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104-467: The Cross Examination Debate Association ( CEDA ) ( / ˈ s iː d ə / SEE -də ) is the largest intercollegiate policy debate association in the United States . Throughout the school year, CEDA sanctions over 60 tournaments throughout the nation, including an annual National Championship Tournament that brings together over 175 individual debate teams from across the nation to compete on

208-482: A student newspaper and a radio station . The university is classified among " R-2: Doctoral Universities – High Research Activity " and its undergraduate admissions is considered selective . According to the National Science Foundation , Wake Forest spent $ 191 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 117th in the nation. Wake Forest University athletic teams are known as

312-598: A 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m ), award-winning facility on North College Street in Uptown. The Charlotte Center is home to U.S. News & World Report ' s No. 1 ranked part-time MBA program for working professionals in North Carolina. It offers two part-time MBA programs (Evening and Saturday), continuing legal education courses, continuing professional education courses, executive education, Lunch & Learn and speaker events. Certificate programs offered at

416-620: A Baptist minister, was selected as the principal, later president, of the institute. In 1838, the school was renamed Wake Forest College , and the manual-labor system was abandoned. The town that grew up around the college came to be called the town of Wake Forest . In 1862, during the American Civil War , the school closed due to the loss of most students and some faculty to service in the Confederate States Army . The college re-opened in 1866 and prospered over

520-697: A School of Professional Studies at the Charlotte location in 2022. On March 17, 1978, president Jimmy Carter made a major National Security address in Wait Chapel . The school has hosted presidential debates on two occasions. The first was between then-vice president George H. W. Bush and governor Michael Dukakis on September 25, 1988. The second match of then-governor George W. Bush against vice-president Al Gore on October 11, 2000. Both debates were hosted in Wait Chapel. The Reynolda Campus

624-604: A book/office supply store, a clothing/athletic store, and Wait Chapel . Wait Chapel serves multiple functions. Its auditorium serves as an area for prayer, ceremonies, concerts, and certain guest speakers. The classrooms at Wait Chapel house the offices and classrooms for the Divinity School and the Religion Department. South Campus is the home of Manchester Quad, named for substantial donors Doug and Elizabeth Manchester. It holds freshman housing, most of

728-399: A card is often underlined or highlighted in order to eliminate unnecessary or redundant sentences when the card is read in a round. In a round, the tag is read first, followed by the citation and the body. Often, especially on the national circuit, a debater will share any cards they plan to read with their opponents and the judge immediately before their speech. If cards are not shared before

832-569: A debate between students from Boston College and Georgetown University occurred on May 1, 1895, in Boston. Whitman College debated Washington State University , Willamette University , and the University of Idaho in the late 1890s. Southwestern claims that the first debate held on its campus was between Southwestern and Fairmount College (which eventually became Wichita State University ) but that debate could not have occurred prior to 1895,

936-733: A given speech. The first constructive speech is flowed from the top of the sheet down in the first column, and the next constructive speech is flowed in the right column next to the first one. Each speech is flowed in separate columns, alternating Affirmative and Negative. Rebuttals are flowed the same. Certain shorthands for commonly used words are used to keep up with the rapid rate of delivery. The abbreviations or stand-in symbols vary. There are many accepted standards in policy debate, and there are several dominant speech argument styles. Sometimes debaters will debate about how policy debate should work. Those arguments are known as "theory" arguments, and they are most often brought up when one team believes

1040-547: A group of Wake Forest students and a resident professor live and study together here. In 1977, Wake Forest acquired a large, brick home in Hampstead for its London program. The house, a gift from Eugene and Ann Worrell, was named in their honor. Formerly known as Morven House, the building served as the home and studio of landscape painter Charles Edward Johnson . Hampstead is primarily a residential neighborhood and home to Hampstead Heath , Regent's Park , Primrose Hill and

1144-497: A lake, golf course, formal gardens, greenhouses, and woods. Although many changes have occurred to the landscape over the past century, this preserve serves as a learning center for topics related to horticulture, environmental sciences, and landscape history. Wake Forest students and faculty engage in research throughout the preserve. The public is invited to participate in a wide variety of learning experiences, including classes, workshops, summer camps, and special events. Adjacent to

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1248-442: A major the second semester of their sophomore year. In order to graduate, a Wake Forest student must finish three requirements for 120 hours of credit: a core set of classes, a course of study related to a major, and electives. The core set of classes includes basic requirements (a first-year seminar, a writing seminar, health and PE classes, and foreign language literature) and divisional requirements (at least two classes in each of

