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66-490: In April 1941, the Croatian people found itself once again in a position of solving the issue of Croatian survival in the swirling of international warfare. Vladko Maček , leader of HSS and at the time de facto political leader of Croats, estimated that the Croatian state had no real possibility for surviving as part of Nazi Germany 's war reconstruction of Europe so he refused to declare an independent Croatian state within

132-757: A discontinuity with the changes initiated in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the creation of Banovina of Croatia . The leader of the Yugoslav government-in-exile Ivan Šubašić and head of the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia (NKOJ) Josip Broz Tito, concluded in June 1944 an agreement by which Šubašić accepted AVNOJ's reorganisation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Andrija Hebrang called

198-750: A key role in establishment of the Banovina of Croatia , an autonomous banovina in Yugoslavia in 1939. Maček was born in Kupinec near Jastrebarsko , southwest of Zagreb . His father Ivan was a Slovene , originally from Lesično , and his mother Ida was of mixed Croatian , on her father's side, and Polish descent on her mother's. At the age of six, Maček started attending elementary school in Kupinec, but continued his education in Zagreb , as his father,

264-624: A majority of Croats, and the Croatian Peasant Party gradually gained popularity. He nurtured close relations with other opposition parties in Yugoslavia and, although his coalition lost elections in 1938, it remained a force for reckoning. His persistence and political skills finally paid off in August 1939 with Dragiša Cvetković in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement and the creation of the Banovina of Croatia ( Banovina ),

330-589: A new Axis puppet state—the Independent State of Croatia —Maček was offered the opportunity to become prime minister, but refused the offer twice. He called on the supporters of HSS to respect and co-operate with the new regime of Ante Pavelić , while at the same time delegating Juraj Krnjević to represent the Croatian people in the Yugoslav government-in-exile. Maček's strategy proved to be detrimental both for his party and himself. In October 1941, he

396-588: A public employee, was transferred there. In Zagreb, Maček enrolled at a gymnasium , which he finished when he was 18 and enrolled at the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb . He earned a law degree at University of Zagreb . After clerking at various Croatian courts he opened a private law practice in 1908 in Sv. Ivan Zelina . He joined the Croatian Peasant Party at its founding. At the outbreak of

462-454: A real war government, ZAVNOH coordinated Partisan military operations and organized economic activities in the liberated territories. In the general warfare of the anti-Hitler coalition, partisan movement in the Yugoslav territory, primarily Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose members, after the capitulation of Italy, disarmed a large number of Italian divisions and liberated large parts of Istria, Dalmatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, played

528-504: A semi-autonomous entity which contained Croatia and large sections of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina . HSS became part of the coalition government while Maček himself became deputy prime minister of Yugoslavia. This triumph proved to be short-lived as Banovina collapsed along with Yugoslavia when it was invaded by the Axis invasion in April 1941 . Seen by Nazi Germany as an ideal leader of

594-479: A significant role during 1943. In the second half of 1943, the Partisans strengthened numerically and created more mobile combat units - the brigades, and gained control over larger territory. With the surrender of Italy and the withdrawal of the remaining Italian soldiers, Partisans acquired a lot of military equipment and materials. Apart from the fact that the population of the former occupied Italian territories

660-567: A support for the partisan units and political authorities that served as a substitute for a dysfunctional (Yugoslav) system of local government. They were electoral bodies that adopted general normative acts and had a judicial and executive functions. Political bodies were soon created at higher levels. Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) was established in November 1942. Initiative Committee for

726-717: Is realized with unbeatable strength. As a result of the struggle of the Croatian people for freedom during the liberation war, its right to own government was realized." On its fourth session , held between 24 and 25 July 1945 in the palace of the Croatian Parliament , ZAVNOH renamed itself the National Parliament of Croatia . President of the Presidency of the National Parliament of Croatia (Croatian head of state) Vladimir Nazor gave

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792-563: Is why the KPJ 's (in which KPH was active as a special organization since 1937) basic political position was the gathering of all political groups and people ready to provide resistance to the occupying forces and collaborators. In Croatian territories, that meant primarily to win over the Croatian population that had until then followed the HSS and to stop the strengthening of the Chetnik movement among

