60-581: Cuddalore , also spelt as Kadalur ( / k ʌ d ə ˈ l ɔːr / ), is a heavy industries hub and a port city, and headquarters of the Cuddalore District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Situated south of Chennai , Cuddalore was an important city and port during the British Raj . While the early history of Cuddalore remains unclear, the city first rose to prominence during
120-461: A population density of 702 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,820/sq mi). At the time of the 2011 census, 97.59% of the population spoke Tamil and 0.96% Telugu as their first language. Cuddalore District comprises 10 taluks , 13 Blocks , 1 Municipal corporation 6 Municipalities and 16 Town Panchayats . Municipal corporation Municipality Town Panchayat Taluks Revenue block Revenue division Cuddalore district consists of
180-535: A population of 308,781 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency , a part of the Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency . There are 25 schools, two arts and science colleges and two engineering colleges in the city. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes, and 42 other private hospitals that take care of the citizens' healthcare needs. Roadways are
240-579: A select branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP). On 24 August 2021, the state government announced the upgrading of the Cuddalore Greater Municipality to "Cuddalore City Municipal Corporation" with same authority area of 27.69 sq km. Cuddalore District Cuddalore District is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil Nadu in India . Since ancient times,
300-595: A total of 640 ). It is one of the six districts in Tamil Nadu currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). Languages of Cuddalore district (2011) According to 2011 census , Cuddalore district had a population of 2,605,914 with a sex-ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 33.97% of the population lived in urban areas. A total of 279,950 were under
360-446: A total of 1,665 ha (4,110 acres) (11.5%) of the land was used for residential, 122 ha (300 acres) (0.8%) for commercial, 400 ha (990 acres) (2.7%) for industrial, 195 ha (480 acres) (1.4%) for public and semi public purposes and 120 ha (300 acres) (0.8%) for educational purposes. Out of the undeveloped land area, 3,089 ha (7,630 acres) (21.3%) is under land and water, 7,296.97 ha (18,031.2 acres) (50.5%) of
420-654: A virtual 'gas chamber' surrounded on three sides by chemical factories and bounded on the fourth by the river". There are reports of illegal dumping of toxic waste. On 22 March 2008, a report for the "Tamil Nadu Pollution Board" prepared by the Nagpur-based "National Environmental Engineering Research Institute" found that residents of the SIPCOT area of Cuddalore were at least 2000 times more likely than their counterparts to contract cancer in their lifetimes due to exposure to high levels of toxic gases from chemical industries in
480-789: Is Karaikal port , located 100 km (62 mi) away from the town. Cuddalore is famous for educational institutions and medical establishments. Before the English took control, Cuddalore (anglicised) was called கூடலூர் , Kūṭalūr meaning confluence in Tamil . It is situated on the backwater formed by the confluent estuaries of the rivers viz., Ponnaiyar (South Pennar river flowing through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu ), Kedilam , Uppanar and Paravanar . The Cuddalore district historically consisted of Chola Nadu and Nadu Naadu . The name Nadu Naadu meaning middle country may originate from its location between Chola Nadu and Tondaimandalam ; or between
540-612: Is 1,400 mm (55 in), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon. The highest 24-hour rainfall recorded in Cuddalore was 570 mm on 18 May 1943. According to 2011 census , Cuddalore had a population of 173,636 with a sex-ratio of 1,026 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 17,403 were under the age of six, constituting 8,869 males and 8,534 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.22% and 0.3% of
600-404: Is a historically significant landmark. Subramania Bharati and other political leaders served prison terms there. Tsunami waves that followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near Sumatra hit India's eastern coast on 26 December 2004 at 8:32 a.m. (IST), resulting in 572 casualties. Several fishing hamlets disappeared, while Silver Beach and the historically significant Cuddalore Port
660-470: Is no underground drainage system in the town, and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. The municipality maintains stormwater drains for 65 km (40 mi), covering 32% of municipal roads. Hospitals There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes, and 37 other private hospitals that take care of the citizens' healthcare needs. Lights There are 4,517 street lamps in
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#1732772441402720-461: Is prone to natural calamities having experienced landfalls of major cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal region. Apart from the cyclones, 2004 Tsunami caused massive damages to life and property in Cuddalore and its adjacent Nagapattinam district. Cyclone Thane, which made landfall here, caused major loss to life and property. Tsunami waves that followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near Sumatra hit
780-562: Is served by a town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs. There are privately operated mini-bus services that cater to local transport needs. The main bus stand is located in Thirupapuliyur . The nearest airport is in Pondicherry , approximately 25 km (16 mi) from Cuddalore, while the nearest international airport is Chennai International Airport , located 200 km (120 mi) from
