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52-798: Crow Agency ( Crow : awaasúuchia ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Big Horn County, Montana , United States and is near the actual location for the Little Bighorn National Monument and re-enactment produced by the Real Bird family known as Battle of the Little Bighorn Reenactment . The population was 1,616 at the 2010 census . It is the governmental headquarters of the Crow Nation Native Americans . It

104-430: A consonant cluster with h as the initial radical ( hp , ht , hk ) are unaspirated and lax. Gemination in stops only occurs intervocalically. Intervocalic single, nongeminate stops are lax, unaspirated, and generally voiced. The difference between voiced stops b and d (allophones of m and n ) and voiceless stops is hardly discernible when following a fricative, since both are unaspirated and lax. The phoneme k has

156-449: A household in the CDP was $ 43,676, and the median income for a family was $ 52,708. Males had a median income of $ 47,404 versus $ 19,545 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 20,677. About 4.2% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over. The nearby Stillwater Mine has a great effect on

208-558: A palatalized allophone [kʲ] that occurs after i , e , ch and sh , often word-finally. Fricatives are tense; they are only lax when intervocalic. Palatal sh is often voiced intervocalically; s is sometimes voiced intervocalically; x is never voiced. The alveolar fricative /s/ has an optional allophone /h/ in phrase-initial position: Sonorants voiced /m/ and /n/ have three allophones: w and l intervocalically, b and d word initially and following an obstruent, and m and n in all other conditions. In conservative speech, l

260-662: A relative clause into a derived noun. There are two basic types of compounding in Crow: noun-noun compounds and noun-verb compounds. Noun-noun compounds often involve a whole-part relationship: the first noun refers to the whole and the second to the part. Members of the compound may also be themselves compounds or derived nouns. íi mouth + + bilí water = = íi-wili saliva íi + bilí = íi-wili mouth + water = saliva áali arm + + ísshi container = = áal-isshi sleeve áali + ísshi = áal-isshi Absarokee, Montana Absarokee

312-439: A word initial syllable are generally followed by a consonant cluster, while accented long vowels are generally followed by a single consonant. Stress can fall on short vowels as well as long vowels and may fall on either mora of a long vowel. With diphthongs, either the long vowel or the offglide may bear the stress. Stress helps predict the tones of all the vowels in a word: stressed vowels are high in pitch; all vowels following

364-627: Is a census-designated place (CDP) in Stillwater County , Montana , United States, approximately 14 miles (23 km) south of Columbus on Highway 78 . It is named after the Crow Indians who formerly inhabited the land. The population was 1,000 at the 2020 census . The Stillwater Mine, operated by the Stillwater Mining Company , is located near Absarokee. The name Absarokee is derived from Apsáalookěi ,

416-473: Is a polysynthetic language . Basic stems consist of one to four syllables (with four being rare) and always end in a vowel. Monosyllabic stems have long vowels or diphthongs, e.g., bií , 'stone, rock'; bía , 'woman'. The vast majority of nouns in Crow are derived stems. Derivational processes in nominal morphology include affixation and compounding. An exhaustive list of nominal suffixes: Prefixes will render

468-868: Is also the location of the "agency offices" where the federal Superintendent of the Crow Indian Reservation and his staff (part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, United States Department of the Interior) interacts with the Crow Tribe, pursuant to federal treaties and statutes. The ending scenes in the film Little Big Man (1970) were filmed in Crow Agency. Crow Agency is located at 45°36′5″N 107°27′35″W  /  45.60139°N 107.45972°W  / 45.60139; -107.45972 (45.601383, -107.459706). Interstate 90 passes through

520-517: Is realized as a tapped r , however in general cases it is realized as l , perhaps due in part to the influence of English. Word initially, b is optional for /m/, though b is more commonly realized. The glottal sonorant /h/ assimilates to the nasality of the following segment, but retains its voicelessness. When following i or e or preceding ch , /h/ may be realized as an alveopalatal fricative. Vowel sequences across morpheme boundaries can be quite varied, but short vowels cannot appear alone in

572-445: Is widely believed that the difference in spelling of Absarokee from the nearby Absaroka Range is a result of the poor penmanship of an early settler whose final "a" in the name was mistaken for "ee". Though pronounced "Ub-ZOR-kee" in modern parlance, Eli Ricker in one of his "Indian Interviews" from 1903-1919 ends a record of an interview with Frank S. Shively, Assistant Clerk at Crow Agency, with "Absarokee Ab-sar'-o-kee". Absarokee