858-676: The Austro-Hungarian Army , he became a close associate of Stjepan Radić . In 1925, after Radić's visit to Moscow and the Croatian Peasant Party joining the Peasants International , Maček was arrested by the Royal Yugoslav authorities. While in jail, he was elected to the National Assembly. In July 1925, after HSS had joined the government, Maček was released. Maček became the leader of

924-867: The Croatian Littoral , 247 in Banovina , 183 in Gorski Kotar , 178 in Pokuplje , and 86 in the Karlovac area. At the second AVNOJ conference , held between 29 and 30 November 1943, Josip Broz Tito declared AVNOJ to be the superior executive authority. The Conference's decisions to create a federal Yugoslavia, based on the right of self-determination of nations, in which the South Slavic peoples ( Bosniaks , Croats , Macedonians , Montenegrins , Serbs and Slovenes ) who would live in six constituent republics with equal rights represented

990-666: The Draža Mihailović 's Chetniks . Allies established a military mission at the Supreme Staff of the National Liberation Army which was led by Josip Broz Tito. The situation further improved for the Partisans in 1944 as it became obvious that Axis powers would lose the war. Croatian Home Guard 's soldiers began joining partisans in large numbers. The rebellion in the French town of Villefranche-de-Rouergue

1056-665: The Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir in 2004. Vlado Jani%C4%87-Capo Vlado Janić Capo (14 July 1904 – 4 May 1991) was a Croatian Partisan and the commander of the Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment , the first anti-fascist resistance unit formed by a resistance movement in occupied Yugoslavia and Europe during World War II . Vlado Janić was born on 14 July 1904 in Sisak and he declared himself as Croat . His entire family participated in

1122-688: The World War I , Maček was a reserve officer. As such, he was mobilised into 25th People's Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army as a commander of the 3rd company on 27 July 1914. Maček participated in the Serbian Campaign and was wounded in the Battle of Kolubara while crossing the river Kolubara in November. After returning from hospital in Novi Sad to Zagreb before the Christmas, he

1188-450: The Axis system. Convinced that the Axis powers would lose the war and that their totalitarian system was not aligned with HSS's ideas of liberal democracy and peacemaking, Maček tried in all ways, including entering the Yugoslav government-in-exile , to preserve the changes that had been made within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and to protect the Croatian people from bloodshed. However, when

1254-530: The Continent. One of the finest incidents in the history of Croatia is the one when, in the 16th Century, long before the French Revolution, the peasants rose to defend the rights of man, and fought for those principles which centuries later gave the world democracy. Yugoslavs, you are fighting for those principles today. The British Empire is fighting with you, and behind us is the great democracy of

1320-563: The Croatian partisan state, which received its final form on the third session of ZAVNOH held between 8 and 9 May 1944 in Topusko , the "Free Federal State of Croatia". At this session, ZAVNOH revived the continuity of the Croatian Parliament which had been abolished in 1918. During June 1944, the Croatian island of Vis became the military, political and diplomatic center of the National Liberation Movement. With

1386-495: The Croatian partisans were ethnic Serbs, by October 1943 most were ethnic Croats. This was the result of the transition of the HSS leadership to the partisans in June 1943, especially of Božidar Magovac , as well as the momentum following the capitulation of Italy. As gradually the People's Liberation Movement became more popular, by the end of 1943, more Croats joined. Statistics show that by the end of 1944 Croats accounted for 61% of

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1452-592: The Croatian territories with the military defeat of the NDH in May 1945 which was followed by the establishment of a highly centralized Communist regime in Belgrade which controlled Croatia until 1991 when Croatia declared independence . In the final offensive for the liberation of Yugoslavia, from Croatia was engaged 165,000 soldiers mostly for the liberation of Croatia. On Croatian territory after 30 November 1944 in combat with

1518-592: The Croats]. In mid-1944, when the final stage of the war began, there were about 110,000 partisans in Croatia divided in five corps. The military campaign was led by the Main Staff of Croatia . The KPJ/KPH tried to impose and preserve the leading position, determine the political and military goals of the anti-fascist struggle, expel all other political factors and maintain the continuity of Yugoslavia's existence with

