarian part of the empire, while the Kingdom of Dalmatia remained a crown land in the Austrian part of the empire. The change of leadership was far from a solution to the war with the Ottomans, in fact, the Ottoman Empire gradually expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia , western Bosnia and Lika . Croatian territory under Habsburg rule

936-671: The Kingdom of Croatia received autonomy in administrative, educational, religious and judicial affairs. However, the governor (ban) was still appointed by Hungary, 55% percent of all tax money went to Budapest , and Hungary had authority over the biggest sea port of Rijeka (something that was reportedly not part of the Settlement actually agreed upon). The Kingdom of Croatia was divided into counties (Croatian: županije ; German : Comitate (modern spelling Komitate ) or Gespanschaften ; Hungarian : vármegyék ; Latin (also in other languages): comitatus ). For most of

988-463: The Magnificent started his sixth raid of Hungary in 1565 with 100,000 troops. They successfully progressed northwards until 1566 when they took a small detour to capture the outpost of Siget ( Szigetvár ) which they failed to capture ten years previously. The small fort was defended by Count Nikola IV Zrinski and 2,300–3,000 men. They were able to hold their ground for a month, and decimated

1040-635: The Napoleonic wars in 1815 this territory was returned to Austria but initially formed part of the Kingdom of Illyria (as the Karlstädter Kreis and part of the Fiumaner Kreis ); it was returned to Zagreb County and the Littoral in 1822. As of 1842 the Littoral included (in addition to Fiume) the settlements of Bakar (Buccari), Kraljevica (Porto-Rè) and Novi Vinodolski (Novi). The counties remained more-or-less unchanged until

1092-505: The Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Until the 18th century, the kingdom included only a small north-western part of present-day Croatia around Zagreb, and a small strip of coastland around Rijeka , that were not part of the Ottoman Empire or part of the Croatian Military Frontier . Between 1744 and 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia included a subordinate autonomous kingdom, the Kingdom of Slavonia . The territory of

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1144-517: The Ottoman army before being wiped out themselves. This siege, now known as the Battle of Szigetvár , bought enough time to allow Austrian troops to regroup before the Ottomans could reach Vienna . By orders of the king in 1553 and 1578, large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire were carved out into the Military Frontier ( Vojna krajina or Vojna granica ) and ruled directly from Vienna's military headquarters. Due to

1196-819: The Ottomans. In 1691, around 22,300 Catholics from Bosnian Posavina moved to Slavonia. It is estimated that around 40,000 people lived in Slavonia in 1696. In 1698, its population increased to 80,000. The 1802 Austrian population data for the Kingdom of Slavonia recorded 148,000 (51.6%) Catholics , 135,000 (47.2%) Orthodox and 3,500 (1.2%) Protestants . According to other statistical estimations, in 1787 in civil Slavonia there were 265,670 inhabitants, and in 1804/1805 there were 286,349 inhabitants, but from that number clergy and nobility were excluded. Only men were counted in that census. There were: 74,671 Roman Catholics , 68,390 Orthodox Christians , 1,744 Calvinists , 97 Lutherans and 160 Jews . Number of Orthodox Christians

1248-463: The Slavonian kingdom was recovered from the Ottoman Empire, and was subsequently part of the Military Frontier for a short period. In 1744, these territories were organized as the Kingdom of Slavonia and included within the Kingdom of Croatia as an autonomous part. In 1868, they were merged into the newly formed Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . Following the fall of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary at

1300-485: The abolition of serfdom in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians started emigrating to the New World countries in this period, a trend that would continue throughout the next hundred years and create a large Croatian diaspora . The Illyrian movement

1352-469: The army of the Bosnian pasha Hasan Pasha Predojević in 1592, only small parts of Croatia remained unconquered. The remaining 16,800 km (6,500 sq mi) where around 400,000 inhabitants lived were referred to as the " remnants of remnants of the once great and renowned Kingdom of Croatia " ( Latin : reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae ). By 1699, the Ottoman Empire

1404-429: The citizens. Population by religion in the counties of Kingdom of Croatia: In 1848 the Kingdom of Croatia adopted a new official flag and coat of arms. The new flag was the Croatian tricolor of red, white, and blue, and it was to remain the symbol of Croatia up to the present day. The coat of arms adopted in 1848 was an amalgam of three coats of arms, one for Croatia, another for the Kingdom of Dalmatia , and another for

