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105-533: The Cross River National Park is a national park of Nigeria , located in Cross River State , Nigeria . There are two separate sections, Okwangwo (established 1991) and Oban (established 1988). The park has a total area of about 4,000 km, most of which consists of primary moist tropical rainforests in the North and Central parts, with mangrove swamps on the coastal zones. Parts of the park belong to

210-752: A Park Management Committee. The park management has established a station at Kanyang as a base for primate research and eco-tourism . The Butatong Divisional Head Office, established with assistance from the European Union and the World Wildlife Fund provides a base for rangers patrolling the Okwa and Okwangwo sectors of the Okwangwo division. The park has four departments: Park Protection and Conservation, Ecotourism, Park Engineering and Maintenance, and Finance and Administration. In 2010, 250 of

315-410: A billion dollars of indirect income in the area and added thousands of indirect jobs between 2004 and 2005. However, even this form of tourism may require foreign investment for promotion or start-up. When such investments are required, communities must find a company or non-governmental organization that reflects the philosophy of ecotourism; is sensitive to their concerns, and is willing to cooperate at

420-648: A carrying capacity, site hardening, sustainable design, visitation quotas, fees, access restrictions, and visitor education. Many environmentalists have argued for a global standard that can be used for certification , differentiating ecotourism companies based on their level of environmental commitment, creating a standard to follow. A national or international regulatory board would enforce accreditation procedures, with representation from various groups including governments, hotels, tour operators, travel agents, guides, airlines, local authorities, conservation organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The decisions of

525-411: A company based on how sustainable its operations are. CST evaluates the interaction between the company and the surrounding habitat; the management policies and operation systems within the company; how the company encourages its clients to become active contributors towards sustainable policies; and the interaction between the company and local communities/the overall population. Based upon these criteria,

630-563: A crucial role in preserving Nigeria's cultural identity, traditions, and indigenous knowledge: National parks are not only centers for conservation but also contribute significantly to the Nigerian economy: Eco-tourism Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered an important endeavor by environmentalists for conservation reasons. Organizations focusing on ecotourism often make direct or indirect contributions to conservation or employ practices or technology that reduce impacts on

735-725: A genuine ecotourism experience when they see the higher star rating. In 2008 the Global Sustainable Tourism Council Criteria was launched at the IUCN World Conservation Congress. The Criteria, managed by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, created a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism and includes criteria and performance indicators for destinations, tour operators and hotels. The GSTC provides accreditation through

840-407: A herbicide) to kill the fish. It is thought that three species of primate have been extirpated. Logging, both legal and illegal, in the buffer zone and the park itself have caused loss of habitat, and logging trails have opened up the forest to poachers. Snares set to trap smaller animals cause injuries to the larger species. Fulani herdsmen have encroached into the reserve to graze their cattle along

945-921: A long border with Korup National Park in the Republic of Cameroon , forming a single protected ecological zone. The land area of the Oban Division is 300,000ha. In 1991, it was separated from the Oban Group Forest Reserve. It is located in the south-eastern part of the Cross River State in Akamkpa Local Government Area. It is located roughly 42 kilometers from Calabar, the state capital, and shares an eastern border with Cameroon's Korup National Park. The Oban Division and Korup National Park are adjacent. The Oban Division's southern regions are drained by

1050-493: A lot of contention to the limit at which biodiversity preservation, local social-economic benefits, and environmental impact can be considered "ecotourism". For this reason, environmentalists, special interest groups, and governments define ecotourism differently. Environmental organizations have generally insisted that ecotourism is nature-based, sustainably managed, conservation supporting, and environmentally educated. The tourist industry and governments, however, focus more on

1155-460: A mission, working in close collaboration with both the government and local communities. This collaborative approach was instrumental in promoting conservation efforts and laying the groundwork for the establishment of new national parks. The foundation leveraged its resources, expertise, and outreach to not only advocate for the protection of natural areas but also to engage with local communities, whose support and involvement were deemed essential for

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1260-401: A multifaceted role, contributing significantly to the nation's social, cultural, and economic well-being. They are not only vital for the conservation of the country's natural heritage but also for the development and enrichment of Nigerian society. National parks have a profound social impact on Nigeria, benefiting the local communities, visitors, and society as a whole: National parks play

1365-521: A pivotal step in this direction, with each park strategically located within various ecological zones of Nigeria to ensure comprehensive conservation coverage. One of the most notable national parks in Nigeria is Yankari National Park , which was officially established in 1991. Yankari National Park, located in the northeastern part of the country, is renowned for its unique combination of wildlife, geothermal features, and cultural heritage. It encompasses

1470-464: A proportion of ecotourism profits are directed back into the community. Harsh survival realities and deprivation of traditional use of land and natural resources by local people can occur. Local Indigenous people may also feel strong resentment towards the change, especially if tourism has been allowed to develop with virtually no controls. Without sufficient control mechanisms, too many lodges may be built, and tourist vehicles may drive off-track and harass