1352-414: A majority of tournaments, debaters also receive "speaker awards", which are awarded to the debaters who received the greatest number of speaker points. Many tournaments also drop the highest and lowest score received by each debater, in order to ensure that the speaker award calculations are fair and consistent, despite the preferences of different judges. The number of speaker awards given out varies based on

1456-409: A perfect score is considered incredibly rare and warranted only by an outstanding performance. Most tournaments accept half-point gradations, for example 28.5s, or even by tenths. Generally, speaker points are seen as secondary in importance to wins and losses, yet often correlate with a team's win/loss rate. In other words, the judge usually awards the winning team cumulatively higher speaker points than

1560-439: A plan (Inherency). They must persuade that their plan is an example of the resolution (Topicality, Typicality), and they must prove that the plan is a good idea (Solvency). The Affirmative traditionally must uphold this burden as preferable to the status quo (Harms). Given that the affirmative must prove that they are preferable to the status quo (commonly referred to as the squo), the negative team always has presumption for winning

1664-621: A process to change its relationship with the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina , in order to obtain more academic freedom and choose non-Baptist trustees. In 1986, the school gained autonomy from the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina and established a fraternal relationship with it. The Middleton House and its surrounding 5 acres (2.0 ha) was deeded by gift to Wake Forest by Philip Hanes and his wife Charlotte in 1992. The donation

1768-666: A professor at the Baptist Medical Center until 1969. Casa Artom is a two-story building facing the Grand Canal . It is flanked by the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni , which houses the Peggy Guggenheim art collection , and the 15th century home Ca'Dario. Each fall and spring semester, a group of Wake Forest students and a resident professor live and study together here. In 1998, Wake Forest purchased

1872-470: A single, year-long policy debate topic. In the 2013 tournament, the winning team from Emporia State University was criticized for using personal memoirs and rap music to criticize white privilege during the debate, while failing to address the stated resolution. CEDA President Paul Mabrey points to the value of limited actual formal rules in CEDA debate and the ways that a variety of forms of debate raise

1976-469: A three-story villa in Vienna . The acquisition was made possible through the donation of Vic and Roddy Flow of Winston-Salem, and the house was named in their honor. Built in 1898, the house was formerly the office of the U.S. Consulate. Flow House is situated in a northwest section of Vienna that is known for its embassies , diplomatic residences, and distinguished private homes. Each fall and spring semester,

2080-421: A topic unrelated to the proposed resolution. These types of debate strategies "[have] received mainstream acceptance, sympathy, and awards", despite objections and complaints from tournament participants, labelling the strategies as offensive. In the wake of this controversy, CEDA President Paul Mabrey stated in an official CEDA video of that the accusations of poor preparation and incomprehensibility "...[R]epresent

2184-854: A view of Lake Managua in Nicaragua . The facility provides a venue for the exchange of ideas between and among not only Wake Forest constituents, but also the university's Nicaraguan partners, other academic institutions and corporate entities. The center is critical to the mission of the Nicaragua Nexus, which is to accomplish the Wake Forest motto of Pro Humanitate by working with Nicaraguans to enhance their quality of life through collaborative partnerships with local and international organizations in Nicaragua, while providing transformational experiences for students and faculty. Casa Dingledine

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2288-507: A virtual format at no cost. RuDI is organized by a five-member board, including Executive Grant Zhang, President Kelly Mu, Assistant Jared Shirts, Outreach Ambassador Ann Schulte, and Coach Joseph Smith. The RuDI also provides supplemental programs such as leadership development initiatives and career development workshops to champion and leverage the assets unique to rural communities and rural individuals, such as their pride of place, close-knittedness, and diverse set of practical skills. There

2392-446: Is debated by affiliated students nationally for the entire season (standard academic school year). At the high-school level, "topic papers" are also prepared but the voting procedure is different. Those papers are then presented to a topic selection committee which rewords each topic and eventually narrows down the number of topics to five topics. Then the five resolutions are put to a two-tiered voting system. State forensic associations,

2496-490: Is in a former R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company plant, next to the second campus of the school of medicine which opened in July 2016. On February 21, 2020, Wake Forest officially apologized for the institution's role in profiting and benefiting from enslaved people during slavery . Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center and Atrium Health announced a partnership in 2019 with the goal of a Charlotte, North Carolina , campus for

2600-440: Is organized into units called cards (because such evidence was originally printed on note cards, though the practice has long been replaced by digital storage). Cards are designed to condense an author's argument so that debaters have an easy way to access the information. A card is composed of three parts: the argument or evidence summary, the evidence that supports the argument, and the citation. The argument part, sometimes called