1456-480: The coat of arms. Between 1852 and 1861 the Kingdom of Croatia used the red and white flag, and its old chequy coat of arms. The tricolor was used again after 1861 ( October Diploma and February Patent ) and became official after 1868. Kingdom of Slavonia The Kingdom of Slavonia ( Croatian : Kraljevina Slavonija , Latin : Regnum Sclavoniae , Hungarian : Szlavón Királyság , German : Königreich Slawonien , Serbian Cyrillic : Краљевина Славонија )

1508-489: The dangerous proximity to the Ottoman armies, the area became rather deserted, so Austria encouraged the settlement of Serbs , Germans , Hungarians , Czechs , Slovaks and Rusyns / Ukrainians and other Slavs in the Military Frontier, creating an ethnic patchwork. The negative effects of feudalism escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia rebelled against their feudal lords over various injustices such as unreasonable taxation or abuse of women in

1560-823: The direct control of the Austrian Imperial Government in Vienna. From 1854 to 1861 the Imperial-Royal Croatian-Slavonian Lieutenancy (presided by the ban) in Zagreb (Croatian: Carsko-kraljevsko namjesništvo za Hrvatsku i Slavoniju ), under the Austrian Ministry of Interior, was the main governing body of the Croatian-Slavonian crown land ( Kronland ). After the fall of Bach's absolutism (the October Diploma of 1860 and

1612-489: The eastern Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces , but won back to the Austrian crown by 1815. In the 19th century Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization . The Croatian national revival began in

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1664-546: The empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several reforms in the administrative control of the Military Frontier, the feudal and tax system. In 1767 she founded the Croatian Royal Council ( Croatian : Hrvatsko kraljevinsko vijeće ) as royal government of Croatia and Slavonia, with its seat in Varaždin, later in Zagreb, presided by the ban , but it was abolished in 1779 when Croatia

1716-453: The full civil administration was introduced and Kingdom of Slavonia, as one of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown , was administratively included into both the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary . Following the 1868 Settlement ( Nagodba ) with the Kingdom of Hungary, Slavonia was joined with the Kingdom of Croatia into the single Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , which although it was under

1768-493: The majority of the population being Croats, Serbs and Vlachs. In exchange, the people who lived in the area had an obligation to fight for the Empire, and to protect the land. In 1630 Emperor Ferdinand II enacted the Statuta Valachorum laws. It was known that the soldiers had to fulfill military service between the ages of 16 and 66. At the end of the 17th century, Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia expanded its borders so

1820-662: The middle of the province, the remaining part of the kingdom consisted of extensive plains and fertile eminences planted with vines and fruit trees. The Kingdom of Slavonia was formed from territories that the Habsburg monarchy gained from the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) that ended the Great Turkish War . Initially, it was a separate Habsburg land under joint civil-military administration that lasted from 1699 to 1745. The inhabitants were exempted from taxes, but were bound to military service. In 1745,

1872-466: The new Rijeka (Fiume) County. Križevci County was dissolved in 1854 and partitioned between Zagreb and Varaždin counties. Croatian and Slavonian counties 1850–54: Croatian and Slavonian counties from 1854: The Zagreb, Varaždin and Rijeka counties constituted Croatia, while Požega and Osijek counties constituted Slavonia. In 1860 the pre-1848 status quo was largely restored and the counties reverted to their pre-1848 state. However, Rijeka County

1924-593: The period of Habsburg rule the Kingdom of Croatia was divided into three counties: These were direct continuations of the medieval counties of Croatia. (The remainder had fallen to the Ottomans , and when conquered by the Habsburgs had become part of either the Military Frontier or the Kingdom of Slavonia .) In the late 18th century a fourth – Severin County – existed, carved out of the part of Zagreb County west of

1976-468: The royal order of January 11, 1843, originating from the chancellor Metternich , the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. Springtime of Nations - 1848 In the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire , the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić cooperated with

2028-582: The suzerainty of the Crown of Saint Stephen, kept a significant level of self-rule. After the end of the Great Turkish War, Slavonia was left desolated as around 80% of its pre-war population fled. In order to improve its demographics, people that fled from Slavonia and whose property was taken by the Ottomans were allowed to return to their lands if they had valid ownership documents. Settlers from Bosnia also started migrating to Slavonia, fleeing from