1575-689: A small amount of initial aid, the funding dried up and the villagers became hostile to the park administration. An amending decree in 1999 converted the Nigerian National Park Service, which runs the park, into a paramilitary outfit with increased powers.The park was created in 1991 and borders the Takamanda and Korup national parks in Cameroon. It also crosses with five local government areas ( Obanliku , Boki, Etung , Ikom, and Akampka ). Because of its proximity to PA in Cameroon,

1680-425: A testament to the tremendous profits associated with being labeled as ecotourism. Ecotourism has become one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry. One definition of ecotourism is "the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countries". Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of

1785-495: A third party to Certification Bodies to legitimize claims of sustainability. Environmental impact assessments could also be used as a form of accreditation. Feasibility is evaluated on a scientific basis, and recommendations could be made to optimally plan infrastructure, set tourist capacity, and manage the ecology. This form of accreditation is more sensitive to site-specific conditions. Some countries have their certification programs for ecotourism. Costa Rica, for example, runs

1890-506: A trend towards the commercialization of tourism schemes disguised as sustainable, nature based, and environmentally friendly ecotourism. According to McLaren, these schemes are environmentally destructive, economically exploitative, and culturally insensitive at its worst. They are also morally disconcerting because they mislead tourists and manipulate their concerns for the environment. The development and success of such large scale, energy intensive, and ecologically unsustainable schemes are

1995-414: A wide range of ecosystems, including savannas, forests, and wetlands, making it a biodiversity hotspot. Yankari National Park is home to diverse species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, making it a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts and ecotourists. Another significant addition to Nigeria's national park system is Gashaka-Gumti National Park , also established in 1991. This vast park, situated in

2100-483: Is Mbe mountain , with a population of 30-40 individuals, not yet incorporated in the park. In 2003 it was thought that the Boshi Extension Forest in the north of the division and the Okwa and Ononyi Hills in the south were together home to 50-60 individuals, generally living in isolated subpopulations and therefore at risk of genetic inbreeding. The gorillas are also vulnerable to hunting, but generally

2205-560: Is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social, and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for environmental protection , social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all. It has its roots in sustainable development and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means. There

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2310-420: Is a serious threat, and has been increasing. The population of villages in the buffer zone is growing, and farmers are starting to encroach. Levels of hunting, fishing and transitory cultivation are increasing, and damaging the ecosystem. Chemicals used for fishing have affected fish stocks. An approach to involving local communities in management of forests in the buffer zones has been tested with some success in

2415-441: Is another vital component of Nigeria's national park system. Located in the northwest of the country, this park is known for its extensive woodlands and dry savannas. Kamuku National Park plays a crucial role in conserving the unique flora and fauna adapted to these arid environments. It is an important habitat for species such as antelopes, baboons, and diverse birdlife. The park's establishment has helped protect these ecosystems and

2520-534: Is associated with geology. In contrast to nature tourism and sustainable tourism in general, ecotourism also usually intended to foster a greater appreciation in tourists of natural habitats and threats they experience, as well as local culture. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism

2625-465: Is different from the experience of the residents; it commodifies the lives of Indigenous people and their land which is not fair to its inhabitants. Indigenous territories are managed by governmental services (i.e. FUNAI in Brazil , ...) and these governmental services can thus decide whether or not to implement ecotourism in these Indigenous territories. Ecotourism can also bring in employment to

2730-814: Is drained by the Cross river and its tributaries. The southern parts are drained by the Calabar , Kwa and Korup rivers. The division is mostly covered with lowland rainforest. Typical tree species include Musanga cecropioides, the African corkwood tree or umbrella tree, Irvingia gabonensis bush mango Berlinia confusa , Coula edulis , Hannoa klaineana , Klainedoxa gabonensis , African mahogany and red ironwood . About 1,568 plant species have been identified, of which 77 are endemic to Nigeria. These include 1,303 flowering plants, 141 lichens and 56 moss species. Torben Larsen collected almost 600 species of butterfly in

2835-466: Is ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas that foster environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation." The Global Ecotourism Network (GEN) defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and creates knowledge and understanding through interpretation and education of all involved (visitors, staff, and

2940-593: Is made up of the former Boshi, Okwangwo and Boshi Extension Forest Reserves. The division has an area of about 920 km at an altitude of 150 - 1,700m above sea level. It is separated from the Oban division to the south by about 50 km of disturbed rainforest. It lies south-west of the Obudu Plateau and immediately to the east of the Afi River Forest Reserve , separated from this reserve by

3045-466: Is now broad consensus that tourism should be sustainable . In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly. Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing impact of tourism , for example its environmental impacts. Ecotourism in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems can benefit conservation, provided