1584-539: The Establishment of ZAVNOH was created in the summer of 1943 as the political representative body of the National Liberation Movement in Croatia and Croatian people. At its three sessions, ZAVNOH made fundamental decisions about the federal arrangement of the future country, as well as the crucial decision on the annexation of all occupied (Croatian) territories with Croatia, thus opening the path of Croatian statehood and its territorial integrity. The structure of

1650-802: The Federal Republic of Croatia developed within the National Liberation Movement, in the "from bottom to the top" model, which meant that the lower bodies were developed first, which culminated with the creation of ZAVNOH. At the end of 1941, there were 677 different NOOs, in 1942 1609, and at the end of 1943 4596. Of these 4596 NOOs, 1147 were active in the Zagreb area, 703 in Dalmatia , 699 in Slavonia , 491 in Istria , 318 in Kordun , 278 in Lika , 266 in

1716-587: The Federal Republic of Croatia was elected. The government was made of Prime Minister Vladimir Bakarić , vice-presidents and ministers. On 22 April 1945, the Government issued a special Declaration stating among other: "The creation of the first Croatian National Government during the National Liberation War against foreign occupation is a proof of the inalienable and long-neglected rights of the Croatian people for freedom and independence which

1782-730: The German and Italian occupation and terror which was conducted by the Ustaše regime against Jews, Romanis, Serbs, Croats and others who did not accept their principles. Soon afterward, Croatian partisans founded a Main Staff of the Croatian Partisans ( Croatian : Glavni štab NOV i PO Hrvatske ) led by Andrija Hebrang which was a part of the Supreme Staff of the Yugoslav Partisans under the command of Josip Broz Tito . Of all

1848-555: The German army, as well as the overall NDH's functioning. With Germany's weakening and the Italian surrender , the movement grew in power and got statehood attributes with the foundation of the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), led by Croatian poet Vladimir Nazor , which acted as the highest political representative body of the anti-Fascist movement in Croatia. Just like

1914-530: The National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) held on 29 November 1943 in Jajce , a new Yugoslavia was established "as a state union of equal peoples", which would ensure full equality of Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenians, that is, of Federal Republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. At the 1943 Tehran Conference , Allied powers decided that they would start supporting NOP so they withdrew support for

1980-512: The National Parliament of Croatia adopted on 26 February 1946 the "Act on the Name of the People's Republic of Croatia", and since then acted as a Presidium of the People's Republic of Croatia. The National Government was renamed the Government of the People's Republic of Croatia. The proportion of communists in the Presidium grew to 70%, and in the Government to 87%. Between 26 and 30 August 1946,

2046-523: The Partisan forces in Croatia in contrast to Serbs who made up 28%. The process was accelerated by the Partisan's offer of general amnesty from 15 September 1944 to anyone who joined them. Only in the period between 1 and 15 September 1944, 245 Croatian Home Guard soldiers with full weapons joined the Eastern Group of Partisan Detachments in the vicinity of Bjelovar . An anti-fascist movement in

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2112-645: The Partisans broke through the German front in Lika , and parallel to the Danube river, the Syrmia Battlefield. By the beginning of May 1945, they successfully completed the Rijeka campaign (16 April to 6 May 1945), liberated Istria and the Slovene Littoral up to Soča where they met with allied forces, who after liberating Bologna on 19 April penetrated through northern Italy to Austria and

2178-419: The Partisans in the post-war period is around 60,000. Vladko Ma%C4%8Dek Vladimir Maček (20 June 1879 – 15 May 1964) was a politician in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . As a leader of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) following the 1928 assassination of Stjepan Radić , Maček had been a leading Croatian political figure until the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941. As a leader of the HSS, Maček played

2244-670: The Serbian population and eventually unite them into a broad anti-fascist movement. First Armed Anti-fascist Resistance Unit in Europe was founded by a group of Croats and one notable Serb woman, Nada Dimić , in the forest of Žabno near Sisak on 22 June 1941 under the leadership of Vlado Janić-Capo . Partisans in Croatia wore three-cornered caps like International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War , called Triglavka . Their goal was, first and foremost, to liberate Croatia from