2704-608: Is some dispute over what constitutes the "national championship" in the United States per se, but two tournaments generally compete for the title: The Tournament of Champions held at the University of Kentucky , and the National Speech and Debate tournament sponsored by the National Forensic League (now known as the National Speech & Debate Association). For the highest level of competition,

2808-549: Is the main campus for Wake Forest University, housing the undergraduate colleges, three of the four graduate schools, and half the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The core of Reynolda campus is the two interlinked quads, separated by the main administrative building and dining facility, Reynolda Hall , into North and South Campus. North Campus consists of Hearn Plaza , better known as "the quad", which holds six upperclassmen residential buildings, Subway restaurant,

2912-585: Is the present-day home of several School of Medicine departments doing pioneering research, as well as private companies. In December 2012 the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center formally launched its new commercialization enterprise, Wake Forest Innovations. Located in the Innovation Quarter, Wake Forest Innovations brings together technology asset management functions with resources to support scholarship, invest in

3016-459: Is the problem in the status quo to justify adopting the plan? Is the plan important enough to even warrant consideration or make a difference? Will the plan solve any problems in the status quo? How much of an impact (positive effect, or Significance) will the plan have? Most affirmative teams today generally frame their case around advantages, which are good effects of their plan. The negative team will often present disadvantages which contend that

3120-422: Is using preparation time has priority to read evidence read previously during a round by both teams. As a result, large amounts of evidence may change hands after the use of preparation time but before a speech. Most judges will not deduct from a team's preparation time for time spent finding evidence which the other team has misplaced. After a round, judges sometimes "call for cards" to examine evidence whose merit

3224-682: The American Debate Association (ADA) all host national tournaments. The NDT committee issues a ranking report of the top 16 teams in the country ("first round bids") for automatic advancement to the NDT in early February. The report roughly determines a regular season champion called the 'Copeland Award' for the team rated the highest over the course of the year through early February. While once attended by only highly competitive policy debaters, many high school students now attend debate institutes, which are typically held at colleges in

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3328-614: The Demon Deacons and compete in sixteen NCAA Division I intercollegiate sports. Those teams have won 10 NCAA team championships and the university is a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). During the Baptist State Convention of 1833, at Cartledge Creek Baptist Church in Rockingham, North Carolina , establishment of Wake Forest Institute was ratified. The school was founded after

3432-506: The Keats House . Each fall and spring semester, a group of Wake Forest undergraduate students and a resident professor live and study together here. Wake Forest law students also spend a summer session here along with a resident law professor. In 2008, Karyn and Tom Dingledine provided a donation that enabled Wake Forest to purchase Casa Dingledine, a 6,600-square-foot (610 m ) conference center on 5 acres (2.0 hectares) of land with

3536-832: The Piedmont Triad Region , operating as an integrated health care system. Wake Downtown is located in the Wake Forest Innovation Quarter . The Graduate School of Arts & Science has some programs located in the Historic Brookstown in downtown Winston-Salem. Wake Forest purchased the Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum and 33 surrounding acres from the City of Winston-Salem on August 1, 2013. The Coliseum, which seats 14,407, has been

3640-529: The University of London in 1972. He became a professor of history at the University of California, San Diego , and the author of several history books. Other diversity milestones: Wake Forest's Associate Provost for Diversity and Inclusion Barbee Oakes was named one of the "25 Women Making a Difference" in 2012 Diverse Issues in Higher Education, recognizing her for commitment to initiatives that promote pluralism and foster community. Wake Forest

3744-550: The Wake Forest School of Medicine . More specific details were revealed in February 2021, including a seven-story tower, and on March 24, 2021, Atrium Health announced a 20-acre site at Baxter and McDowell Streets. Also, School of Medicine dean Dr. Julie Ann Freischlag said construction would start in 2022, with the first students attending in 2024. Hatch, who was leaving as president June 30, said Wake Forest would have

3848-465: The resolution . The acceptance of all-inclusive negation, as opposed piecemeal, allows Negative teams to run full argumentation outlines such as topical counterplans with better Solvency that affirms the resolution but still negates the Affirmative's plan. After the affirmative presents its case, the negative can down-vote the case with many different arguments, which include: Evidence in debates

3952-427: The tag(line) , is the debater's summary of the argument presented in the body. A tag is usually only one or two sentences. The citation contains all relevant reference citation information (that is, the author, date of publication, journal, title, etc.). Although every card should contain a complete citation, only the author's name and date of publication are typically spoken aloud in a speech. Some teams will also read

4056-495: The 2006–2007 college policy debate topic, which limited the affirmative agent to the United States Supreme Court . At the college level, a number of topics are proposed and interested parties write "topic papers" discussing the pros and cons of that individual topic. Each school then gets one vote on the topic. The single topic area voted on then has a number of proposed topic wordings, one is chosen, and it

