101-716: Cullen House is a large house, about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south-west of the coastal town of Cullen in Moray , Scotland. It was the seat of the Ogilvies of Findlater, who went on to become the Earls of Findlater and Seafield , and it remained in their family until 1982. Building work started on the house in 1600, incorporating some of the stonework of an earlier building on the site. The house has been extended and remodelled several times by prominent architects such as James Adam , John Adam , and David Bryce . It has been described by
202-473: A 'well-ordered' monarchy was part of God's plan, the Covenanters committed to "defend the king's person and authority with our goods, bodies, and lives" and the idea of government without a king was inconceivable. This meant that unlike England, throughout the war all Scots agreed the institution of monarchy itself was divinely ordered and hence why the Covenanters supported the restoration of Charles I in
303-469: A bridge, gatehouse, and a temple. Leading off the house's west courtyard is a bridge built between 1744 and 1745 by William Adam , which crosses the gorge of the Cullen Burn. It has a single arch, with a span of 25.6 metres (84 ft) and a height of 19.5 metres (64 ft), and is built of granite ashlar with rubble spandrels . At the south-east entrance to the estate is a gatehouse known as
404-481: A cavalry raid into the English Midlands. The raid was the first active operation carried out by the newly formed New Model Army . In April Montrose was surprised by General William Baillie after a raid on Dundee, but eluded capture by having his troops double back on the coast road and fleeing inland in a corkscrew retreat. Another Covenanter army under John Urry was hastily assembled and sent against
505-467: A clifftop above the Cullen Burn, Cullen House was built by the Ogilvies of Findlater, whose seat had previously been at Findlater Castle on the coast about 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) to the east. In 1482, the Ogilvies were granted the lands of Findochty and Seafield, and by 1543 they changed their patronage from the parish church at Fordyce to Cullen Old Church , which they helped to elevate to
606-605: A common Gaelic language and culture than with those who ruled them". Montrose had already tried and failed to lead a Royalist uprising by 1644 when he was presented with a ready-made Royalist army. The Irish Confederates , who were loosely aligned with the Royalists, agreed in that year to send an expedition to Scotland. From their point of view, this would tie up Scottish Covenanter troops who would otherwise be used in Ireland or England. The Irish sent 1500 men to Scotland under
707-400: A hilltop at the north end of the grounds there is a garden feature in the form of a Grecian temple pavilion made of polished ashlar. An open rotunda with a leaded roof and a plasterwork ceiling is supported by eight Ionic columns, which sit atop the walls of a round basement tearoom. There was originally a statue depicting either Pomona or Pheme at the centre of the rotunda. The tearoom has
808-615: A mix of religious, cultural and political reasons; Montrose switched sides because he distrusted Argyll's ambition, fearing he would eventually dominate Scotland and possibly depose the King. Furthermore, the Gàidhealtachd was a distinct cultural, political and economic region of Scotland. It was Gaelic in language and customs and at this time was largely outside of the control of the Scottish government. Some Highland clans preferred
909-522: A peace was hastily negotiated. Charles was executed by the Rump Parliament in 1649, and Hamilton, who had been captured after Preston, was executed soon after. This left the extreme Covenanters, still led by Argyll, as the main force in the Kingdom. In June 1649, Montrose was restored by the exiled Charles II to the now nominal lieutenancy of Scotland. Charles also opened negotiations with
1010-726: A political and religious settlement to the wars, failing to get Presbyterianism established as the official religion in the Three Kingdoms and fearing that the Parliamentarians would threaten Scottish independence. Many Covenanters feared that under Parliament, "our poor country should be made a province of England." A faction of the Covenanters known as the Engagers , led by the Duke of Hamilton , therefore sent an army to England to try to restore Charles I in 1648. However, it
1111-739: A quota of soldiers. A new round of conscription was undertaken, both in the Highlands and the Lowlands, to form a truly national army named the Army of the Kingdom, that was put under the command of Charles II himself. Although this was the largest force put into the field by the Scots during the Wars, it was badly trained and its morale was low as many of its constituent Royalist and Covenanter parts had until recently been fighting each other. In July 1651, under