3150-442: Is often presented as a responsible form of tourism, it nonetheless carries several risks. Potential ecological, economic, and sociocultural benefits associated with ecotourism are described below. Ecotourism activities, or merely the presence of travelers in a particular region or location, may negatively impact the ecological integrity of protected areas . Local communities may be negatively impacted by ecotourism. For example, as

3255-701: Is rugged, with rocky ridges and outcrops. The highest points are in the Sankwala Mountains in the north (1,700 m) and in the Mbe Mountains in the south-west (1,000  m). Annual rainfall may be as much as 4,280 mm, mostly falling in the wet season between March and November. The division is drained by the Oyi, Bemi and Okon rivers, tributaries of the Cross River. The high ridge-tops are covered in montane grasslands, with relict forests in

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3360-467: Is taking place, more than 90 percent of ecotourism revenues are expatriated to the parent countries, and less than 5 percent go into local communities. The lack of sustainability highlights the need for small-scale, slow-growth, and locally-based ecotourism. Local peoples have a vested interest in the well-being of their community and are therefore more accountable to environmental protection than multinational corporations, though they receive very little of

3465-1075: Is the case with other forms of tourism, ecotourism may result in friction between tourists and local community members, and may potentially increase the cost of rent, rates, and property values , thereby marginalizing local community members. Ecotourism carries known health risks for tourists and local community members, along with wildlife and ecosystems. Travelers may bring pathogens to ecologically sensitive areas, putting wildlife as well as local communities at risk; ecotourism activities may also place travelers at risk of health problems or injuries. Ecotourism may also have positive ecological consequences, and some of them are listed as follows: For some decision-makers, economic factors are more compelling than ecological factors in deciding how natural resources should be used. Potential ecotourism economic benefits are presented below: A holistic approach to ecotourism must promote socio-cultural as well as economic and ecological practices. The direct and indirect socio-cultural benefits are outlined as follows: When assessing

3570-408: Is the promotion of recycling , energy efficiency , water conservation , and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities. Ecotourism is a sub-component of the field of sustainable tourism . Ecotourism must serve to maximize ecological benefits while contributing to the economic, social, and cultural wellbeing of communities living close to ecotourism venues. Even while ecotourism

3675-558: The Afi River Forest Reserve and the Mbe Mountains Community Forest into the park, preventing more effective conservation efforts. Programs to establish backyard farming of bushmeat species have been successful in other parts of the state, with villagers raising rabbits, poultry, duikers, porcupines, cane rats, giant rats, pythons, crocodiles and snails. In these areas, hunting and poaching of wild bushmeat has declined dramatically. The approach holds promise for

3780-520: The African buffalo , the endangered African forest elephants , common chimpanzee , Preuss's red colobus and Sclater's guenon and the highly endangered drill . The division may contain 400 chimpanzees, although no survey has been undertaken. The forest remains largely untouched in the less accessible areas, but around the margins it has been considerably affected by human activity. In some places, secondary regrowth has occurred, but other areas contain plantations of oil-palm and rubber. Illegal logging

3885-546: The Guinea-Congolian region, with a closed canopy and scattered emergent trees reaching 40 or 50 meters in height. Cross River National Park borders Korup National Park in Cameroon and is the largest rain forest area in Nigeria. It is also a hotspot for biodiversity. The park has one of the oldest rainforests in Africa, and has been identified as a biodiversity hot spot . Sixteen primate species have been recorded in

3990-644: The Mbe Mountains Community Forest . The Takamanda Forest Reserve in the Republic of Cameroon shares a border with the Okwangwo division to the east. In November 2008 Takamanda was upgraded to a National Park through a joint project with the Wildlife Conservation Society and the government of Cameroon, with protection of the endangered Cross River gorilla a major objective. The 676 km Takamanda National Park will also help conserve forest elephants, chimpanzees, and drills. The ground

4095-487: The Nigerian Conservation Foundation was established in 1982. The foundation marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of Nigeria's approach to conservation. As a non-governmental organization, the foundation swiftly assumed a central role in advancing the cause of environmental preservation and the development of Nigeria's national park system. The Nigerian Conservation Foundation embarked on

4200-559: The profits . The lack of control, westernization , adverse impacts to the environment, and loss of culture and traditions outweigh the benefits of establishing large-scale ecotourism. Additionally, culture loss can be attributed to cultural commodification , in which local cultures are commodified to make a profit. The increased contributions of communities to locally managed ecotourism create viable economic opportunities, including high-level management positions, and reduce environmental issues associated with poverty and unemployment. Because

4305-486: The Boki people of the region prefer smaller game. However, during the period 1990-1998, perhaps two gorillas were killed by hunters each year. There are about 66 villages in the buffer zone surrounding the park, with the villagers dependent on the park for their livelihoods. With a growing human population, the forest is being lost to slash-and-burn agriculture and illegal logging. Some fishermen are using chemicals (gamalin 20,