2310-690: The Soča. By 15 May 1945, Partisan units liberated the entire Slovene territory and penetrated the Italian and Austrian territories, where a large part of the NDH's Armed Forces along with a part of NDH's political leadership surrendered to them on Bleiburg on 15 May 1945. Thanks to their significant strength, Croatian Partisans managed to establish organs of power on the liberated parts of Croatia they controlled. First National Liberation Committees ( Croatian : Narodnooslobodilački odbori , NOO) were established in 1941 as

2376-410: The U.S.A., with its vast and ever-increasing resources. However hard the fight, our victory is assured. Partisan warfare was effective in the early period of war - avoiding a direct conflict with much stronger military force, using tactics of guerrilla warfare , sabotage , and propaganda . With sudden attacks on the traffic infrastructure and ambushes, they have successfully hindered the main supply of

2442-417: The Yugoslav people. In his greeting he stated: You are making a heroic resistance against formidable odds and in doing so you are proving true to your great traditions. Serbs, we know you. You were our allies in the last war and your armies are covered with glory. Croats and Slovenes, we know your military history. For centuries you were the bulwark of Christianity. Your fame as warriors spread far and wide on

2508-418: The Yugoslav population, gave more Partisans than Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia and Macedonia combined. Croatian Partisans were a unique resistance movement in Europe by the number of Jews in their ranks. According to Ivo Goldstein , at the end of 1941, 77% of the Croatian partisans were ethnic Serbs and 21.5% ethnic Croats. By August 1942, the share of Croats increased to 32%, and by September 1943 to 34%. After

2574-459: The approximation of the basic line of Croatian political orientation and a failure of the aspiration of the Croatian people to have an independent state because NDH's existence was directly linked to the will and destiny of Nazi Germany. The borders of NDH included Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Syrmia , but not Međimurje , Istria and large parts of Dalmatia (which were given to Italy with 1941 Treaties of Rome ). With Treaties of Rome, NDH

2640-402: The capitulation of Italy, the number of Croats within the Partisan ranks continued to grow rapidly, and by the beginning of 1944, 60,4% were Croats, 28,6% Serbs, 2,8% Bosniaks and 8,2% others (Slovenes, Jews, Montenegrins, Italians, Czechs and Volksdeutsches ). In regard to the number of inhabitants, Croatia had the biggest resistance movement out of all Yugoslav republics and was submitted to

2706-400: The change of the essential elements of its internal structure. The continuity of the Yugoslav state was accepted, and at the same time, the internal discontinuity was confirmed, especially with regard to social and class determinations and their formation in accordance with communist conceptions. That is why the war itself was multi-layered: liberational, civil and revolutionary. The war ended in

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2772-516: The collapse of Pavelić's Ustaša regime in May 1945 in his Prilaz 9 house in Zagreb. In the meantime, HSS began to fracture along ideological lines—some of its members joined the Ustaše , while others joined Tito's Partisans . Bitterly opposed to both, in 1945 Maček emigrated first to France , then to the U.S. On 12 June 1945, Maček was received by French foreign minister Georges Bidault who offered him

2838-599: The constitutional-legal basis of the contemporary Republic of Croatia. Croatia has clearly stated in its constitution that its statehood during the Second World War was based on the national liberation struggle and ZAVNOH's decisions and on the creation of the Federal State of Croatia in opposition to the proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Although in 1941 and 1942 most of

2904-469: The enemy participated 5 corps, 15 divisions, 54 brigades and 35 Partisan detachments, a total of 121,341 soldiers (117,112 men and 4239 woman) which at the end of 1944 made up about third of the entire armed forces of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. At the same time, on the territory of Croatia there was 340,000 of German soldiers, 150,000 of Ustasha and Home Guard soldiers while the Chetniks at beginning of 1945 withdrew towards Slovenia. According to

2970-410: The ethnic composition of Partisans, most were Croats 73,327 or 60.40%, followed by Serbs 34,753 or 28.64%, Muslims 3,316 or 2.75%, Jews 284 or 0.25% and Slovenes, Montenegrins and others with 9,671 or 7.96%, (number of Partisans and ethnic composition does not include 9 brigades which were engaged outside of Croatia). In military operations in the Croatian and Slovene territories conducted in March 1945,

