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71-581: Usually, Spanish-media considers Cudillero as one of the most beautiful villages in Spain. (See image at right) The Way of Saint James, named The Northern Way (Camino de la Costa) passes through Cudillero. There is also a Pilgrim Heritage Hostal: Albergue de Peregrinos «Soto de Luiña» - Soto de Luiña, s/n – 3156-Cudillero with 20 Beds. Phone 985-59.00.03 Cudillero has nine parishes (administrative divisions) : Way of St. James (route descriptions)#The Northern Way The Camino de Santiago , also known as

142-941: A Roman causeway joining Italica and Asturica Augusta ) starts in Seville from where it goes north to Zamora via Zafra , Cáceres and Salamanca . It is much less frequented than the French Way or even the Northern Way - in 2013, of the 215,000 pilgrims being granted the compostela in Santiago, 4.2% traveled on the Via de la Plata , compared to 70.3% on the Camino Francés . After Zamora there are three options. The first route, or Camino Sanabrés heads west and reaches Santiago via Ourense . Another route continues north to Astorga , from where pilgrims can continue west along

213-797: A length of 500 km. On 6 July 2003 the first section to Erfurt was opened in Königsbrück . The opening of the second section followed on 11 October 2003 in Vacha. The section along the historic "Via Regia" is also called the Ecumenical Pilgrims' Way ( Ökumenischer Pilgerweg ). Providing the link to Franconia , the Saxon Way of St. James on the Franconian Road ( Sächsische Jakobsweg an der Frankenstraße ) runs from Königsbrück via Wilsdruff to Grumbach (old roadbed until

284-457: A mutation arguably brought about by scribes and travelers with no knowledge of Basque. The pass itself is attested as Leizarrate at the beginning of the 17th century, while nowadays this naming (in the modern form Lizarrate ) is usually limited to the rock in Spanish, with Basque still retaining the name Lizarrate also with its original meaning – i.e. referring to the tunnel. Originally

355-665: A notable pilgrimage destination in its own right. After passing the Pyrenees it is referred to as the Aragonese Way . It is the only French route not to connect to the Camino Francés at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. After taking its Aragonese name, it joins the Camino Francés at Puente la Reina . The Way of St. James in the Netherlands is said to have started after St. Boniface brought Christendom to Friesland and

426-530: A preferred route for pilgrimage and trade. The status increasingly gained at that time by the San Adrian pass and the way coming south from Gascony down into Gipuzkoa was to have an important impact on the social, economic and constructing development of the population nuclei located on it and around. Yet the heyday of this branch of the Way of St. James was to go on the wane thereafter by an ebb in popularity,

497-690: A route for St. James pilgrims departing from Amsterdam connecting to one of the main routes at Vézelay. Another ancient route can be traced through Ghent (note the scallop on the Pilgrims hat in bottom right panel of the Ghent Altarpiece ) and Amiens to connect to Paris and the Via Turonensis, one of the four main French routes. It is a mistake to assume that medieval pilgrims were only focussed on one goal. Most St. James pilgrims through

568-524: Is a network of four Christian pilgrimage routes in northern Spain. The Camino Primitivo splits off from the Norte south of Villaviciosa, near Oviedo, and spans 355 km (this includes roughly 40 km on the Camino Francés at the end). As the name suggests, this is one of the original Caminos. The Northern Way ( Spanish : Camino del Norte ) (also known as the "Liébana Route") is an 817 km, five-week coastal route from Basque Country at Irún , near

639-634: Is also the location of the first modern pilgrim hostel ( Albergue ) in the Portuguese way. On the way to the Rates Monastery there is the medieval Dom Zameiro Bridge. It was (re)built in 1185 for an easy cross of the Ave river by medieval pilgrims. It is part of Roman Via Veteris and known in the Middle Ages as Karraria Antiqua (the old way), as such the bridge has Roman origin. After leaving

710-541: Is intermittent until the Spanish border. The Aragonese Way ( Spanish : Camino Aragonés ) comes down from the Somport pass in the Pyrenees and makes its way down through the old kingdom of Aragon . It follows the River Aragón passing through towns such as Jaca . It then crosses into the province of Navarre to Puente La Reina where it joins the Camino Francés . The English Way ( Spanish : Camino Inglés )