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4410-753: The Bushi-Ranch axis. There is continued trans-border poaching of elephants between Nigeria and Cameroon. The main targets for illegal logging are Carpolobia , Garcinia and ebony , woods that are scarce outside the park. The police have made efforts to discourage these activities, but are handicapped by lack of funding. Land ownership in the region rests with the native authority, which must obtain community consent for land transfers. The local people, with reason, are suspicious of government promises that they will receive long-term economic assistance in exchange for giving up their land, and instead demand exorbitant cash payment. This has frustrated efforts to incorporate

4515-526: The CRNP could be a component of a bigger transboundary PA. With the creation of the park, some 105 buffer zone settlements were formed, some of which were enclave towns inside the park. The local populations' ability to lawfully utilize the forest's resources was taken away when the CRNP and its borders were established in 1991. Because the ICDP and relocation initiatives did not yield substitute means of subsistence,

4620-508: The CRNP, a Pleistocene biodiversity refuge. The national park is an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area and is included in the UN's list of the 25 Biodiversity Hotspots in the World. The park was first proposed in 1965, but serious planning did not start until 1988. The World Wide Fund for Nature - UK played a leading role for the plan to establish the park in two divisions separated by farmland and

4725-504: The CRNP. With two distinct seasons—a dry season (November to March) and a rainy season (March to November), its vegetation is made mostly of moist lowland rainforest. The daily average temperature ranges from 14 °C to 25 °C, while the annual rainfall falls between 2000 and 3000 mm. Many endemic and severely endangered species, like the Cross River gorilla Gorilla gorilla diehli, which inhabits the Okwangwo Division, may be found in

4830-549: The Cross River valley, with a budget of $ 49.9 million. The plan envisaged villagers in the buffer zone being involved in running the park and being given development aid. The Cross River National Park (CRNP) was established by the Federal Ministry Government Decree in 1991, with the Cross River gorilla chosen as the theme animal. The original plan was not fully implemented, and the park established in 1991 only included existing forest reserves. After

4935-503: The GSTC-Recognized Certification of Sustainable Tourism (CST) program, which is intended to balance the effect that business has on the local environment. The CST program focuses on a company's interaction with natural and cultural resources, the improvement of quality of life within local communities, and the economic contribution to other programs of national development. CST uses a rating system that categorizes

5040-776: The Kwa Falls, in a narrow, steep gorge near the headwaters of the Kwa River. The deep plunge pool at the foot of the waterfall was hidden under the thick canopy of the tropical rainforest before deforestation. The Agbokim falls on the Cross River descend in about 7 plunges over a cliff in the tropical rainforest. There is a mini zoological garden housing species of animals rarely found in Nigeria, which has helped save some rare species from extinction. [REDACTED] Cross River National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage List of national parks of Nigeria The national parks of Nigeria are preserved, enhanced, protected and managed by

5145-574: The Kwa, Korup, and Calabar Rivers, while the northern portions are drained by the Cross River and its tributaries. The environment is rugged, with elevation rising in hilly areas from river basins to more than a thousand meters above sea level. January temperatures typically range from 25 to 27 degrees Celsius, but in July they typically soar to little over 30 degrees. In January, relative humidity ranges from 75% to 95%, but harmattan causes it to steadily decrease as

5250-775: The Nigeria National Park Service. The Nigeria National Park Service is a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of the Environment, and is headed by a conservator general. It works closely with the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation. The first national park was Kainji Lake , established by the military ruler General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979. The National Parks Governing Board and five new National Parks were set up in 1991. Yankari Game Reserve

5355-500: The Oban Division are the two non-contiguous divisions of the Central Riverine National Park (CRNP), one of eight national parks in Nigeria. The Nigerian National Park Service (NNPS), which reports to the Federal Ministry of the Environment and is headed by a Conservator General, is in charge of the CRNP. A Conservator of Parks oversees every National Park in Nigeria. The Guinean Forests of West Africa include

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5460-620: The Oban division in 1995, and estimated that there may be 950 species in total in the division. Although the park has been poorly explored, over 350 bird species have been recorded. It is one of the two parts of Nigeria where Xavier's greenbul is found. Other species unusual in Nigeria include bat hawk , Cassin's hawk-eagle , crested guineafowl , grey-throated rail , olive long-tailed cuckoo , bare-cheeked trogon , lyre-tailed honeyguide , green-backed bulbul , grey-throated tit-flycatcher and Rachel's malimbe . 42 species of snake have been counted. There are at least 75 mammal species, including

5565-748: The South-East Asian Tourism Organization (SEATO), is bringing together these diverse players to discuss resource management concerns. A 2002, summit held in Quebec led to the 2008 Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria–a collaborative effort between the UN Foundation and other advocacy groups. The criteria, which are voluntary, involve the following standards: "effective sustainability planning, maximum social and economic benefits for local communities, minimum negative impacts on cultural heritage, and minimum negative impacts on