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624-598: The Crow Reservation of Montana , particularly through a Crow language immersion school that was sponsored in 2012. Development for the language includes a Crow language dictionary and portions of the Bible published from 1980-2007. The current literacy rate is around 1-5% for first language speakers and 75-100% for second language learners. Teens are immersed in Crow at the Apsaalooke language camp sponsored by

676-788: The Köppen Climate Classification system, Crow Agency has a semi-arid climate , abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The town averages 41" of snowfall annually. Crow language Crow is closely related to Hidatsa spoken by the Hidatsa tribe of the Dakotas; the two languages are the only members of the Missouri Valley Siouan family. Despite their similarities, Crow and Hidatsa are not mutually intelligible. According to Ethnologue with figures from 1998, 77% of Crow people over 66 years old speak

728-731: The Absarokee Cooperative Trading Co.). This was followed by a saloon, livery stable, and blacksmith shop. A post office was established December 16, 1892 in Simonson's home, where he served as Absarokee's postmaster. The two-story home of Hovda, known as the Big Yellow House, built in 1904 by an area rancher, Jacob Wagner, is located on Absarokee's main street (Woodard Ave.) and is on the National Register of Historic Places list. Absarokee

780-517: The CDP was $ 7,354. About 39.6% of families and 40.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 42.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. The Annual Crow Fair , which is held every third weekend in August, is held on this reservation. The Crow Fair is known as "The Teepee Capital of the World," by the fact that during celebration as many as 1,500 teepees are seen across

832-539: The CDP was 97.24% White , 0.08% African American , 0.08% Native American , 0.16% Asian , 1.54% from other races , and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.51% of the population. There were 499 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.3% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who

884-421: The CDP. The population density was 213.3 inhabitants per square mile (82.4/km). There were 361 housing units at an average density of 49.6 per square mile (19.2/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 3.74% White , 95.68% Native American , 0.06% Asian , and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.16% of the population. There were 336 households, out of which 52.4% had children under

936-599: The Crow Tribe. Crow is closely related to Hidatsa spoken by the Hidatsa tribe of the Dakotas; the two languages are the only members of the Missouri Valley Siouan family. The ancestor of Crow-Hidatsa may have constituted the initial split from Proto-Siouan. Crow and Hidatsa are not mutually intelligible, however the two languages share many phonological features, cognates and have similar morphologies and syntax. The split between Crow and Hidatsa may have occurred between 300 and 800 years ago. There are five distinct vowels in Crow, which occur either long or short with

988-644: The Crow and Sioux in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. The Fort Laramie "Treaty with the Crows, 1868", was one of a series of treaties that recognized the encroaching presence of the Sioux tribes into the Powder River Basin, and gave them that entire area as a hunting preserve. The separate 1868 treaty with the Crow moved the center of the Crow lands to the west of the Powder River Basin, into

1040-496: The Crow language still exhibits considerable vitality: there are fluent speakers of all ages, and at least some children are still acquiring Crow as their first language." Many of the younger population who do not speak Crow are able to understand it. Almost all of those who do speak Crow are also bilingual in English. Graczyk cites the reservation community as the reason for both the high level of bilingual Crow-English speakers and

1092-715: The Little Bighorn River. This move of over a hundred miles eastward removed the Crow people from the vicinity of the Absaroka Range of Mountains, and from the Yellowstone River valley, and placed their reservation center on the east side of the Big Horn Mountains, on the western edge of the Powder River Basin of the northern great plains. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,552 people, 336 households, and 303 families residing in

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1144-593: The Powder River area on the east side of the Big Horn Mountains brought the Crow in increasing conflict with more powerful bands of Sioux who were migrating westward. In 1863 gold was discovered in commercial quantities in the mountains of the western Montana Territory. Travelers to the gold fields left the Oregon Trail and traveled through the Powder River country, going up the east side of the Big Horns to

1196-671: The Yellowstone River. The 9-year period from 1875 to 1884 was a time of rapid transition on the plains of eastern Montana and Wyoming. In 1876 the Crows provided scouts for the United States military forces in the Great Sioux War of 1876 . The defeat by the Sioux of George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876 resulted in a concerted military backlash against the Sioux, and by 1877 and 1878

1248-524: The Yellowstone valley, and then westward. This route became known as the Bozeman Trail, and three forts were built to protect travelers. The Sioux conducted an all out war against the forts and the travelers on the Bozeman Trail called "Red Cloud's War", which finally forced the United States to agree to abandon the forts, and close the trail, and to remake the boundaries of the reservations for

1300-417: The age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 26.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.8% were non-families. 7.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.40 and the average family size was 4.66. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 41.5% under

1352-459: The age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 4.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 22,438, and the median income for a family was $ 27,768. Males had a median income of $ 17,300 versus $ 15,804 for females. The per capita income for