4160-536: The Charlotte Center include business management for nonprofits, sustainability, financial planning and negotiations. The center also hosts corporate retreats and serves as an educational and gathering space for students and alumni in the greater Charlotte area. The university began offering a small set of general summer school classes at the Charlotte campus in the summer of 2014. The university's Washington, D.C. campus offers undergraduate classes during

4264-537: The Earth's oceans. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially curtail its domestic surveillance. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic and/or diplomatic engagement with the People's Republic of China. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its funding and/or regulation of primary and/or secondary education in

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4368-487: The Mesosphere. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its transportation infrastructure investment in the United States. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic engagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military exploration and/or development of

4472-695: The National Forensic League, and the National Catholic Forensic League all vote on the five topics, narrowing it down to two. Then the two topics are again put to a vote, and one topic is selected. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially reduce its military and/or police presence in one or more of the following: South Korea, Japan, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iraq, Turkey. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its exploration and/or development of space beyond

4576-683: The North Carolina Baptist State Convention purchased a 615- acre (249  ha ) plantation from Calvin Jones in an area north of Raleigh ( Wake County ) called the "Forest of Wake". The new school, designed to teach both Baptist ministers and laymen, opened on February 3, 1834, as the Wake Forest Manual Labor Institute . Students and staff were required to spend half of each day doing manual labor on its plantation. Samuel Wait ,

4680-829: The Tournament of Champions is generally considered to be the more prestigious title to hold. In Texas, most debate occurs in Texas Forensic Association (TFA) tournaments. The other major debate organization is the University Interscholastic League (UIL). There is no single unified national championship in college debate; though the National Debate Tournament (NDT), the Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA) and

4784-558: The US. A small subset of high school debaters, mostly from elite public and private schools, travel around the country to tournaments in what is called the 'national circuit.' The championship of the national circuit is usually considered to be the Tournament of Champions , also called the TOC, at the University of Kentucky , which requires formal qualification in the form of two or more bids to

4888-586: The United States. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially reduce its restrictions on legal immigration to the United States. Wake Forest University Wake Forest University ( WFU ) is a private research university in Winston-Salem, North Carolina , United States. Founded in 1834, the university received its name from its original location in Wake Forest , north of Raleigh, North Carolina . The Reynolda Campus,

4992-612: The University Corporate Center, the building is located off Reynolds Boulevard, near campus, and houses the following University offices: Information Systems, Finance Systems, Procurement Services, and Financial and Accounting Services. Aon Consulting, BB&T, and Pepsi are also tenants. The School of Business established a satellite campus in Charlotte, North Carolina , in 1995; in January 2001, it moved into

5096-658: The Wake Forest University Board of Trustees named Susan Rae Wente as Wake Forest's fourteenth president and first female president of the school. On September 16, 2015, Wake Forest announced plans to offer undergraduate classes downtown in Innovation Quarter in Winston-Salem. On March 18, 2016, the school announced programs in biomedical sciences and engineering at its new Wake Downtown campus, opening in January 2017. Wake Downtown

5200-472: The Wake Forest campus, Reynolda Village is home to stores, restaurants, services and offices. Now owned and operated by Wake Forest University, the buildings were originally part of the 1,067-acre (432-hectare) estate of the R.J. Reynolds family. These buildings were modeled after an English Village and included dairy barns, a cattle shed, school, post office, smokehouse, blacksmith shop, carriage house, central power and heating plant, as well as cottages to house

5304-479: The Winston-Salem community. Wake Forest University owns and manages one of the premier meeting destinations in the southeast. Graylyn was built as a private estate for Bowman Gray, Sr. , and his family in 1932. The Gray family lived in the home until 1946 when it was donated to the Bowman Gray School of Medicine . In 1972, it was donated to Wake Forest University where it was used for many things over

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5408-548: The activity and the principles of rhetoric, argumentation, policymaking, and so on that the debaters are engaged in the substantive matter of the topic. When the Affirmative team presents a plan, they take upon the Burden of the Policy to advocate (Justification) a significant change (Significance or Impact) to the status quo and that their plan should be adopted and hence, by default, the resolution that in general will allow for such

5512-403: The affirmative plan causes undesirable consequences. In an attempt to make sure that their advantages/disadvantages outweigh those of the other team, debaters often present extreme scenarios such as the extinction of the human race or a global nuclear war . Negation Tactic, also known as Negation Theory, contends that the negative need only negate the affirmative instead of having to negate