781-552: Is part of GR 65 . The Arles Way ( French : La voie d'Arles or Chemin d'Arles ) in southern France, named after that principal cathedral city goes through Montpellier , Toulouse and Oloron-Sainte-Marie before reaching the Spanish border at Col de Somport in the high Pyrenees . It is also called the Via Tolosana , a name that follows the Latin convention of the other French routes, because it passes through Toulouse,

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852-667: Is traditionally for pilgrims who traveled to Spain by sea and disembarked in Ferrol or A Coruña . These pilgrims then made their way to Santiago overland. It is so called because most of these pilgrims were English though some came from all points in northern Europe. Sometimes incorrectly known in English as the Silver Route or Way - "Plata" is a corruption of the Arabic word balath , meaning paved road. The Via de La Plata (once

923-545: The Alcobaça Monastery (1252), which was an albergue (hostel) for medieval pilgrims who could only stay there for a single night. Using Roman roads, pilgrims headed to Coimbra and had to reach Porto before night falls, as the gates of the city closed, once in the pilgrims headed to Church of São Martinho de Cedofeita (c. 1087). There are two traditional routes from Porto, one inland (the Central Way) and

994-577: The Ave , Cávado , Lima and Minho rivers before entering Spain and then passing through Padron before arriving at Santiago. It is the second most popular way, after the French one. The route is 610 km long starting in Lisbon or 227 km long starting in Porto. From Lisbon, the starting point is Lisbon Cathedral , crossing the Thermal Hospital of Caldas da Rainha (1485) and heading to

1065-653: The Camino Francés at Sahagún . The Camino del Ebro starts in Catalonia at Sant Jaume d'Enveja near Deltebre , where Saint James is traditionally supposed to have left Spain on his way home to martyrdom in Palestine, and follows the River Ebro past Tortosa and Zaragoza , joining the Camino Francés at Logroño . Sometimes known as the Camino Castellano-Aragonés , this camino leaves

1136-655: The Camino Francés to Santiago. A third, seldom traveled route, crosses into Portugal and passes through Bragança , rejoining the Camino Sanabrés near Ourense. The Camino Mozárabe route (also known as the Camino Sanabrés  [ es ] ), from Almeria , Granada or Málaga , passes through Córdoba and later joins up with the Via de La Plata at Mérida . The Camino de Madrid goes northwards from Madrid, through Segovia and near Valladoid, joining

1207-535: The Camino del Ebro at Gallur and goes past Soria to Santo Domingo de Silos , where it joins the Camino de la Lana . The Camino de la Lana (sometimes Ruta de la Lana ), or wool road, leaves Alicante and heads mainly northwards for 670 km, joining the Camino Francés at Burgos . The Camino de Levante starts at Valencia and crosses Castille-La Mancha, passing through towns and cities including Toledo , El Toboso , Ávila and Medina del Campo , joining

1278-518: The Lake of Constance and journeyed across the country to Geneva at the French border. As they wandered through the countryside, the pilgrims passed by three traditional pilgrimage places, Einsiedeln Abbey , Flüeli Ranft and the Caves of Saint Beatus . They also traveled through historic cities and villages, including St. Gall , Lucerne , Schwyz , Interlaken , Thun , Fribourg , and Lausanne . Today

1349-631: The Lima River is made through the Eiffel bridge (1878) in the Coastal way, originally via barges. The bridge and the town of Viana do Castelo are signed by the sighting of the Monument-Temple of Santa Luzia (1904) over a hilltop. The Lantern tower of the sanctuary is where the pilgrim can see most of one's route in one of the most iconic views of Northern Portugal. Pilgrims were treated in

1420-691: The Turduli and the Celts . Strabo compared it to the mythological Lethe , the river of unmindfulness. Two ancient canoes found in Lanheses ( Viana do Castelo ) and the itinerary of the Loca Maritima Roman way suggest that to be the site where the Roman soldiers were fearful of the crossing during the conquest of the region in 136 BC. The Coastal Way gained prominence in the 15th century due to