1404-493: The campus are no longer used for educational purposes. The new high school (1989) is shared by both the junior high school and high school students. Absarokee High School is a class C school (less than 108 students) which helps determine athletic competitions. The most notable difference in class C schools is that they play eight-man football , which is basically eleven-man football with no tackles and one split-end instead of two wide receivers. Absarokee's sport teams are called

1456-538: The community, with access from Exit 509. U.S. Route 212 also passes through the town. Custer Creek runs alongside town. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 7.3 square miles (19 km), all land. The term "Crow Agency" has been historically used since 1868 for the headquarters where the United States directed the federal interaction with the Crow tribe on its reservation. The Crow Tribe's reservations, and

1508-619: The confluence of the created Rosebud River and the Stillwater River . The climatic type is dominated by the winter season, a long, bitterly cold period with short, clear days, relatively little precipitation mostly in the form of snow, and low humidity. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,234 people, 499 households, and 343 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 608.1 inhabitants per square mile (234.8/km ). There were 550 housing units at an average density of 271.0 per square mile (104.6/km ). The racial makeup of

1560-500: The continued use and prevalence of the Crow language. Daily contact with non–American Indians on the reservation for over one hundred years has led to high usage of English. Traditional culture within the community, however, has preserved the language via religious ceremonies and the traditional clan system. Currently, most speakers of Crow are 30 and older but a few younger speakers are learning it. There are increased efforts for children to learn Crow as their first language and many do on

1612-624: The creation of the third and current Crow Agency 60 miles SE of Billings on the Little Bighorn River. Most of the Absaroka Agency Fort was destroyed in a fire in 1891. With the Homestead Acts of the 1860s and the westward expansion of the railroad, more settlers came to Montana. Not until October 15, 1892, did the federal government through a Benjamin Harrison proclamation open the land around Absarokee for settlement. It

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1664-465: The exception of the mid vowels. There is also a marginal diphthong ea [ea] that only occurs in two native Crow stems: déaxa 'clear' and béaxa 'intermittent'. Crow has a very sparse consonant inventory, much like many other languages of the Great Plains . Stops are aspirated word-initially, word-finally, when geminated (e.g. [ppʰ]) and when following another stop (e.g. [ptʰ]). Stops in

1716-484: The hostile bands of Sioux had either fled to Canada, or they had surrendered and were confined to reservations along the Missouri River in the Dakotas. This initially left the Crows more secure in their use of the buffalo ranges on the eastern Montana and Wyoming plains, but in 1876 and 1877 federal forts were built across this area. With hostile Indian presence essentially neutralized, hide hunters came to harvest

1768-468: The language; "some" parents and older adults, "few" high school students and "no pre-schoolers" speak Crow. 80% of the Crow Tribe prefers to speak in English. The language was defined as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO as of 2012. However, R. Graczyk claims in his A Grammar of Crow (2007) that "[u]nlike many other native languages of North America in general, and the northern plain in particular,

1820-567: The morpheme: V:V (long+short), V:V: (long+long) and diphthong+V (short). Word finally, only a (in a diphthong), o , and u (allomorphs of the plural suffix) can occur after a long vowel. A wide variety of consonant clusters can occur in Crow. All consonants except for /h/ can be geminated . Voiced labials and dentals (phonemic m and n , allophones b , m , w and d , n , l ) are resistant to clustering. Because they only occur intervocalically, l and w do not occur in clusters. The plosive allophones b and d only occur in clusters as

1872-591: The name given to the Crow Indian Tribe by the related Hidatsa people with Apsáa meaning "large-beaked bird" and lookěi meaning "children". Apsáalookěi thus literally means "children of the large-beaked bird". (The name "Crow" comes from the French gens du corbeaux or "people of the crows" as Apsáalookěi was translated by French fur traders in 1743.) The name was chosen by Absarokee-founder Sever T. Simonson who believed it meant "our people". It

1924-547: The northern buffalo herds. By 1882 the buffalo were gone from this area. Also, in 1880 the Northern Pacific Railroad began building eastward from Bismarck, ND, and in 1882 they completed their northern transcontinental line, which passed up the Yellowstone River valley just as the last of the buffalo disappeared. Almost at once large Texas trail herds arrived in the Montana Territory to exploit

1976-447: The now empty open range on the vast plains of central and eastern Montana. These successive rapid changes in this 9-year period eliminated the herds of bison and reduced other wild game on which the Crow culture relied, and ended forever the Crow's nomadic way of life. In 1884 these events led to the last movement of the Crow Agency to the site of its third and final location at present day Crow Agency, Montana, 60 miles SE of Billings on