5616-415: The author's qualifications if they wish to emphasize this information. Qualifications are only included in trying to increase the weight of your cards against your opponents'. The body is a fragment of the author's original text. The length of a body can vary greatly—cards can be as short as a few sentences and as long as two or more pages. Most cards are between one and five paragraphs in length. The body of

5720-423: The basis of research, persuasive speaking, argumentation, and philosophy. For a number of years, CEDA employed a two-person team value debate format. CEDA utilized two topics each year, one governing the fall semester and the second governing the spring semester. For the spring 1996 topic, it was voted to continue debating the fall topic about Mexico. Beginning with the 1996–1997 season, however, CEDA has employed

5824-464: The beginning of the year. A resolution or topic is a statement which the affirmative team affirms and the negative team negates. Resolutions are selected annually by affiliated schools. Most resolutions from the 1920s to 2005 have begun "Resolved: that The United States federal government should" although some variations from that template have been used both before the NDT-CEDA merger and with

5928-482: The class are women and 45 percent are men. Wake Forest University does not require applicants to submit a college entrance exam score; of the 26 percent of applicants who did submit SAT scores, the middle 50 percent for total scores were between 1410–1500. Of the 22 percent of applicants who did submit ACT scores, the middle 50 percent composite score was between 32–34. In May 2008, Wake Forest made college entrance exams optional for undergraduate admissions, becoming

6032-665: The classroom buildings, the Benson Center, and the Z. Smith Reynolds Library . Reynolda House Museum of American Art is the centerpiece of the Reynolda Estate, from which the university's Reynolda Campus takes its name. The residence was constructed in 1917 by Katharine Smith Reynolds and her husband, Richard Joshua Reynolds, founder of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. It was converted to an art museum in 1967 and has been affiliated with Wake Forest University since 2002. Reynolda House displays American art ranging from

6136-405: The colonial period to the present, including well-known artists such as Mary Cassatt , Frederic Church , Jacob Lawrence , Georgia O'Keeffe , and Gilbert Stuart . Wake Forest students regularly get involved at Reynolda House through internships, volunteer opportunities, and academic research. In 2010, Reynolda House and Wake Forest partnered on a first-year student orientation project that uses

6240-426: The community as an important part of the activity of a debate club. Debaters in these circuits should be able to adapt their presentations to individuals with no debate experience at all, as well as maintaining high standards of debate for judges who have themselves been debaters. A common saying is that debate is a game of judges/judge adaptation. This use of lay judges significantly alters delivery and argumentation, as

6344-439: The educational value of the activity and call these objections "nothing other than thinly-veiled racism." Other teams participating in the debates have said "the pedagogical goals of policy debate are not being met-and are even being undermined." In 2014, despite winning the tournament, the team from Towson University was criticized by observers for referencing racial slurs, failing to adhere to standard debate practices and arguing

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6448-673: The elimination rounds or come close to winning a bid several other times. Urban debate leagues give students in urban school districts an opportunity to participate in policy debate. There are currently urban debate leagues in 24 of the largest cities in the United States. In total, more than 500 high schools participate in the league and more than 40,000 students have competed in urban debate. The Rural Debate Initiative ("RuDI") expands access to debate to secondary school students residing in rural America. RuDI partners with top college programs to provide weekly coaching sessions, internal debate tournaments and summer debate camps to rural students in

6552-419: The family's chauffeur and stenographer, the village's school master, and the farm's head dairyman and horticulturist. The present-day village has a wide range of shops specializing in home furnishings and designer fashions, as well as art galleries, fitness studios, and a full-service day spa. The Reynolda historical district, including Reynolda Village, serves as an educational, cultural, and community complex for

6656-536: The first black full-time undergraduate at the school. This made Wake Forest the first major private university in the South to desegregate . Reynolds, a transfer student from Shaw University , became the first black graduate of the university in 1964, when he earned a bachelor's degree in history. He went on to earn master's degrees at Ohio University and Yale Divinity School , and a PhD in African history from

6760-620: The first national university ranked in the top 30 by the U.S. News & World Report to adopt a test-optional policy. Being test-optional means Wake Forest's admissions process does not require applicants to submit their SAT or ACT scores, and students can decide if they want their standardized test scores to be considered. Wake Forest University does not publish any explanation of how its admissions process compares applicants with submitted scores to those without. Wake Forest offers 40 undergraduate majors and 57 interdisciplinary minors across various fields of study. Students initially declare

6864-633: The guidelines of National Debate Tournament (NDT) and the Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA), which have been joined at the collegiate level. A one-person policy format is sanctioned by the National Forensic Association (NFA)) on the collegiate level as well. Academic debate had its origins in intra-collegiate debating societies, in which students would engage in invitational debates against their classmates. Wake Forest University 's debate program claims to have its origins in student literary societies founded on campus in