2080-558: The territory of the Croatian Military Frontier was also expanded to include some former Ottoman territories in the east. In 1783 it was placed under the unified control of the Croatian General Command headquartered in Zagreb . The Military Frontier was demilitarized on 8 August 1873. The Croatian Military Frontier existed until 15 July 1881, when it was abolished and incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (like

2132-576: The western exclave of Požega County ( Kutina ) went to Zagreb (Agram) and western parts of Osijek County (the area around Virovitica) went to Požega County. In 1850 Varaždin (Varasdin) County absorbed Međimurje ( die Murinsel ), except for the area around Legrad , which went to Križevci (Kreutz) County. Fiume (Rijeka), the Hungarian/Croatian Littoral and western parts of Zagreb (the Processus Montanus ) became

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2184-484: Was 25 years later reduced to about 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi). In 1558, the parliaments of Croatia and Slavonia were united after many centuries into one. The centre of the Croatian state moved northward from coastal Dalmatia, as these lands were conquered by the Ottomans. The town of Zagreb gained importance, as did nearby Varaždin . Taking advantage of the growing conflict between King Sigismund II of Poland and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor , Suleiman

2236-515: Was a kingdom of the Habsburg monarchy and the Austrian Empire that existed from 1699 to 1868. The kingdom included northern parts of present-day regions of Slavonia (today in Croatia ) and Syrmia (today in Serbia and Croatia). The southern parts of these regions were part of the Slavonian Military Frontier , which was a component of the Military Frontier separating the Habsburg monarchy from

2288-628: Was driven out of Ottoman Hungary and Croatia, throughout the course of Great Turkish War , and Austria brought the territory back under central control. Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles VI 's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48 and the Croatian Parliament signed their own Pragmatic Sanction of 1712 . Subsequently,

2340-584: Was governed by the Ban's Council ( Croatian : Bansko vijeće ) appointed by the Ban and the Parliament or the Croatian-Slavonian Diet (Croatian: Sabor ; in 1848 first Diet with the elected representatives was summoned). In 1850 the Ban's Council was transformed into Ban's Government (Croatian: Banska vlada ) which, after the introduction of the absolutism (31 December 1851), was under

2392-508: Was higher in Syrmia : 32,090 Orthodox Christians and 12,633 Roman Catholics. In other two counties of Slavonia: Požega and Virovitica, as in city of Požega, Roman Catholics outnumbered Orthodox population. The official Austrian census of 1857 for Kingdom of Slavonia gives the following results (a section of Syrmia was in 1857 part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar ): Požega County Osijek County The Kingdom of Slavonia

2444-487: Was introduced, which mirrored the structure introduced to the re-established Kreise in other crown lands. The city of Zagreb/Agram was also made directly subordinate to the kingdom and several other cities were directly subordinate to their counties (rather than a Bezirk ). In 1850 the Slavonian Virovitica County became Osijek (Essek) County and it absorbed the rump of Syrmia. In 1854

2496-422: Was mostly an agricultural land, just like the Kingdom of Croatia, and it was known for its silk production. Agriculture and the breeding of cattle were the most profitable occupations of the inhabitants. It produced corn of all kinds, hemp , flax , tobacco , and great quantities of liquorice . The quantity of wine produced was also large, especially in the county of Srem. In 1857 industrial employment (11.01%)

2548-400: Was part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown , but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years. Its capital was Zagreb . It was also a part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy from 1527, following the Election in Cetin , and the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867. The Kingdom of Croatia had large territorial losses in wars with

2600-399: Was rather broad in scope, both nationalist and pan-Slavist . It would eventually develop into two major causes: The loss of Croatian domestic autonomy was rectified a year after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , when in 1868 the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement was negotiated, which combined Croatia and Slavonia into the autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . With this agreement,

2652-417: Was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary (the Royal Hungarian Council of Lieutenancy, also known as the Hungarian Vice-regency Council, headed by the palatine ), held by the ban of Croatia. The empress also gave the independent port of Rijeka to Croatia in 1776. However, she also ignored the Croatian Parliament. With the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, its possessions in

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2704-420: Was retained until the restructuring of the counties of Croatia-Slavonia in 1886, despite the restoration of the city itself to Hungary. According to the 1802 data, the population of the Kingdom of Croatia included 400,000 (98.8%) Roman Catholics , 4,800 (1.2%) Eastern Orthodox Christians and 40 Protestants . In 1840, a Hungarian statistician Fenyes Elek analyzed the ethnicity in the countries belonging to

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