1491-615: The Via de la Plata at Zamora. The Camino del Sureste starts at Alicante and follows a broadly similar route as the Camino del Levante from Albacete until Medina del Campo, where the routes bifurcate, with the Sureste heading northwards to Tordesillas , joining the Via de la Plata at Benavente , while the Levante goes westwards to Toro and Zamora. The Camino de Torres starts in Salamanca , goes past Ciudad Rodrigo , crosses

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1562-510: The Way of St. James . It consists of a natural cave carved by water erosion in the rock (called Lizarrate , arguably stemming from "leize arrate", 'the stone gate of the cave') with an opening on either side north and south; it also holds a hermitage inside. The tunnel provides a natural passage dividing the provinces of Gipuzkoa and Álava/Araba (the actual borderline locating at the Alto de la Horca ). The Spanish- Basque linguistic boundary of

1633-596: The 15th century) and from Bautzen via Bischofswerda , Dresden , Kesselsdorf , Grumbach, through the Tharandt Forest to Freiberg and on to Chemnitz and Zwickau , in order to join the Via Imperii coming from Leipzig, before continuing via Plauen , Hof and Bayreuth to Nuremberg. The signage was carried out in 2009-13. Between Wilsdruff and Grillenburg in the Tharandt Forest it runs in

1704-458: The Camino francés dangerous. The route passes through San Sebastian , Guernica , Bilbao , and Oviedo . It is less populated, lesser known and generally more difficult hiking. Shelters are 20 to 35 kilometers apart, rather than there being hostels ( Spanish : albergues ) or monasteries every four to ten kilometers as on the Camino Francés. The Coastal Way links with the French Way through

1775-559: The Coastal Way ( Caminho da Costa ). Rates is considered a central site of the Portuguese Way. The way has been used since the Middle Ages and the ancient monastery of Rates (rebuilt in 1100) gained importance due to the legend of Saint Peter of Rates . The legend holds that Saint James ordained Peter as the first bishop of Braga in the year AD 44. Peter died as a martyr while attempting to convert local pagans . Rates

1846-557: The Coastal Way, also referred to as the Senda Litoral, is gaining importance, as the traditional route is increasingly urbanized and the new version is considered by some pilgrims to be more pleasant. Just before the crossover into Spain, there is also a 2-3 day detour from the Coastal Way called the Spiritual Detour ( variante espiritual ) known for solitude and beauty. The Camino winds its way inland until it reaches

1917-541: The French border, and follows the northern coastline of Spain to Galicia where it heads inland towards Santiago joining the Camino Francés at Arzúa . This route follows the old Roman road, the Via Agrippa , for some of its way and is part of the Coastal Route ( Spanish : Ruta de la Costa ). This route was used by Christian pilgrims when Muslim domination had extended northwards and was making travel along

1988-915: The Liébana Route. The Tunnel Way is also known as the Tunnel Route, the Basque Inland Route and the San Adrian Route. In the Early Middle Ages, when the Northern (Coastal) Way was subject to the Vikings ' skirmishes and Muslim presence and forays threatened pilgrims and trade routes in the borderlands, the Tunnel Way provided a safe road north of the frontier area, i.e. Gipuzkoa and Alava . This may be

2059-689: The Old Hospital of Viana do Castelo, an hostel for pilgrims from early 15th century. For the inland route, Ponte de Lima 's bridge is used. The later bridge possibly dates to the 1st century and was rebuilt in 1125. One of the most tiring parts of the Portuguese inland Way is in the Labruja hills in Ponte de Lima, which are hard to cross. In Classical antiquity , the Lima was said to have properties of memory loss due to events in an ancient battle there between

2130-544: The Portuguese border near Almeida , continues past Braga and joins the Camino Portugués at Ponte de Lima . 275 km long, this route leaves the French Way at Ponferrada and bypasses O Cebreiro, instead routing through Quiroga, Monforte de Lemos and Lalín before joining the Vía de la Plata at A Laxe. Traditionally, pilgrims used this way to avoid the snows of O Cebreiro in wintertime, from which its name derives. It