6968-411: The high school level. However, the method accepted by most national organizations such as the National Forensic League, Tournament of Champions, National Catholic Forensic League, Cross-Examination Debate Association, and National Debate Tournament, use values ranging from 1 to 30. In practice, within these organizations the standard variation is 26‑29, where 26's are given to extremely poor speakers, where

7072-406: The high-point losing team provided a better debate round". In some smaller jurisdictions, the judge ranks the speakers 1‑4 instead of awarding them speaker points. Either speaker-point calculation may be used to break ties among teams with like records. Some areas also use speaker rankings in addition to speaker points in order to differentiate between speakers awarded the same number of points. At

7176-489: The home of Wake Forest's men's and women's basketball teams since it opened in 1989. The opening of Wake Forest Biotech Place in February 2012 marked a milestone in development of Wake Forest Innovation Quarter , based in downtown Winston-Salem and formerly known as Piedmont Triad Research Park. Operated by Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center , Wake Forest Biotech Place is a 242,000-square-foot (22,500 m ) multipurpose biotechnology research and innovation center space that

7280-399: The humanities, social sciences and math/natural sciences and at least one in the fine arts and literatures). Wake Forest also offers an "Open Curriculum" option, in which a small number of students, approved by a committee, may design a course of study with an adviser that follows a liberal arts framework but does not necessarily fulfill all the core degree requirements. In order to attend

7384-525: The innovative potential of its academic and clinical communities and help translate ideas and discoveries into commercial products and services for both the Medical Center and Wake Forest University. In January 2017, undergraduate programs began at Wake Downtown. Built as the world headquarters for Reynolds Tobacco Company, RJR Nabisco donated the more than 500,000-square-foot (46,000 m ) building to Wake Forest University in 1987. Now known as

7488-402: The judge uses, the debate can be drastically different. Because there is no one view of debate agreed upon by everyone, many debaters question a judge about their paradigm and/or their feelings on specific arguments before the round. Not every judge fits perfectly into one paradigm or another. A judge may say that they are "tabula rasa" or tab for short, or willing to listen to anything, but draw

7592-430: The judge's preferences. Debaters have a specialized form of note taking, called flowing , to keep track of the arguments presented during a debate. Conventionally, a debater's flow is divided into separate flows for each different macro-argument in the debate round ( kritiks , disads , topicalities , case, etc.). There are multiple methods of flowing, but the most common style incorporates columns of arguments made in

7696-645: The length of constructives, but when a style of faster delivery speed became more standard in the late 1980s, that time management stricture was dropped. Wake Forest University introduced reformed speech times in both its college (9‑6 instead of 10‑5) and high school (8‑5 instead of 8‑4) tournaments, which spread rapidly to become the new de facto standards. Policy debaters' speed of delivery will vary from league to league and tournament to tournament. In more progressive and larger tournaments, debaters will speak very quickly - often called spreading - in order to read as much evidence and make as many arguments as possible within

7800-438: The line at arguments they consider to be offensive (such as arguments in favor of racism). Or, a judge might be a "policymaker", but still look at the debate in an offense/defense framework like a games-playing judge. Examples of paradigms include: Most high school debaters debate in local tournaments in their city, state or nearby states. Thousands of tournaments are held each year at high schools and certain colleges throughout

7904-432: The losing team. If the judge does not, the decision is considered a "low-point win". Low-point wins simply mean that the team with better argumentation did not speak as well as their competitors, which is rare, because judges will vote for teams that speak better overall and award higher speaker points to teams who deliver a better debate. The difference can be stated as so, "the low-point winning team are better debaters, and

8008-405: The mid-1830s, which first presented joint "orations" in 1854. Many debating societies that were founded at least as early as the mid-nineteenth century are still active today, though they have generally shifted their focus to intercollegiate competitive debate. In addition to Wake Forest, the debate society at Northwestern University dates to 1855. Boston College 's Fulton Debating Society, which

8112-408: The museum's masterpiece by Frederic Church, The Andes of Ecuador, as the focal point of the summer academic experience. General admission to the museum is free to students and university employees. The 129-acre (52-hectare) property that comprise Reynolda Gardens of Wake Forest University was once at the center of Reynolda , the early 20th-century estate of Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Reynolds , and included

8216-495: The next four decades under the leadership of presidents Washington Manly Wingate , Thomas H. Pritchard, and Charles Taylor. In 1894, the School of Law was established, followed by the School of Medicine in 1902. In 1911, Louise Heims Beck became the university's first librarian, later going on to become a vaudeville performer and the recipient of a Tony Award . The university held its first summer session in 1921. Lea Laboratory