5670-400: The area surrounding the park. Other ways to protect the endangered species include creating corridors or eco-ducts, highway diversion and improved policing. All would be expensive and depend on committed government officials at the state and federal levels. The federal government is courting investors to develop the eco-tourism potential in this and other national parks. The park has been given

5775-457: The area. Others were unknown until recently. Over 280 species of birds have been recorded, including the vulnerable grey-necked rockfowl , which breeds in the Mbe mountains and the golden greenbul , rare in Nigeria. The grey parrot is near threatened. The park is home to about 78% of the primate species that are found in Nigeria, including the vulnerable common chimpanzee and western gorilla , and

5880-419: The benefits of ecotourism; there is effective collaboration with stakeholders in the area; and there is proper use of the money generated by ecotourism to conserve the local ecology. They conclude that ecotourism works best to conserve predators when the tourism industry is supported both politically and by the public, and when it is monitored and controlled at local, national, and international levels. Because

5985-423: The board would be sanctioned by governments so that non-compliant companies would be legally required to disassociate themselves from the use of the ecotourism brand. In 1998, Crinion suggested a Green Stars System, based on criteria including a management plan, benefits for the local community, small group interaction, education value, and staff training. Ecotourists who consider their choices would be confident of

6090-513: The broader goals of ecological sustainability and the protection of Nigeria's cultural and ecological patrimony. The Nigerian government has, over the years, demonstrated a strong commitment to recognizing and preserving the nation's natural and cultural heritage through the establishment of national parks. These protected areas serve as crucial repositories of the country's diverse ecosystems, as well as its rich cultural and historical significance. The establishment of several national parks has been

6195-484: The colonial period when British colonial authorities acknowledged the ecological and cultural importance of certain regions within the country. During this time, their primary focus was on limited conservation efforts with a strong emphasis on safeguarding wildlife and preserving habitats, particularly for the purpose of hunting and game preservation. However, it's important to note that during this era, local populations were often excluded and displaced from these areas in

6300-500: The company is evaluated for the strength of its sustainability. The measurement index goes from 0 to 5, with 0 being the worst and 5 being the best. Over 50 ecolabels on tourism exist. These include (but are not limited to): An environmental protection strategy must address the issue of ecotourists removed from the cause-and-effect of their actions on the environment. More initiatives should be carried out to improve their awareness, sensitize them to environmental issues, and care about

6405-411: The complexities of history, culture, and ecology in the affected regions are successfully navigated. Catherine Macdonald and colleagues identify the factors that determine conservation outcomes, namely whether: animals and their habits are sufficiently protected; conflict between people and wildlife is avoided or at least suitably mitigated; there is good outreach and education of the local population into

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6510-539: The ecotourism experience is marketed to a different lifestyle from large-scale ecotourism, the development of facilities and infrastructure does not need to conform to corporate Western tourism standards, and can be much simpler and less expensive. There is a greater multiplier effect on the economy, because local products, materials, and labor are used. Profits accrue locally and import leakages are reduced. The Great Barrier Reef Park in Australia reported over half of

6615-502: The endangered Sclater's guenon, Preuss's monkey and drill, which coexist in the same areas of the park. Other large mammals include the endangered African forest elephant and more common African buffalo. The division may contain 200 chimpanzees, although no survey has been undertaken. The gorilla habitat consists of semi-deciduous, montane and derived savannah environments in a complex of hilly escarpments with steep valleys, with peaks that rise as high as 2,000m. The primary base for gorillas

6720-506: The environment and the impact of tourism, it is recommended to use an operator that is endorsed by a reputable ecotourism organization. In the case of the Galapagos, IGTOA has a list of the world's premiere Galapagos Islands tour companies dedicated to the lasting protection and preservation of the destination. Natural resource management can be used as a specialized tool for the development of ecotourism. There are several places throughout

6825-510: The environment. However (according to Buckley), very few organizations make a net-positive impact on the environment overall. Ecotourism has also been criticized for often using the same infrastructure and practices of regular tourism under a different name. Like most long-distance travel, ecotourism often depends on air transportation , which contributes to climate change . Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with living parts of natural environments, in contrast to geotourism , which

6930-406: The environment. Ecotourism can be a sustainable and job-creating alternative for local populations. Depending on how protected areas are set up and handled, it can lead to local people losing their homes, usually with no compensation. Pushing people onto marginal lands with harsh climates, poor soils, lack of water, and infested with livestock and disease does little to enhance livelihoods even when

7035-465: The environment." There is no enforcing agency or system of punishments for summit. Valorization of the Indigenous territories can be important for designation as a protected area , which can deter threats such as deforestation . Ecotourism can help bring in revenue for Indigenous peoples. However, there needs to be a proper business plan and organizational structure, which helps to ensure that