840-453: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , and the subsequent tsunamis generated, Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties. Apart from fishing and port-related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT , an industrial estate set up by the state government . The city is administered by municipal corporation covering 101.6 km . It had
900-459: The Bay of Bengal within a compact area in the state of Tamil Nadu . According to the 2011 census , the district has a population of 950,289. For administrative purpose, the union territory of Puducherry is divided into eight taluks . Four of these, viz. Puducherry , Uzhavarkarai , Villianur and Bahour , together constitute Puducherry district. Among these four, only Uzhavarkarai taluk does not contain any rural area. The rural areas under
960-776: The Pallavas ' and Medieval Cholas' reign . After the fall of the Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Thanjavur Nayaks , Thanjavur Marathas , Tipu Sultan , French and the British Empire . Cuddalore was the scene of the Seven Years' War and the Battle of Cuddalore in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During
1020-650: The Seven Years' War , the French took the fort, and there was an inconclusive naval action, the Battle of Cuddalore , off the coast. The fort was later abandoned, in 1760, when the British attacked Pondicherry. In 1782, during the Second Anglo-Mysore War , the French again took Cuddalore at the time of the American War of Independence and were besieged there in 1783 by the British. During
1080-624: The 18th century, various wars between the European powers spilt over to their colonial empires, and their allies, including those in the Indian subcontinent. During this period the French and British fought several times in the area. In 1746, during First Carnatic War , part of the Austrian Succession War , French forces besieged the British at Fort St. David for several months before being driven off in 1747. In 1758, during
1140-806: The Cuddalore bus stand. There are express and passenger trains on either side, connecting various cities with Tamil Nadu. There are daily express trains to many cities. There is 230 km (140 mi) of roads in the town, out of which the Highways department maintains 26 km (16 mi). The Cuddalore City maintains a total of 204.94 km (127.34 mi) of roads: 38.84 km (24.13 mi) of concrete roads, 163.6 km (101.7 mi) of bituminous roads, 1.62 km (1.01 mi) of water-bound macadam (WBM) roads and 0.85 km (0.53 mi) of earthen roads. The National Highways, NH-32 Viluppuram – Pondicherry –Cuddalore– Chidambaram – Nagapattinam – Thoothukudi Highway passes through Cuddalore. Cuddalore
1200-461: The Miocene. The paleocurrent direction, textural immaturity and framework detrital modes of sandstones suggest rapid uplift of basement and sediment source from nearby Madras Block of SGT. Various diagnostic immobile trace element ratios such as Th/Sc, Co/Th, La/Sc, La/Co suggest a tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite–charnockite provenance, and somewhat more felsic composition of source area compared to
1260-761: The Pallavas and the Cholas; or between central territories and the ocean. From ancient times the old town has been a seaport. For two centuries, Cuddalore was subject to several foreign powers including the Netherlands , Portugal , France , and the British . Until 1758 Cuddalore was the capital to the South Indian territories which were under British control. Britain ruled a more significant part of South India (entire Tamil Nadu, parts of present Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka) from this fort (St. David). In
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#17327724414021320-602: The Puducherry district, viz. Pondicherry North subdivision and Pondicherry South subdivision, each consisting of two taluks. Pondicherry North subdivision contains the taluks of Pondicherry and Uzhavarkarai, whereas Pondicherry South subdivision consists of the other two taluks of the district, viz. Villianur and Bahour. Each of these four taluks are further divided into sub-taluks/firkas which consists of revenue villages from rural/semi-urban/urban area. Planning and Research Department, Government of Puducherry, further defines
1380-588: The Second Anglo-Mysore War culminating in the siege of Cuddalore, after which the town was returned to Britain as part of a peace treaty. In 1782, during the Second Anglo Mysore war, the French troops allied with Tipu Sultan and won over the British, after which Cuddalore became a chief port against the French. In 1783, General James Stuart (1735–1793) led his troops to fend off French troops. There were five different naval actions off
1440-510: The Viluppuram–Mayiladuthurai–Tiruchirappalli Mainline Section. The Cuddalore Port Junction has a branch to Virudhachalam Junction railway station via Neyveli , Vadalur . Cuddalore Port Junction has four platforms and one stabling line used more for handling freight trains. Tiruppadirippuliyur Cuddalore Castle , the other important railway station of Cuddalore has two platforms and is located close to
1500-668: The age of six, constituting 147,644 males and 132,306 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 29.32% and 0.6% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the district was 79%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had a total of 635,578 households. There were a total of 1,169,880 workers, comprising 136,035 cultivators, 325,599 main agricultural labourers, 19,151 in house hold industries, 356,486 other workers, 332,609 marginal workers, 29,135 marginal cultivators, 213,813 marginal agricultural labourers, 12,876 marginal workers in household industries and 76,785 other marginal workers. The district has