8320-473: The number of debaters competing at any given tournament. For instance, a small local tournament might only award trophies or plaques to the top three debaters, whereas a widely attended "national circuit" tournament might give out awards to the top ten or fifteen speakers. Most debate judges (who were usually debaters in high school and/or college) generally carry a mindset that favors certain arguments and styles over others. Depending on what mindset, or paradigm,

8424-407: The other team is unfair and therefore warrant a loss or other intervention by the judge. They are also brought up to change how an argument is weighted by the judge to either assist themselves or detract from the opponents. Theory debates in-round are not rare, but whole rounds are almost never about theory itself. Theory is argued as part of the decision of the round with the hope of advancing debate

8528-452: The pedagogical purpose of the activity is to train rhetorical skills. In contrast, rapid delivery is encouraged by those who believe that increased quantity and diversity of arguments makes debates more educational. Proponents of the delivery style emphasize that spreading can help increase the quality of debates by enabling more nuanced viewpoints, rather than more general positions. Most debaters will vary their rate of delivery depending upon

8632-490: The pool of male students. In 1946, as a result of large gifts from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation , the entire college agreed to move to Winston-Salem, a move that was completed for the beginning of the fall 1956 term, under the leadership of Harold W. Tribble. Charles and Mary Reynolds Babcock (daughter of R. J. Reynolds ) donated to the college about 330 acres (1.3 km ) of fields and woods at " Reynolda ", their estate. A name change to Smith Reynolds University

8736-413: The purpose of obtaining its citation information so that they can produce the evidence for their own school. Opponents and spectators are also generally allowed to collect citations in this manner, and some tournaments send scouts to rounds to facilitate the collection of cites for every team at the tournament, information which is sometimes published later. A judge is an individual responsible for deciding

8840-496: The rapid-fire style and complex debate-theory arguments are frequently new to lay judges. For this reason, other circuits restrict policy debate judging to qualified judges, generally ex-debaters. The judge is charged not only with selecting a winner, but also must allot points to each debater. "Speaker points" are numeric merit scores that the judge awards the debaters on their speaking skills. Speaker point schemes vary throughout local state and regional organizations particularly at

8944-526: The round. The negative is automatically the winner unless the affirmative can prove they are better than the status quo. One traditional way to judge policy debate is to judge the Affirmative on four issues or burdens to meet, called the stock issues . The four stock issues are modeled after U.S. court procedural aspects of administrative law in deciding cases (as opposed to Constitutional controversies): ill (Harm), blame (Inherency), cure (Solvency), cost (Significance). They are generally known as follows: What

9048-414: The speech, it is common for an opponent to collect and examine evidence even while a speech is still going on. This practice originated in part because cards are read at a rate faster than conversational speed. Taking the cards during the speech allows the opponent to question the author's qualifications, the original context of the evidence, etc. in cross-examination . It is generally accepted whichever team

9152-634: The spring and fall as well as law classes during the spring and summer semester sessions. The Wake Washington Center also alumni workshops, networking events, volunteer meetings and speaker events and panels. The university owns international properties in Italy , Austria , England , and Nicaragua . In 1974, Wake Forest purchased the building that formerly housed the American Consulate in Venice and named it Casa Artom in honor of Camillo Artom,

9256-416: The summer. Most institutes range from about two to seven weeks, with four weeks being the most common. Many institutes divide students into work groups, or "labs", based on skill level and experience. Many even offer specialized "advanced" or "scholars" workshops, to which acceptance is highly limited. These camps often set the tone for the upcoming season and produce much of the evidence used by debaters at

9360-635: The theory of evolution but eventually won formal support from the Baptist State Convention for academic freedom at the college. The School of Medicine moved to Winston-Salem (then North Carolina's second-largest city) in 1941 under the supervision of Dean Coy Cornelius Carpenter , who guided the school through the transition from a two-year to a four-year program. The school then became the Bowman Gray School of Medicine. The following year, 1942, Wake Forest admitted its first female undergraduate students, after World War II dramatically depleted

9464-474: The time-constrained speech. Speed reading or spreading is normal at the majority of national circuit policy debate tournaments. Some feel that the rapid-fire delivery makes debate harder to understand for the lay person. Many further claim that the increased speed encourages debaters to make several poor arguments, as opposed to a few high-quality ones. A slower style is preferred by those who want debates to be understandable to lay people and those who claim that