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#17327971637131212-594: A rapid series of victories in 1644–45, but were eventually defeated by the Covenanters. The Covenanters then found themselves at odds with the English Parliament, so they crowned Charles II at Scone and thus stated their intention to place him on the thrones of England and Ireland as well. In 1650, Scotland was invaded and occupied by the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell . The war originated in Scottish opposition to religious reforms imposed on
1313-506: A round-arched doorway, flanked by matching windows. It was constructed in 1822 by William Robertson, following 1788 original designs by James Playfair which are still in the Seafield estate's archives. The statue was lost between 1939 and 1945, and the floor of the rotunda has collapsed; the round pediment of the statue now lies in the centre of the ruined tearoom. The structure was stabilised between 1977 and 1978, and restored in 1981 after it
1414-680: A united Parliament in London, with General Monck appointed as the military governor of Scotland. His troops continued to garrison Scotland for the rest of the Interregnum . Sporadic Royalist rebellions continued throughout the Commonwealth period in Scotland, particularly in the western Highlands, where Alasdair MacColla had raised his forces in the 1640s. The northwest Highlands was the scene of another pro-Royalist uprising in 1653–55, which
1515-465: A window. The earliest section of the north wing, of five bays and three storeys in height, extends to the left of the door. Built in the early seventeenth century, its roof was raised in the eighteenth, and its windows were replaced with larger sash and case windows in the Georgian style. The roof line is broken by five dormer heads, carved with foliage and Corinthian capitals . In the centre of
1616-403: Is a large, ornately decorated and turreted house, which was built in several stages over several centuries. It is described by the architectural historian Charles McKean as an "enormously complicated structure", and "one of the grandest houses in Scotland". The seventeenth-century L-plan tower house , which itself incorporated stonework from earlier buildings on the site, has been extended by
1717-597: Is a nearby hill with an associated footpath. Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms [REDACTED] Covenanters First English Civil War Second English Civil War Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) Glencairn's rising Between 1639 and 1652, Scotland was involved in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , a series of conflicts which included the Bishops' Wars , the Irish Rebellion of 1641 ,
1818-662: Is a village and former royal burgh in Moray but historically in Banffshire , Scotland, on the North Sea coast. The village had a population of 1,327 in 2001. The organs of the wife of Robert the Bruce are said to have been buried in its old kirk after her death in Cullen Castle . Robert made an annual payment to the village in gratitude for the treatment of his wife's body and its return south for burial. In 2000,
1919-562: The Battle of Culloden , Cumberland arrived at the scene accompanied by Findlater to find the doors of the house forced open, the windows broken, and broken furniture and discarded papers strewn around the grounds. Findlater subsequently petitioned the British Parliament for the sum of £8,000 in compensation for the losses incurred, but it is not clear whether he ever received any payment. Architects James and John Adam worked on
2020-417: The Battle of Culloden . Cullen House was inherited by Nina Ogilvie-Grant-Studley-Herbert , the 12th Countess of Seafield, in 1915. She did not use it as her primary residence, nor did her son Ian Ogilvie-Grant , who inherited it on her death in 1969. By the time it was designated a listed building three years later it had become dilapidated, and its contents were auctioned off shortly afterwards. In 1982, it
2121-689: The Church of Scotland ( the Kirk ) by Charles I . This culminated in February 1638 when representatives from all sections of Scottish society agreed a National Covenant , pledging resistance to liturgical 'innovations.' An important factor in the political contest with Charles was the Covenanter belief they were preserving an established and divinely ordained form of religion which he was seeking to alter. The Covenant also expressed wider dissatisfaction with
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#17327971637132222-709: The Confederates . Those who had fought for Montrose, particularly the Irish, were massacred by the Covenanters whenever they were captured, in reprisal for the atrocities the Royalists had committed in Argyll. Ironically, no sooner had the Covenanters defeated the Royalists at home than they were negotiating with Charles I against the English Parliament. The Covenanters could not get their erstwhile allies to agree on