2028-409: The population of the area. Although the population remains relatively constant with a slight increase, mining families are generally more transient than the local farming community so a slight change around town and especially at the schools is ever present. Absarokee has two school locations. The elementary school is located on the south side of town in the former high school. Two older buildings on

2080-662: The reservation was reduced in 1875. The first Crow Agency was within these ceded lands and so the Agency was relocated eastward to a new site just south of modern-day Absarokee, Montana . The second Crow Agency (1875-1884) was still located north of the Absaroka Range of Mountains but about 66 miles further east of Fort Parker in the Yellowstone Valley, on the Stillwater River which was a tributary of

2132-548: The reservation was reduced to 8 million acres in 1875 with a location south of modern Absarokee established as Second Crow Agency (1875-1884). It was during this time that the Crow were forced to give up nomadic free lifestyles to one totally under the control of the US government. They were not allowed to leave the reservation, bison was replaced with US issued beef rations, and the tribe was hit by several measles and scarlet fever epidemics. Finally, by 1884 further miner encroachment led to

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2184-600: The river valley of the Little Big Horn River . The PBS series Reading Rainbow filmed its tenth episode "The Gift of the Sacred Dog" here on June 17, 1983. The title was based on a book by Paul Goble and was narrated by actor Michael Ansara . Crow Agency has an elementary school. Hardin High School serves 9th through 12th grade. Crow Agency is home to Little Big Horn College . According to

2236-475: The second consonant and only at morpheme boundaries. The nasal allophones m and n can only occur with each other with the exception of nm , or occur with h at a morpheme boundary. Clusters in general occur at morphemic boundaries. Some morphemic constraints: Stress in Crow is phonemic. The position of the stress in the stem is determined lexically. Virtually all noun and verb stems have an inherent stress. In word initial syllables, accented short vowels in

2288-459: The stressed vowel are low in pitch; all short vowels preceding the stressed vowel are low in pitch; all long vowels preceding the stressed vowel are high in pitch; short vowels occurring between a long vowel and the accented vowel assimilate to a high pitch. In words composed of more than one morpheme, there are several rules (with a few exceptions) to determine the placement of the stress: Exceptions: Phonological processes in Crow include: Crow

2340-523: The tribe's relations to the United States were defined by treaties between the Crow Tribe and the United States, and by United States statutes. The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 created extensive reservation lands for the Indian tribes in Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas at a time when the non-Indian presence in this area was limited to roving traders. A large reservation for the Crow Tribe was set out that

2392-463: The western portions of the Yellowstone Valley. The 1868 Treaty provided for annuities and other federal support, and stipulated that the Crow would have an agency "on the south side of the Yellowstone, near Otter Creek", close to present day Big Timber, Montana . The first Crow Agency (1869-1874) was eventually constructed about eight miles east of present-day Livingston, Montana on Mission Creek, and became known as Fort Parker . This first Crow Agency

2444-447: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.01. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males. The median income for

2496-656: Was affected by the 2022 Montana floods when the Stillwater River flooded. Absarokee is located in a valley of the Beartooth Mountains foothills. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km ), all land. It is situated in the Rosebud River watershed, approximately three miles north of the confluence of the East Rosebud River, West Rosebud River, and Butcher Creek, and just south of

2548-492: Was centered on the Big Horn Mountains and extended eastward into the Powder River basin to the banks of the Powder River. However, this treaty did not indicate agency sites for any of the tribes, including the Crows. At the time of the treaty, 1851 the Crow tribe consisted of nomadic bands whose culture was based on hunting the migratory buffalo herds, including those herds in the Powder River Country. Hunting in

2600-607: Was founded just north of the Second Crow Agency (sometimes referred to as the Absaroka Agency) in 1892. The Crow Agency was the headquarters of the Crow Tribe's reservation, which was established by the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) . That original reservation extended to more than 35 million acres with the first Crow Agency located at Fort Parker near modern Livingston, Montana in 1869. As miners encroached,

2652-484: Was located in the western reaches of the Yellowstone River Valley, north of the Absaroka Range of Mountains. The Crows continued a largely nomadic life style hunting on the buffalo ranges to the east, though this brought them in constant but sporadic conflict with the Sioux who dominated the Powder River area. In 1874 miners encroached on the western margins of Crow lands in the Absaroka Range, and

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2704-475: Was part of a 1.8 million-acre land cession agreed to by Crow tribal leaders two years earlier after bowing to political pressure. Eleven days earlier on October 4, Sever Simonson and his family had arrived and established squatter's rights at the confluence of the Stillwater and East Rosebud Rivers. Simonson and his nephew, Oliver H. Hovda, built a log hotel and together established a trading post (later

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