7140-586: The expense of profit. The basic assumption of the multiplier effect is that the economy starts with unused resources, for example, that many workers are cyclically unemployed and much of industrial capacity is sitting idle or incompletely used. By increasing demand in the economy, it is then possible to boost production. If the economy was already at full employment, with only structural, frictional, or other supply-side types of unemployment, any attempt to boost demand would only lead to inflation. For various laissez-faire schools of economics which embrace Say's Law and deny

7245-486: The forest and access to markets. With training and financial support, the villagers established ways to harvest the forest in a sustainable way, and now have a vested interest in its preservation. This contrasts to the negative effects usually seen when external logging or plantation companies enter an area such as this. The Okwangwo division is centered on coordinates 6°17′00″N 9°14′00″E  /  6.28333°N 9.23333°E  / 6.28333; 9.23333 . It

7350-417: The generated money from ecotourism indeed flows towards the Indigenous peoples themselves, and the protection of the Indigenous territory. Debates around ecotourism focus on how profits off of Indigenous lands are enjoyed by international tourist companies, who do not share back with the people to whom those lands belong. Ecotourism offers a tourist-appealing experience of the landscape and environment, one that

7455-762: The government cut off their funding. Hence, they are obligated to make money on their own. Private natural parks and sites are looking for their own advantage by advertising the soundness of natural parks or coastal marines in the Caribbean. They try to show they are protecting nature and attract people interested in ecotourism. However, they will focus on the phenomenon that might be more interesting for tourists and neglect other aspects of nature when they prioritize their profits. Consequently, this policy will result in abandoning rich ecological sites or destroying those valuable sites. For example, in Montego Bay, hotel staff cut

7560-414: The guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing many of the negative impacts.The other negative side of ecotourism is that it transforms nature and the environment into commodities people are interested in paying and visiting. When the environment becomes a product with economic value, people try to advertise and sell it. Some of the ecotourism sites are turning to private sectors, and

7665-909: The knowledge of Nigeria's natural heritage. Despite their establishment, Nigeria's national parks have faced various challenges, including habitat degradation, poaching, illegal logging , and conflicts with local communities. To address these challenges, the Nigerian government, in collaboration with non-governmental organizations and international organizations, has implemented a range of conservation efforts. These initiatives encompass community engagement, capacity building, anti-poaching measures, and environmental education programs. Several of Nigeria's national parks have gained international recognition for their ecological importance. Some have been designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves or recognized under international conservation agreements, fostering collaboration with global conservation organizations. These partnerships contribute to enhanced conservation efforts and

7770-746: The labels of "green" and "eco-friendly", while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways. Although academics disagree about who can be classified as an ecotourist and there is little statistical data, some estimate that more than five million ecotourists—the majority of the ecotourist population—come from the United States , with many others from Western Europe , Canada , and Australia . Currently, there are various moves to create national and international ecotourism certification programs. National ecotourism certification programs have been put in place in countries such as Costa Rica, Australia , Kenya , Estonia , and Sweden . Sustainable tourism

7875-561: The local people (which may be Indigenous people). Protected areas for instance require park rangers, and staff to maintain and operate the ecolodges and accommodation used by tourists. Also, the traditional culture can act as a tourist attraction, and can create a source of revenue by asking payment for the showing of performances (i.e., traditional dance, ...) Ecotourism can also help mitigate deforestation that happens when local residents, under economic stress, clear lands and create smallholder plots to grow cash crops. Such land clearing hurts

7980-413: The local residents are left with no choice but to continue utilizing the CRNP's resources—albeit with illegal implications. As a result, the local populations in the CRNP become the drivers of forest fragmentation. The Nigeria National Park Service is an agency of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing & Urban Development. The Cross River National Park is headed by a Director under the guidance of

8085-468: The money and spend the rest on consumer goods. These expenditures, in turn, will generate more jobs, wages, profits, and so on with the income and spending circulating the economy. The multiplier effect arises because of the induced increases in consumer spending which occur due to the increased incomes – and because of the feedback into increasing business revenues, jobs, and income again. This process does not lead to an economic explosion not only because of

8190-512: The motto "The Pride Of Nigeria". The Kanyang tourist village, about one hour's drive from Calabar , will give visitors a base from which to view the park, with a lodge, restaurant and wildlife museum. Activities include game viewing, bird watching, gorilla tracking, mountaineering or hiking, sport fishing, boat cruising and the Botanical garden and Herbarium in Butatong. Attractions include

8295-517: The name of conservation. One notable example of an early conservation initiative occurred in the Cross River region , which now constitutes a significant part of Cross River National Park. The establishment of Cross River National Park marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of Nigeria's national park system. The area's unique biodiversity and pristine natural landscapes captured the attention of colonial authorities, leading to efforts to protect