2323-834: The Don , forcing them to fight with the river at their back and on uneven ground. The Royalists triumphed and advanced into the lowlands. Bailie went in pursuit and Montrose waited for him at Kilsyth . During the ensuing battle the Royalists were inadvertently aided by Argyll and other members of the "Committee of Estates," who ordered Bailie to make a flank march across the front of the Royalist army, which pounced on them and triumphed. After Kilsyth (15 August), Montrose seemed to have won control of all Scotland: In late 1645, such prominent towns as Dundee and Glasgow fell to his forces. The Covenanting government had temporarily collapsed, paying for its over-confidence in defeating Royalist resistance. As
2424-714: The English Civil War , the Irish Confederate Wars and finally the conquest of Ireland and the subjugation of Scotland by the English New Model Army . Within Scotland, from 1644 to 1645 a Scottish civil war was fought between Scottish Royalists —supporters of Charles I under James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose —and the Covenanters , who had controlled Scotland since 1639 and who were allied with English Parliamentarians . The Scottish Royalists, aided by Irish troops, had
2525-629: The Second English Civil War , then his son in the Third . Where Covenanters and Scottish Royalists disagreed was the nature and extent of Royal authority versus that of the people, including through the popularly governed Presbyterian church; the relative narrowness of this distinction meant Montrose was not unusual in fighting on both sides. Royalism was most prominent in the Scottish Highlands and Aberdeenshire , due to
2626-640: The disruption . Cullen received royal burgh status between 1153 and 1214 AD during the reigns of Malcolm IV and William I . It is also known to have received a charter in 1455 AD from James II . The burgh was abolished in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 . Around 139–161, Ptolemy mentions in his Geography the River Celnius in the North East of Scotland. Both William Forbes Skene and George Chalmers identified
2727-417: The "Three Kings". However, it is possible that these rocks derive their name from the similarity of the name Cullen with Culane (Cologne) as in the medieval mystery play "The Three Kings of Culane". The church was founded as a chapel by King Robert the Bruce . The organs of Robert's wife are said to have been buried in its old kirk after her death at Cullen Castle ; the King then made an annual payment to
2828-456: The 1638 Covenant and the 1643 Solemn League immediately after coming ashore. The threat posed by King Charles II with his new Covenanter allies was considered to be the greatest facing the new English Republic, and Oliver Cromwell left some of his subordinates in Ireland to continue their conquest of the island and returned to England in May. He arrived in Scotland on 22 July 1650, advancing along
2929-537: The Bahamas, the house was not her primary residence. The house was open to the public for part of the year in the 1960s. Ogilvie-Grant-Studley-Herbert died in 1969, and her estates passed to her son, Ian Ogilvie-Grant . He also lived elsewhere, and used the house commercially to host shooting parties and private functions. In 1972 it was designated a Category A listed building . By this time it had become quite dilapidated, and its contents were sold off in 1975. Included in
3030-405: The Bruce . On 20 March 1600, building upon some of the structure of the canons' lodgings, work was started on a large new L-plan tower house for the laird , Sir Walter Ogilvy, and his wife Dame Margaret Drummond. The family continued to prosper: in 1616, Walter Ogilvy was created Lord Ogilvy of Deskford , his son James was further elevated to become the first Earl of Findlater in 1638. The house
3131-481: The Campbells rather than the Covenanters, which resulted in fluctuating membership – and the Royalists also lacked cavalry , leaving them vulnerable in open country. Montrose overcame some of these disadvantages through his leadership and by taking advantage of the forbidding Highland mountains. Keeping his enemies guessing where he would strike next, Montrose would sally out to attack lowland garrisons and withdraw to
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3232-734: The Celnius with Cullen Burn. The first mention of Cullen in Scottish history was in 962, when King Indulf was killed by the Norwegians (and/or Danes) at the mouth of the River Cullen and referred to as the Battle of the Bauds . "Atween Coedlich and the sea, There lies Kings' sons three." Legend has it that within the vicinity, a Scots, a Danish and a Norwegian King are buried, marked by the three isolated rocks within Cullen Bay and named