9568-490: The tournament. Bids are achieved by reaching a certain level of elimination rounds (for example, quarter-finals) at select, highly competitive, and carefully chosen tournaments across the country based upon the quality of debaters they attract and the diversity of locations from across the United States they represent. Debater partnerships with 2 bids are guaranteed a spot at the TOC, whereas debater teams with 1 bid (At-large teams) may be admitted if they consistently advance far in

9672-637: The university's main campus, has been located north of downtown Winston-Salem since the university moved there in 1956. Wake Forest also maintains other academic campuses in Charlotte, North Carolina ; Washington, D.C. ; Venice ; Vienna ; and London . Wake Forest University's undergraduate and graduate schools include the School of Business , Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, School of Divinity , School of Law , and School of Medicine . Students can participate in over 250 student clubs and organizations including fraternities and sororities, intramural sports,

9776-421: The winner and loser of a policy round as well as assessing the merits of the speakers. Judges merit a good debate round and, ideally, avoid inserting their own personal beliefs that might cloud impartiality, however, total impartiality is impossible which has led to judges adopting a paradigm. Judges are sometimes coaches who help debate teams improve. Some circuits see lay or inexperienced judges recruited from

9880-692: The worst of our human bigotry. These attacks on Towson, Oklahoma, and others in our debate community are motivated by racism and fear." Policy debate High school policy debate is sponsored by various organizations including the National Speech and Debate Association , National Association of Urban Debate Leagues , Catholic Forensic League , Stoa USA , and the National Christian Forensics and Communications Association , as well as many other regional speech organizations. Collegiate policy debates are generally governed by

9984-425: The year Fairmount College began classes. By the mid-1970s, regular rules for lengths of speeches developed. Each side (Affirmative and Negative) was afforded two opening "constructive" speeches, and two closing "rebuttal" speeches , for a total of eight speeches each debate round. Each speaker was cross-examined by their opponent for a period following his or her constructive speech. Traditionally rebuttals were half

10088-537: The years, including graduate student housing. Located in the Ardmore neighborhood near downtown Winston-Salem, the Bowman Gray Campus is home to Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist , which includes its teaching and research arm, Wake Forest School of Medicine , and its clinical enterprise, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Health. With about 13,000 employees, the Medical Center is the largest employer in

10192-526: Was among 40 schools across the country awarded the 2012 Higher Education Excellence in Diversity Award by Insight into Diversity magazine. A graduate studies program was inaugurated in 1961, and in 1967 the school became the fully accredited Wake Forest University. The Babcock Graduate School of Management , now known as the School of Business, was established in 1969. The James R. Scales Fine Arts Center opened in 1979. In 1979, Wake Forest began

10296-531: Was built in 1887–1888, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The leading college figure in the early 20th century was William L. Poteat , a biologist and the first layman to be elected president in the college's history. "Dr. Billy" continued to promote growth, hired many outstanding professors, and expanded the science curriculum. He also stirred upheaval among North Carolina Baptists with his strong support of teaching

10400-494: Was completed in 2011. The thirteenth president of Wake Forest was Nathan O. Hatch , former provost at the University of Notre Dame . Hatch was officially installed as president on October 20, 2005. He assumed office on July 1, 2005, succeeding Thomas K. Hearn Jr. , who had retired after 22 years in office (and for whom the Upper Quad is now named). In 2020, Hatch announced his retirement as president. On January 29, 2021,

10504-561: Was considered, but dropped. From 1952 to 1956, fourteen new buildings were constructed on the new campus. These buildings were constructed in Georgian style. The old campus in Wake Forest was sold to the Baptist State Convention to establish the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary . On April 27, 1962, Wake Forest's board of trustees voted to accept Edward Reynolds , a native of Ghana, as

10608-458: Was contested during the round or whose weight was emphasized during rebuttals so that they can read the evidence for themselves. Although widespread, this practice is explicitly banned at some tournaments, most notably National Catholic Forensic League nationals, and some judges refuse to call for cards because they believe the practice constitutes "doing work for debaters that should have been done during round". Judges may also call for evidence for

10712-410: Was dedicated in February 2011. Undergraduate admission to Wake Forest is rated as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report . For freshmen enrolling in the fall of 2023, the university received 17,479 applications and admitted 3,768, or 21.56 percent. 1,385 students enrolled, making the yield rate (percentage of accepted students who then enrolled) 36.75 percent. Approximately 55 percent of

10816-445: Was founded in 1868, continues to organize an annual "Fulton Prize Debate" between teams of its own students after the intercollegiate debate season has ended. Other universities continue similar traditions. Intercollegiate debates have been held since at least as early as the 1890s. History records there were debates between teams from Wake Forest University and Trinity College (later Duke University ) beginning in 1897. Additionally,

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