8400-577: The northeastern part of the country, is the largest national park in Nigeria and one of the largest in West Africa. Gashaka-Gumti National Park is characterized by its rugged and picturesque landscapes, with high mountains, dense forests, and pristine rivers. The park is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including chimpanzees, elephants, leopards, and numerous bird species. Its remote location and unspoiled nature make it an essential conservation area. Kamuku National Park , established in 1991 as well,

8505-418: The old and new Ekuri villages in the northwestern part of the Oban division. The villagers have rights to about 250 km of forest land, and were living by subsistence agriculture and sale of high-value forest products, including the meat of endangered species such as chimpanzee and drill. The Ekuri Community Forestry Project was set up with the help of park officials and foreign donors to improve management of

8610-557: The park. Rare primates include common chimpanzees , drills and (in Okwangwo) Cross River gorillas . Another primate, the gray-cheeked mangabey , seems to have recently become extinct in the area. Both divisions of the park are threatened by illegal logging , slash and burn farming and poaching. Eco-tourism may support efforts to preserve the park fauna. Assisting villagers in buffer zones to practice sustainable forestry also holds promise. The Okwangwo Division and

8715-489: The parks' beaches used by nesting endangered sea turtles . The underdevelopment theory of tourism describes a new form of imperialism by multinational corporations that control ecotourism resources. These corporations finance and profit from the development of large-scale ecotourism that causes excessive environmental degradation, loss of traditional culture and way of life, and exploitation of local labor. In Zimbabwe and Nepal's Annapurna region, where underdevelopment

8820-583: The places they visit. Tour guides are an obvious and direct medium to communicate awareness. With the confidence of ecotourists and intimate knowledge of the environment, tour guides can actively discuss conservation issues. Informing ecotourists about how their actions on the trip can negatively impact their environment and the local people. A tour guide training program in Costa Rica's Tortuguero National Park has helped mitigate negative environmental impacts by providing information and regulating tourists on

8925-457: The possibility of Keynesian inefficiency and under-employment of resources, therefore, the multiplier concept is irrelevant or wrong-headed. As an example, consider the government increasing its expenditure on roads by $ 1  million, without a corresponding increase in taxation. This sum would go to the road builders, who would hire more workers and distribute the money as wages and profits. The households receiving these incomes will save part of

9030-513: The potential positive impacts of ecotourism, it is necessary to mention that ecotourism can have unintended negative effects as well. Negative impacts can be mitigated through regulations and codes of conduct that effectively and persuasively impart messages about appropriate visitor behavior. Ecotourism is a late 20th-century neologism compounded eco- and tourism . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , ecotour

9135-607: The product aspect, treating ecotourism as equivalent to any sort of tourism based in nature. As a further complication, many terms are used under the rubric of ecotourism. Nature tourism, low impact tourism, green tourism, bio-tourism, ecologically responsible tourism, and others have been used in literature and marketing , although they are not necessarily synonymous with ecotourism. The problems associated with defining ecotourism have often led to confusion among tourists and academics. Many problems are also subject of considerable public controversy and concern because of green washing ,

9240-479: The protection of the parks' unique ecosystems. As Nigeria continues to expand its national park system, there is a growing emphasis on promoting sustainable ecotourism. This approach aims to generate revenue for park management while simultaneously supporting the conservation of Nigeria's rich biodiversity. As the nation evolves, its national parks remain vital for preserving its natural treasures and fostering sustainable development. National parks in Nigeria serve

9345-455: The region and its wildlife. During this period, the primary objectives were aimed at maintaining populations of native species and preserving their natural habitats. These efforts were driven by the colonial administration's interests in promoting hunting and game preservation for recreational and economic purposes, rather than any deep-seated commitment to ecological conservation. One of the consequences of these early conservation initiatives

9450-487: The regulations of ecotourism may be poorly implemented, ecologically destructive greenwashed operations like underwater hotels and helicopter tours can be categorized as ecotourism along with canoeing, camping, photography, and wildlife observation. The failure to acknowledge responsible, low-impact ecotourism puts legitimate ecotourism companies at a competitive disadvantage. Management strategies to mitigate destructive operations include but are not limited to establishing

9555-415: The situation. Researchers from Jadavpur University are presently working in this area for the development of ecotourism to be used as a tool for natural resource management. In Southeast Asia government and nongovernmental organizations are working together with academics and industry operators to spread the economic benefits of tourism into the kampungs and villages of the region. A recently formed alliance,

9660-438: The success of conservation initiatives. By fostering partnerships and cooperation between governmental bodies, indigenous populations, and environmental organizations, the foundation played a pivotal role in advocating for the preservation of Nigeria's unique natural heritage and promoting the sustainable management of these precious resources. This approach not only helped safeguard the nation's biodiversity but also contributed to