2201-683: The Spanish border at the Minho river through Valença , heading for a 108 km walk to Santiago, passing through Tui . A less-travelled Portuguese route, the Caminho Português Interior , begins at either the village of Farminhão or the adjacent city of Viseu, and continues along the Douro river valley via Lamego, Chaves, and Verín before connecting with the Via de la Plata at Ourense. Waymarking along this route, some 420 km in total,

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2272-671: The Way of Saint James is called " Camino Lituano " (official name: " Camino Lituano kultūros kelias "). The main Camino Lituano route is 500 km long. The route starts at Žagarė near Latvian ant Lithuanian border, runs through Šiauliai , Kaunas , Alytus counties and ends at Sejny in Poland , where it connects to the " Camino Polaco " route. It has two other sections in Lithuanian regions ( Aukštaitija and Samogitia ), by which

2343-426: The Way of St. James, extends from different countries of Europe, and even North Africa, on its way to Santiago de Compostela and Finisterre . The local authorities try to restore many of the ancient routes, even those used in a limited period, in the interest of tourism. Here follows an overview of the main routes of the modern-day pilgrimage . The Routes of Northern Spain and the French Way (Camino Francés) are

2414-448: The carriage way exiting Vitoria goes through Salinas, Mondragon, Oñate and Villareal [from Gipuzkoa]", explains the arguably French Basque traveller J.C. Santoyo in 1612. However, this stretch continues to be widely used up to the late 18th century, when the new King's Highway from Madrid to France is built in 1765 and traffic shifts, so spurring the definite decay of the San Adrian tunnel way. The cave rises at 1,005 m high and it stands in

2485-422: The cartographer Jan Janssonius in his Novus Atlas . "The passengers usually carve their names on the thick stones or the rocks, so there are recorded many names with the date of the year they crossed the roughness of these mountains", he adds. In approx. 1567, Jorge Braun conjures up the inside of the tunnel: the nice inn and the good suppers offered to the pilgrims, especially to those who brought money along, and

2556-755: The centuries stopped to visit other famous reliquaries, and many of the most popular ones in France and northern Spain are listed in the Codex. Many had both a scallop shell and a palm frond in their possession, indicating that they had been or were on their way to both Rome and Santiago de Compostela. The paths in Germany are collectively named " Wege der Jakobspilger ". Other names that can be seen on trail markings are " Jakobsweg " and " Jakobspilgerweg ". The German Way of St. James routes are maintained by numerous non-profit organizations . Their aim is, among others, to make

2627-600: The crossing which replaces the barges in both the Coastal and the Coastal derivation of the central way is made through Ponte de Fão, built in 1892, heading to the Neiva Castle , currently lost, the Neiva was a Castro culture hillfort and early medieval castle. For pilgrims preferring the inland route, the crossing is made through the Medieval Bridge of Barcelos , constructed between 1325 and 1328. The crossing of

2698-561: The flatter, safer and more convenient French Way , the San Adrian tunnel road kept its profile and was much in use as a European route in the 15th, 16th and 17th century; it is worth remembering that the former was in Navarrese territory (definite Castilian conquest of Navarre in 1521), so Castilian kings continued to foster the tunnel route. At this period, evidence and descriptions about the route given by pilgrims and other users coming from Europe grow more frequent. The San Adrian mount and pass are "rugged and difficult for horses", comments

2769-541: The fodder supplied to horses, no matter if the travellers were devoid of money. In 1572, J.B. Venturino travelled in the retinue of the patriarch of Alexandria, who crossed the tunnel northwards. The cavern "is dark and frightening", observes, but there he also mentions the hermitage and the house of the governor, responsible for watching the pass, as havens of preaching and safety guarantee for travellers. According to tradition, king Enrique IV of Castile (ruling 1454–1474) and later sister and queen Isabel I of Castile crossed

2840-518: The forest at Les Landes before connecting to the Camino Francés, the national trail GR 65 , near Ostabat, shortly before Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port or to the Camino de la Costa in Irún . The Vézelay route passes through Limoges and joins the GR 65 near Ostabat. The Le Puy route ( Latin : Via Podiensis , French : route du Puy ) is traveled by pilgrims starting in or passing through Le Puy-en-Velay . It passes through Conques , Cahors and Moissac before coming to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. It