1560-733: The area is used for agricultural purposes, 770 ha (1,900 acres) (5.4%) is vacant land in quarries and hillocks and 810 ha (2,000 acres) (5.6%) for transport and communication. As of 2008, there were 29 notified slums, with 59,075 comprising 37.23% of the total population residing in those. As per the religious census of 2011, Cuddalore had 89.12% Hindus , 6.09% Muslims , 3.98% Christians , 0.02% Sikhs , 0.02% Buddhists , 0.27% Jains , 0.48% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference. Cuddalore has Three major railway stations, namely, Cuddalore Port Junction and Tiruppadirippuliyur Cuddalore Castle , Varakalpattu Cuddalore Moffusil both on
1620-589: The assembly seat was won by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) five times during the 1980, 1989, 1996, 2001 and 2006 elections, the Indian National Congress party two times during the 1984 and 1991 elections and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) twice during the 1997 and 2011 elections. The current MLA of the constituency is G.Iyappan from DMK. During the 2009 general elections, Cuddalore
1680-499: The bar is reduced to about 0.91–1.22 m (3–4 ft). Other ports under construction in Cuddalore are Thiruchopuram port, Silambimangalam port, Parangipettai port (Porto Nova) and PY-03 Oil Field (operational). There are a total of more than ten schools, including both matriculation and CBSE in Cuddalore. Schools Arts & Science Colleges Engineering Colleges Polytechnic Colleges Industrial Training Institutes There are six Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) in
1740-650: The central industrial area in the town is a "global toxic hotspot." Local communities have voiced concern about industrialization and pollution. The SIPCOT chemical industry estate in Cuddalore was investigated in November 2002 by a team from the Indian People's Tribunal headed by J. Kanakaraj . The group reported "a noticeable stench of chemicals in the air". The report published in July 2003 noted that "Villages like Kudikadu, Thaikal, Eachangadu and Sonnanchavadi lie in
1800-517: The coast during the same year, all of which were indecisive. Some streets in Cuddalore retain British names such as Clive Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street, Canning Street, Rope Street (Rope Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street and Canning Street jointly known as Salangukara Village), Lawrence Road and Imperial Road. The Cuddalore Central Prison , opened in 1865, is an historically important landmark. Subramanya Bharathi and other political leaders served prison terms there. Cuddalore district
1860-591: The constituency is T. R. V. S. Ramesh from the DMK. The town's law and order is maintained by the Cuddalore sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a deputy superintendent (DSP). There are four police stations in the town located in NT, Thirupapuliyur, Cuddalore OT and Cuddalore Port. There are select units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and
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1920-501: The control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 45 members, one each from the 45 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson. Cuddalore comes under the Cuddalore assembly constituency. It elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. From the 1977 elections,
1980-409: The district remained inundated as of 10 December, with thousands of residents marooned by floodwaters and over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres; 600,000,000 m ) of farmland inundated; over 30,000 people had been evacuated to relief camps. The district has an area of 3,564 km . It is bounded on the north by Viluppuram District and Kallakurichi district , on the east by the Bay of Bengal , on
2040-601: The district's 13 blocks suffered extensive damage during the floods in November. The resumption of heavy rainfall from 1 December once again inundated the Cuddalore municipality and the district, displacing tens of thousands of people. Rains continued through 9 December. Despite the state government and individuals sending rescue teams and tonnes of relief materials to the district, thousands of those affected continued to lack basic supplies due to inadequate distribution efforts; this resulted in several relief lorries being stopped and looted by survivors. Large swaths of Cuddalore city and
2100-488: The early 17th century, the Dutch obtained permission from the ruler of Cuddalore to build a fort there, but political pressure from their Portuguese rivals forced them to abandon it. Later, the French and English came to Cuddalore for trade and business. The French established a settlement 16 kilometres (10 mi) up the coast at Pondicherry in 1674, followed in 1690 by Fort St. David's British colony at Cuddalore. During
2160-423: The eastern coast of India on 26 December 2004 at 08:32 am, resulting in 572 casualties. Several fishing hamlets disappeared, while Silver Beach and the historically important Cuddalore Port were devastated. Fort St. David survived without damage. In 2012, Cyclone Thane caused widespread damage to crops and buildings. Cuddalore district was among those most severely affected by the 2015 South India floods . Six of