3036-431: The fifth session of the Parliament, named the Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia (since 18 January 1947, it was known as the Constitutional National Assembly of People's Republic of Croatia), was held. It promulgated the first Constitution of the People's Republic of Croatia on 18 January 1947. The decisions of ZAVNOH had a crucial and far-reaching significance in the defense of Croatian statehood and constituted

3102-404: The form of armed struggle developed in Croatia as nowhere in Europe, and since the formation of the Sisak Partisan Detachment on 22 June 1941, composed almost exclusively of Croats, at the end of 1941 it counted about 7,000 fighters. At the beginning of 1942, Croatian Main Staff split the battlefield into 5 zones with 5 corpses composed of 2 to 4 divisions with 110,000 fighters. By the end of 1944,

3168-409: The full liberation of Dalmatia during January 1945, ZAVNOH moved to Šibenik preparing for the takeover of authority over the whole of Croatia. Šibenik was the seat of ZAVNOH between 31 December 1944 and 13 May 1945. Accordingly, ZAVNOH decided to form the first Croatian National Government. At the extraordinary session of ZAVNOH's Presidency held on 14 April 1944 in Split , the National Government of

3234-420: The immediate postwar period, a number of Partisan units engaged in mass murder against prisoners of war and others perceived Axis sympathizers and collaborators with their relatives, children including. The infamous carnages include the Bleiburg repatriations , the Foibe massacres , Tezno massacre , Macelj massacre , Kočevski Rog massacre and Barbara Pit massacre . The most likely number of Croats killed by

3300-441: The labor movement and since 1941 in the People's Liberation War . His two brothers and father were executed, while his mother and sister were in the Jasenovac concentration camp . At the end of the WWI and in the first years of Yugoslavia, he learned the locksmith trade at the fabric factory in Sisak. After that he was employed in the railway workshop in Sisak. In 1931, he was admitted to the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and he

3366-537: The mandate to form a new government to Vladimir Bakarić who proposed the creation of the multiparty government consisting of five members from the Croatian Peasant Party (Franjo Gaži, Tomo Čiković, Aleksandar Kohanović, Ante Vrkljan, Jurica Draušnik), four from the League of Communists of Croatia ( Vladimir Bakarić , Vicko Krstulović, Anka Berus, Mladen Ivekovi), four from the Serbian Deputy Club (Rade Pribićević, Duško Brkić, Dušan Čalić, Stanko Ćanica-Opačić) and one "independent patriot" (Uliks Stanger). The Presidency of

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3432-412: The material on Yugoslavia for "Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe," edited by Reuben H. Markham , who called him "one of the bravest and most devoted champions of common men and women in southeast Europe." He died of a heart attack in Washington, D.C. , on 15 May 1964, at 84. His remains were taken to Croatia in 1996 and buried in the Mirogoj cemetery in Zagreb . He was posthumously awarded

3498-399: The number of Croatian partisans grew to around 150,000. League of Communists of Yugoslavia and its Croatian affiliate tried to impose and preserve the leading position and determine the political and military goals of anti-fascist struggle, and exclude all other political factors. Croatian Partisans were key to National Liberation Army ; by the end of 1943, Croatia, which accounted for 24% of

3564-421: The other main staffs in the territory of Yugoslavia, Croatian was the strongest and most developed operational-territorial body of the Partisan forces, both in terms of the number of staff and the duties that it had. Following the unsuccessful uprising in Serbia in 1941, the center of gravity for the resistance moved to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. On April 13, 1941, Winston Churchill sent his greetings to

3630-481: The party on 13 August 1928 following Radić's assassination. He quickly became a main opponent of King Alexander and was arrested in April 1933 and sentenced to three years in jail for treason. Maček was released following Alexander's assassination in 1934. His stated aim during that period was to transform Yugoslavia from a unitary state, dominated by ethnic Serbs, into a new form of state organization in which Croatian statehood would be restored. His ideas appealed to