2911-530: The growing importance of the coastal towns in the advent of the Age of Discovery . After leaving Porto, the route splits from the central way in the countryside of Vila do Conde . The town is still today crowned by the Monastery of Santa Clara (1318). The town is noted for the austere Gothic and lavish Late Gothic architecture, with the Matriz Church of Vila do Conde being built by king Manuel I of Portugal while in pilgrimage. The rising importance of Póvoa de Varzim imposed this new direction, In Póvoa de Varzim,

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2982-434: The hermitage was dedicated to the "Sancta Trinitate" or Holy Trinity . Yet the word, like many Romance and Latin words, was adapted to Basque by undergoing a reduction along the phonetic rules, described by K. Mitxelena , that ultimately resulted in Sandrati or Sandratei , as locals call it. Other phonetic outputs as attested in place-names close to the area include Sandrati , Santa Tria and variations, especially in

3053-406: The lands of Álava/Araba extending south of the mountain range, e.g. Santa Tria (village Audikana), San Tetria (village Contrasta 1556, leftover place-name of a former hermitage otherwise called in Romance San Adrian ). Saint Adrian does not hold a representative position among Basque religious icons, as opposed to the ubiquitous San Martin, San Miguel or San Juan/Donibane, but Saint Adrian

3124-431: The latter, nowadays pilgrims usually take a detour south towards Haro and on to Santo Domingo de la Calzada on account of its better provision. The following routes to Santiago can be traced on the Iberian Peninsula . The Portuguese Way ( Spanish : Camino Portugués , Portuguese : Caminho Português ) begins at Lisbon or Porto in Portugal. From Porto, along the Douro River , pilgrims travel north crossing

3195-414: The lowest point between the towering massifs of Aizkorri and Aratz mounts (1,528 m and 1,442 m respectively). Vast beech forests covered with bucolic brown in autumn abound in the area north and south of the cave, with limestone rocks cropping up more frequently as we gain altitude and approach the cave from the north. The most usual access points for hikers are: Pilgrims coming south from Zegama take

3266-399: The main route can be reached. The Slovak section of the Way of Saint James is called Svätojakubská cesta (official name: Svätojakubská cesta na Slovensku ). Another name that can sometimes be seen on trail markings is Jakubská cesta . San Adrian (tunnel) The San Adrian tunnel or Lizarrate represents the most outstanding milestone in the historic inland Basque route of

3337-646: The main trade and pilgrimage stream shifting to the more convenient French Way (via Orreaga ). The mountain pass was used for ages by shepherds, as evidenced by prehistoric traces of seasonal cattle migration, dolmens and burial mounds (usually small) in the area. Cattle, especially sheep, keep on grazing up to these days on the steep pastures all around the area of the cave. Place-names associated to alien cultures, such as neighbouring town Zegama or Arakama (commonplace family name in this region), claimed by some scholars to stem from Indo-European, suggest that European peoples may have used this pass. In step with

3408-426: The monastery, the crossing of Cávado River was made using barges landing in Barca do Lago, which literally means "Lake's barge". The Brotherhood of Barca do Lago stated in 1635: "this passage is very popular and it is for more than 400 years in our peaceful possession". The Portuguese King Sancho II made the crossing there during a pilgrimage in 1244 and centuries later King Manuel I did the same in 1502. Currently,

3479-528: The old route and one of them developed a set of maps. Since that time there have been other cycling routes to Santiago de Compostela published from other Dutch cities, most notably Maastricht . The Dutch and northern (Flemish) Belgians call the route the Jacobsroute . In Wallonia (southern Belgium) it is called Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle . Another Dutch long distance path, the Pelgrimspad (Pilgrims' Path), leads from Amsterdam to Visé in Belgium (about 100 km from Namur), and may have been

3550-402: The oldest and most important stretch of the Way of St. James up to its heyday in the 13th century. From the starting point in Irún , the road heads south-west up the Oria valley ( Villabona , Ordizia , Zegama ), reaches its highest point at the San Adrian tunnel and runs through the Alavan plains ( Zalduondo , Salvatierra/Agurain , Vitoria-Gasteiz and Miranda de Ebro ). Yet previous to