2220-432: The eastern continental margin of South India during the Miocene. Indian Summer Monsoon was thought to be initiated in the early Miocene and intensified during the middle Miocene causing major climatic shifts in the Indian subcontinent. In the present work, detailed mineralogical and geochemical studies on the siliciclastic Cuddalore Formation have been carried out to understand the provenance and paleoclimatic conditions during
2280-769: The end of May and June. The average temperatures range from 37 °C (99 °F) in January to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, the South-West monsoon , sets in June and continues till September. North-East monsoon sets in October and continues till January. The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of North-East monsoon. The average rainfall
2340-776: The following urban regions (cities): Important crops grown in the district include paddy , sugarcane , groundnut , cumbu , maize , cashew , pulses (Blackgram and Greengram), tapioca , jackfruit , guava and brinjal . The most important cash crop of the district is cashew. Sugarcane is the next most important cash crop of the District (Cuddalore is also known as the Sugarbowl of Tamil Nadu). Many cashew processing units are located in Panrutiblocks. EID Parry, located in Nellikuppam , near Cuddalore, undertakes most of
2400-431: The municipalities, Kurumbapet is the gram panchayat and the 3 census towns are: Ariyankuppam , Manavely and Villianur . Puducherry urban agglomeration consists of the area under the all these six towns along with Odiampet , which is considered as urban outgrowth of Kurumbapet. For the ease of administration, Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Government of Puducherry, has defined two sub-divisions of
2460-451: The naval Battle of Cuddalore on 29 April 1758. It was an indecisive battle between a British squadron, under Vice-Admiral George Pocock and a French squadron, under Comte d'Aché and the newly appointed Governor General Comte Thomas Lally. Cuddalore surrendered to French troops on 29 April 1758. From 1789 to 1794, there was further unrest in Cuddalore due to the War of American Independence and
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2520-505: The northeast by Puducherry district of the union territory Puducherry , on the south by Mayiladuthurai district , on the west by Perambalur District and by a small part with Thanjavur district . The district is drained by Gadilam and Ponnaiyar rivers in the north, Vellar and Kollidam River (Coleroon) in the south. In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Cuddalore one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of
2580-602: The notion of a block. The union territory of Puducherry is divided into six blocks, three of which forms the Puducherry district, viz. Ariyankuppam, Ozkhukarai and Villianur. Puducherry's population, 950,289, is roughly equal to that of the nation of Fiji or the US state of Delaware . This gives it a ranking of 460th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 3,231 inhabitants per square kilometre (8,370/sq mi). Its population growth rate over
2640-424: The old town has been a seaport. Through the centuries, Cuddalore has been subject to a number of foreign powers including the Netherlands , Portugal , France and more recently, the British. In the 1600s, the French and English came to Cuddalore for trade and business. The French established a settlement at Pondicherry and the British at Cuddalore. The French and English, while engaged in the Seven Years' War, fought
2700-504: The other three taluks are further divided commune panchayats (CP) or simply communes. Rural area of Puducherry taluk is covered by a single commune – Ariyankuppam , whereas Villianur taluk has two communes, viz. Villianur and Mannadipet , and rural area of Bahour taluk consists of two communes, viz. Bahour and Nettapakkam . Census 2011 has identified three census towns in Puducherry district, along with three existing statutory towns. Pondicherry and Uzhavarkarai are
2760-494: The population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.92%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 42,174 households. There were a total of 62,115 workers, comprising 561 cultivators, 1,856 main agricultural labourers, 1,464 in household industries, 48,337 other workers, 9,897 marginal workers, 139 marginal cultivators, 952 marginal agricultural labourers, 771 marginal workers in household industries and 8,035 other marginal workers. As of 2007,
2820-454: The present upper continental crust (UCC). Cuddalore experiences a tropical wet and dry climate ( As ) under the Köppen climate classification . Cuddalore witnesses heavy rainfall during the North-East monsoon. The weather is pleasant from December to February in Cuddalore, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights. The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by
2880-434: The primary means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Chennai International Airport , located 200 km (120 mi) away from the city, and another local airport is located in the district at Neyveli township is Neyveli Airport . The nearest seaport is Cuddalore Port where it handles small cargo ships, and the construction of port entry is underway. The closest major seaport
2940-532: The region. The Cuddalore Port operates at the confluence of the Gadilam River and the Paravanar River. The ships anchor in midstream at about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) from the shore, where cargo is loaded and discharged through lighters. There is a bar at the mouth of the combined river, which maintains a depth of 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 ft) at low water. During July to September, the depth over