3696-425: The regime and the German and Italian influence did not leave much room for independent activity in any area of social life. With the Lorković–Vokić plot in summer of 1944, high-ranking Ustasha officials unsuccessfully tried to preserve NDH by taking power and switching sides to the Allies . Communist activity was aimed at preserving Yugoslavia and its transformation into a federal multiethnic communist state. That

3762-415: The regime. Dissatisfaction of the Croatian people with Ustaše rule started almost immediately with the beginning of these persecutions. The NDH was not truly independent in relation towards German and Italian occupation authorities and with large parts of its territory being controlled by Chetniks (parts of Dalmatian Hinterland , Lika , Bosnia and others) and growing Partisan movement. The significance of

3828-421: The relatively the largest number of victims. 70% of the fighters were younger than 25. Croatia had 251 Partisan detachments, 78 brigades, and 17 divisions. Out of 7 corpses, 5 were Croatian with a total of 200,000 Croatian fighters who have fought against about half a million German, Ustasha and Chetnik forces in the last five months of the war. Out of 206,000 killed partisans, 64,000 were Croatian. In addition, in

3894-461: The right of domicile in France. He visited the United States for the first time in 1946 after receiving a visa by order of the Department of State . He was received by mayor David L. Lawrence of Pittsburgh while delivering a speech in that city. Maček helped found the International Peasants' Union along with Georgi Mihov Dimitrov in 1947. He refused offers for the leadership of the numerous Croatian émigré groups. In 1949, he provided much of

3960-422: The war reached Croatian territory, prevented by Ustashe police control, Maček opted for a policy of waiting to see how the things would turn, left the political scene and handed it over to the Ustaše and the Communists. Nazi-puppet state, Independent State of Croatia (NDH) proclaimed by Slavko Kvaternik in the name of Ustaša leader Ante Pavelić on 10 April 1941 appeared as a discontinuity in relation towards

4026-483: Was arrested and interned in Jasenovac concentration camp where he was put under the watch of Ljubo Miloš for some time. Five months later, on 16 March 1942, he was placed under house arrest together with his family at his home in Kupinec . His family shared his internment first in Kupinec, then two months of 1943 (9 January to 9 March) in Luburić's Zagreb apartment (which they shared with Luburić's aged mother and his two sisters), and finally from 9 December 1943 until

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4092-446: Was arrested several times for party's work. From 1939 Janić was a member of the Communist Party of Croatia . On 22 June 1941, Vlado Janić entered the People's Liberation War. The first Partisan unit in Croatia was organized under the leadership of Marijan Cvetković and Vlado Janić. At the end of September 1941, Sisak Partisan Detachment and several Banija Partisan units formed the Banija Partisan Detachment whose first commander

4158-500: Was decorated for bravery and promoted to the rank of first lieutenant . Due to his astigmatism , he was declared unfit to serve on the battlefield, and was appointed a commander of an engineer company, composed of Poles and Ukrainians. His company prepared defenses of Budapest , and later Austrian-Hungarian port in Pula , where he served until autumn 1916. From 15 October 1916 until 15 March 1917 he served in occupying forces in Albania . After World War I , during which he served in

4224-436: Was incited by Croatian and Bosnian conscripts to German divisions in September 1943, with the aim of joining the French Resistance . Although the Nazis brutally crushed the rebellion, Radio London declared Villefranche-de-Rouergue the first town in Western Europe to be liberated from Nazi occupation. In memory of the uprising, there is a memorial park in the town, and town's sole avenue is named Avenue des Croates [Avenue of

4290-408: Was more massively enrolled in the NOP, some Italian volunteers also joined. With more troops and equipment, Partisan brigades gradually developed into a well-coordinated military force, using more direct methods of conflict, so that the NDH government's control, in reality, came down to larger cities and communication lines. Thanks to military success, at the Second Session of Anti-Fascist Council for

4356-405: Was proclaimed the kingdom, and the crown was offered to a member of the Italian ruling dynasty, Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta as Tomislav II. NDH's constitution was based on a totalitarian ideology that developed under the influence of Nazism and Fascism . Racial laws were soon enacted and the Ustaše targeted Serbs , Roma and Jews for extermination. Anti-fascist Croats were also persecuted by

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