3621-428: The oldest cities in Germany . The Way of St. James is also known as Jakobsweg in Switzerland and the route in Switzerland is the Via Jacobi . Many routes originating in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe and even Italy/ South Tyrol led to Switzerland and from there to France. Beginning in the early Middle Ages (9-10th century), pilgrims coming from northern and eastern Europe crossed into Switzerland at

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3692-417: The ones listed in the World Heritage List by UNESCO . The French Way ( Spanish : Camino Francés ) is the most popular of the routes. It runs from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port on the French side of the Pyrenees to Roncesvalles on the Spanish side before making its way through to Santiago de Compostela through the major cities of Pamplona , Logroño , Burgos and León . The Routes of Northern Spain

3763-578: The original paths have been restored and the Via Jacobi is an integral part of the European Way of St. James. St. James's Gate in Dublin was traditionally a principal starting point for Irish pilgrims to begin their journey on the Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James). The pilgrims' passports were stamped here before setting sail, usually for A Coruña , north of Santiago. It is still possible for Irish pilgrims to get these traditional documents stamped at St James' Church , and many do, while on their way to Santiago de Compostella . Lithuanian section of

3834-443: The other one locating in the ancient Oiasso ). A reference of the hermitage and pass of San Adrian in the blurred early ages is provided in Noticias Históricas (by J.A. Llorente ), where the spot is identified (reasonably so, see Name ) as the "Sanctam Trianam" landmark cited as establishing the southern boundaries of the bishopric of Bayonne . Early Medieval Navarrese and Castilian coins and copper buckles have been gathered in

3905-455: The path provide information about earlier pilgrimages . The trail consists of two sections, the Lahn-Camino , which was updated in 2018/19 and re-signposted along the way, and the Rhine-Camino . With a total length of 190 kilometres, the trail crosses the federal state of Hesse , where it originates, and ends in Rhineland-Palatinate . Starting in Wetzlar , the route first passes through Hessian towns and villages to Weilburg . From Weilburg,

3976-412: The pilgrimage experience qualitative and authentic. One section of the Way of St. James runs through the German states of Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Thuringia and Hesse following the course of the historic trade route, the Via Regia from Görlitz via Bautzen , Kamenz , Großenhain , Wurzen , Leipzig , Merseburg , Naumburg (Saale) , Erfurt , Gotha , Eisenach and Vacha to Fulda . It has

4047-424: The pilgrimage of choice for inhabitants of the Low Countries and those of northern and western France. As other routes are becoming overcrowded, that route is gaining favor, owing to the religious and touristic aspects of the monuments on the way. One starting point is at the Tour St Jacques in Paris and then on to Orléans -Tours or Chartres -Tours. From Tours, the route passes through Poitiers and Bordeaux ,

4118-474: The pilgrims they saw were French. The origin of the pilgrimage is most often cited as the Codex Calixtinus , which is decidedly a French document. Though in the Codex everyone was called upon to join the pilgrimage, there were four main starting points in the Cathedral cities of Tours , Vézelay , Le Puy-en-Velay and Arles . They are today all routes of the Grande Randonnée network. The Paris and Tours route ( Via Turonensis  [ fr ] ) used to be

4189-516: The popular name, the "Roman way" (also called by locals estratea [es̺ˈtɾatea] ), some point to the construction of the original roadway by the Romans, with continuous upkeep and renovation in the Middle Ages. At any rate, this stretch is not located on the important axis Bordeaux-Astorga cutting its way east to west through the Alava plains (merging point with the Tunnel Route in Salvatierra/Agurain ). A Roman inscription has been found in Zegama (only two sites discovered so far in Gipuzkoa,

4260-446: The route leads via Villmar to Diez . Once in Diez, the following stages are Obernhof and then Bad Ems . The Lahn-Camino meets the Rhine-Camino in Lahnstein , from where the route follows the Rhine to Kamp-Bornhofen . From there, another 15 kilometres have to be overcome to Sankt Goarshausen , until one finishes the Rhine-Camino by arriving in Korb . Here, one has the option to continue their way towards Trier or Worms , two of