3000-583: The siege French and British naval forces again clashed off the Cuddalore coast . The siege failed, but the fort was returned to the British in 1795. There were five different naval actions off the coast during this period, all of which were indecisive. Some Cuddalore streets retain their British names, such as Clive Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street, Canning Street, Rope Street (Rope Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street and Canning Street jointly known as Salangukara Village ), Lawrence Road and Imperial Road. The Cuddalore Central Prison , opened in 1865,
3060-522: The sources is stored in ten overhead tanks located in various parts of the town. During the period 2000–01, 6.065 million litres of water was supplied every day to households in the town. Sewage & Drainage About 103 tonnes of solid waste are collected from Cuddalore every day by door-to-door collection. Subsequently, the sanitary department of the Cuddalore municipality carries out the source segregation and dumping. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100 per cent as of 2001. There
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#17327724414023120-588: The sugarcane-related procurement and processing from the growers and is supplied to some other mills and mill towns located in the district, such as Moongilthuraipattu and Thirupathur . Pondicherry district The Puducherry district , also known by its former name Pondicherry district , is one of the four districts of the union territory of Puducherry in South India . The district occupies an area of 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi), spread over 12 non-contiguous enclaves lying on or near
3180-598: The town are popular. The Pennayar River runs north of the town, while Gadilam River runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at 200 km (120 mi) from the state capital Chennai and 18 km (11 mi) from Puducherry , the neighbouring union territory. The Cuddalore Formation of the Cauvery Basin received siliciclastic detritus from inland areas of the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT). It represented continental–fluvial sedimentation in
3240-697: The town, two of which are operated by the government. Electricity Electricity supply to Cuddalore is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The town and its suburbs form the Cuddalore Electricity Distribution Circle. A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters. Water Supply Water supply is provided to the town by the Cuddalore municipality from three sources: Pennaiyar River, borewells from Caper Hills and Thirvanthipuram. The water from
3300-482: The town. There is an airport finished its construction and waiting for the opening in Neyveli , which is nearly 30 km (19 mi) from Cuddalore. Daily flights to Chennai is going to be operated by Air Odisha . The town is served by Cuddalore Port, a minor port. This port mainly handles cargo and is in close vicinity to Cuddalore Port Junction . Being a coastal town, historically, Cuddalore's primary industry
3360-443: The town: 275 sodium lamps, 201 mercury vapour lamps and 4,041 tube lights. The municipality operates five markets, namely, Aringar Anna Daily Market at Manjakuppam, Banbari Daily Market at Thirupapuliyur, Bakthavachalam Daily Market at Cuddalore OT, Pudupalayam Daily Market at Pudupalayam and Devanampattinam Daily Market at Devanampattinam, that cater to the needs of the town and the surrounding rural areas. The Cuddalore municipality
3420-487: Was fishing . Although Cuddalore was once a port town, the shipping trade has now moved to larger centres. Cuddalore also hosts the heavy chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT, an industrial estate set up by the state government. The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) planned to commence power plants around the town. The industrial development in Cuddalore's recent past has resulted in extreme pollution. SIPCOT ,
3480-800: Was a part of Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency) with six assembly segments: Tittakudi (SC) , Vridhachalam , Neyveli , Cuddalore , Panruti and Kurinjipadi . Before 2009, Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency composed of the following assembly segments: Ulundurpet (SC) , Nellikkuppam , Cuddalore , Panruti , Rishivandinam and Sankarapuram . The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for eight terms during 1951–56, 1971–77, 1977–80. 1980–84, 1984–1989, 1989–91, 1991–96, and 2009–present, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for four times during 1962–1967, 1967–71, 1999–04, and 2004–09, Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam twice during 1998–99 and 2014, Tamil Maanila Congress once during 1996–2001 and an independent during 1957–62, The current Member of Parliament from
3540-413: Was devastated. Fort St. David survived without damage. On 30 December 2011, Cyclone Thane caused widespread damage to crops and buildings. Cuddalore is located at 11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75. It has an average elevation of 6 m (20 ft). The land is completely flat with large black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in
3600-466: Was established in 1866 during British times as a revenue village. It was promoted to a selection-grade municipal municipality in 1991 and special grade in 2008. The municipality has 45 wards, and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards. The municipality's functions are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under
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