9765-445: The supply-side barriers at potential output (full employment) but because at each "round", the increase in consumer spending is less than the increase in consumer incomes. That is, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is less than one so that each round some extra income goes into saving, leaking out of the cumulative process. Each increase in spending is thus smaller than that of the previous round, preventing an explosion. Some of

9870-632: The total 320 personnel worked in Park Protection and Conservation, mostly male due to the rigors of the job, based at twelve ranger stations. This number is inadequate given the size of the territory to be patrolled. Despite attempts at training, many of the rangers are poorly qualified and are dissatisfied with pay, equipment, motivation and career prospects. The Oban Hills Division is 2,800 km in area, centered on coordinates 5°25′0″N 8°35′0″E  /  5.41667°N 8.58333°E  / 5.41667; 8.58333 . The division shares

9975-408: The valleys. Lower down, the division is covered by lowland rainforests, with areas of savanna where humans have destroyed the forests. The soils in the highland and lowland areas are vulnerable to erosion and leaching when stripped of their plant cover. The Okwangwo Division has richly diverse flora, with about 1,545 species representing 98 plant families recorded. Some of these species are endemic to

10080-491: The visited)". Ecotourism is often misinterpreted as any form of tourism that involves nature (see jungle tourism ). Self-proclaimed practitioners and hosts of ecotourism experiences assume it is achieved by simply creating destinations in natural areas. According to critics of this commonplace and assumptive practice, true ecotourism must, above all, sensitize people to the beauty and fragility of nature. These critics condemn some operators as greenwashing their operations: using

10185-450: The wake of Nigeria's attainment of independence in 1960 , there emerged a heightened awareness of the critical importance of preserving the nation's unparalleled biodiversity and natural landscapes. This recognition was driven by a growing understanding of the ecological, cultural, and economic value of the country's diverse ecosystems. In response to this awareness and in a bid to address the pressing need for effective conservation measures,

10290-441: The wildlife that call them home. Nigeria's national parks are not only important for conservation but also serve as sites for scientific research. They have provided researchers, both local and international, with unique environments for studying and understanding the nation's exceptional flora and fauna, including numerous endangered species. These research initiatives aim to inform and enhance conservation strategies and further

10395-557: The wildlife. Vehicle use may erode and degrade the land ". There is a longstanding failure by the Peruvian government to acknowledge and protect Indigenous lands, and therefore the Indigenous peoples have been forced to protect their own land. The land has a better chance of staying safe and free from deforestation if the people who care about the land are the ones maintaining it. In the continuum of tourism activities that stretch from conventional tourism to ecotourism, there has been

10500-739: The world where several natural resources are abundant, but with human encroachment and habitats, these resources are depleting. Without the sustainable use of certain resources, they are destroyed, and floral and fauna species are becoming extinct. Ecotourism programs can be introduced for the conservation of these resources. Several plans and proper management programs can be introduced so that these resources remain untouched, and there are many organizations–including nonprofits–and scientists working on this field. Natural resources of hill areas like Kurseong in West Bengal are plenty in number with various flora and fauna, but tourism for business purpose poised

10605-520: The world's most exceptional biodiversity is located in the Galapagos Islands. These islands were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979, then added to UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2007. IGTOA is a non-profit dedicated to preserving this unique living laboratory against the challenges of invasive species, human impact, and tourism. For travelers who want to be mindful of

10710-543: The year goes on. There is lowland rain forest vegetation. The forest has not been greatly affected by human activity in the less accessible parts, but human activity has had a significant impact on the vegetation in other locations. The division has a rugged terrain, rising from 100 m in the river valleys to over 1,000 m in the mountains. The soils are highly vulnerable to leaching and erosion where stripped of plant cover. The rainy season lasts from March to November, with annual rainfall of over 3,500mm. The northern part

10815-645: Was first recorded in 1973 and ecotourism , "probably after ecotour ", in 1982. Some sources suggest the terms were used nearly a decade earlier. Claus-Dieter (Nick) Hetzer, an academic and adventurer from Forum International in Berkeley , CA, coined ecotourism in 1965, according to the Contra Costa Times, and ran the first ecotours in the Yucatán during the early 1970s. The definition of ecotourism adopted by Ecotourism Australia is: "Ecotourism

10920-447: Was the displacement and exclusion of local communities from their traditional lands. The British colonial authorities often implemented policies that restricted access to these areas, which had been used by local populations for centuries. This created a complex dynamic between conservation and the rights of indigenous people, a challenge that would continue to be addressed in the development of Nigeria's national park system over time. In

11025-695: Was upgraded to a national park in 1992, although it was later handed over to the Bauchi State government in June 2006. The parks cover a total land area of approximately 20,156 km (7,782 sq mi), or about 3% of Nigeria's total land area. The establishment and evolution of Nigeria's national park system is a testament to the nation's commitment to preserving its rich natural and cultural heritage. The development of this system can be traced through several significant phases and events: The roots of Nigeria's national park system can be traced back to

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