4331-425: The same ancient route corridor as the Holy Way from Bohemia to Meißen , which is also being revived. The Lahn-Rhine-Camino can be followed since 2001 and is maintained by the non-profit organization St. Jakobus-Gesellschaft Rheinland-Pfalz-Saarland e.V. since 2005. The route starts in the central part of Germany, coming from the north-east, and continues in a south-western direction. Numerous artefacts along

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4402-417: The small Saint James Chapel (1582) in Praça da República holds a 15th century icon of Saint James found at the beach, the way follows west to the beach, heading to Esposende , Viana do Castelo and Caminha before reaching the Spanish border. A contemporary version of the Coastal Way, pushed by German pilgrims, goes through Northern Portugal continuously along the sea, using beach walkways. This version of

4473-515: The territories of Alava and Gipuzkoa from Navarre , Alfonso X encouraged the use of this stretch that connected by land Castile to Gascony through the strip extending from San Sebastian to Irun . With a view to strengthening both trade and military grip in the region, the king founded in 1256 the towns of Salvatierra (Agurain), Segura and Villafranca ( Ordizia ) in various spots of the way, so becoming popular with pilgrims, that could find there shelter and safety. Despite pilgrimage shift to

4544-404: The time, highwaymen frequenting the area are dreaded by pilgrims and travellers alike, who were not acquainted with the wild surroundings where local bandits could easily stalk and find a hideout. The care provided inside the tunnel is welcome. Many remember in their travel memoirs the cosy atmosphere found at the inn, the pilgrims singing and the "fat woman" serving them. Above the North entrance of

4615-484: The tunnel, confirming that it was frequented in advance of the 13th century. The coastal route was dangerous on account of Viking attacks and raids, while the southern roads, namely the French Way crossing Pamplona/Iruñea , Logroño and on to Burgos was subject to Muslim forays and attacks, which rendered the Alavan lands (and therefore the San Adrian tunnel route) safer and more secure, as "they have always stayed in possession of its inhabitants". After snatching

4686-440: The tunnel, the fortress watches and protects the pass, a building that may hold 100 soldiers, as reported by a traveller in the 17th century. Much appreciated water sprung out of the stone wall in the tunnel, as told by a Franciscan in 1633. Meanwhile, other routes grow gradually more important at the expense of the stretch corresponding to the San Adrian tunnel. "The San Adrian pass is good only for people on horse or on foot, since

4757-404: The tunnel. Legend has it, on his route from Germany to Spain emperor Charles V first dismounted from the horse at this cave. Since the Middle Ages the tunnel has been a point where tolls are paid on account of its border position. Yet usually at night, when the gate was shut, smugglers skip the tunnel by mounting up the rock North of the tunnel through a very narrow path called Ochoa Arrate . At

4828-404: The twentieth century was established in this area, the next village south, Zalduondo , having been predominantly Spanish speaking during that period. Nowadays many hikers cross the tunnel in order to gain access to the nearby peaks, forests and grazing fields, namely Aratz , Aizkorri and Urbia. As so many times in Basque place- and person-names, this name of worship (San Adrian) has undergone

4899-490: The veneration of his relics near Dokkum gained popularity from 800 onwards. The route did not become popular however until the 15th century, well after the Santiago Matamoros legend. There are several Cathedral towns considered official starting routes by the Dutch confraternity of St. James . Haarlem , a centuries-old starting point, has been the starting point of a modern cycling route to Santiago de Compostela since 1983, when an international workgroup of scholars researched

4970-429: Was actually much revered in the ways of St James . The name San Adrian thus results from a phonetic interpretation by Romance-speaking people of the Basque name for "Sancta Trinitate". Locals still gather in a celebration on the Trinity Day or following Sunday on an yearly basis. The occurrence and relevance of the tunnel is attested since the 16th century, more so since the 13th, when historic circumstances rendered it

5041-441: Was officially recognised as one of the valid routes for obtaining the Compostela in 2016. This route is unique, as it passes through all four provinces of Galicia: Ourense, Lugo, Pontevedra, and A Coruña. The Way of St. James is said to have originated in France, where it is called Le Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle . This is the reason that the Spanish themselves refer to the Way of St. James as "the French road", since most of

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