3333-472: The Covenanters, now dominated by Argyll's radical Presbyterian Kirk Party . Because Montrose had very little support in the lowlands, Charles was willing to disavow his most consistent supporter to become a king on terms dictated by the Covenanters. In March 1650 Montrose landed in Orkney to take the command of a small force, composed mainly of continental mercenaries, which he had sent on before him. Crossing to
3434-499: The Grand Entrance, which was built by James Adam between 1767 and 1768. This wide entrance for carriages is built in the form of a triumphal arch . Ionic columns support a pediment with armorial decoration in the tympanum . On top there are carved lions, rampant at the apex, and recumbent to the sides. There are entrances for pedestrians in the walls flanking the archway, which connect to several single-storey lodges. On
3535-460: The Highlands when threatened by the more numerous enemy. In the safety of the mountains, he could fight on terrain familiar to his army, or lead the Covenanters on wild goose chases. From 1644 to 1645 Montrose led the Royalists to six famous victories, defeating covenanting armies larger than his own of roughly 2000 men (except at Kilsyth, where he led approximately 5,000). In the Autumn of 1644,
3636-584: The Irish Sea: for instance, the MacDonalds were Catholics, were sworn enemies of the Campbells, and had a strong Gaelic identity. Historian David Stevenson writes: "It is a moot point whether one should call the MacDonnells of Antrim Scots or Irish... To the MacDonnells themselves the question was largely irrelevant, they had more in common with native Irish and Scots Highlanders, with whom they shared
3737-574: The MacDonald's war against the Campbells in Argyll in western Scotland. In December 1644, the Royalists rampaged through the Campbells' country. During the clan warfare Inveraray was torched and all armed men were put to the sword; approximately 900 Campbells were killed. In response to the attack on his clansmen, Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll assembled the Campbell clansmen to repel
3838-467: The Royalists marched across the Highlands to Perth , where they smashed a Covenanter force at the Battle of Tippermuir on 1 September. Shortly afterwards, another Covenanter militia met a similar fate outside Aberdeen on 13 September. Unwisely, Montrose let his men pillage Perth and Aberdeen after taking them, leading to hostility to his forces in an area where Royalist sympathies had been strong. Following these victories, MacColla insisted on pursuing
3939-417: The Royalists. At Auldearn , near Nairn , Montrose placed Macdonald and most of the infantry in view of the enemy and concealed the cavalry and remaining infantry. Despite Macdonald attacking prematurely, the ruse worked, and Urry was defeated on 9 May. Another cat-and-mouse game between Bailie and Montrose led to the Battle of Alford on 2 July. Montrose confronted the Covenanters after the latter had forded
4040-746: The Scots, leading Charles to consider raising an army of Irish Catholics in return for abolishing the penal laws against them. This prospect alarmed his enemies in both England and Scotland; when the Covenanters threatened to provide military support for their co-religionists in Ulster , it sparked the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , which quickly degenerated into massacres of Protestant settlers in Ireland. The Covenanters responded in April 1642 by sending an army to Ulster led by Robert Monro , which engaged in equally bloody reprisals against Catholics. Although both Charles and Parliament supported raising troops to suppress
4141-426: The addition of wings to the north and south. The original entrance to the tower house is in the south-west angle of its west courtyard , in a single- bay , four- storey facade. Above are two tourelles supported by corbels , one of which bears the initials SVO and DMD, representing Sir Walter Ogilvy and his wife, Dame Margaret Drummond, for whom the house was built. This entrance has now been blocked and replaced by
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4242-567: The addition of a single tourelle, and an elaborate staircase tower which can be seen prominently from the gorge below and is known as the Punch Bowl. Beyond the north wing is a U-plan service court, two storeys high with a bellcote on its north facade. Built in the late eighteenth century, it originally housed the kitchen and laundry, and has been converted into six apartments and an architectural studio . The main house has been divided into seven separate apartments. Efforts were made during
4343-407: The architectural historian Charles McKean as "one of the grandest houses in Scotland" and is designated a Category A listed building . The grounds were enlarged in the 1820s when the entire village of Cullen, save for Cullen Old Church , was demolished to make way for improvements to the grounds by Ludovick Ogilvy-Grant, 5th Earl of Seafield ; a new village, closer to the coast, was constructed for
4444-480: The army, they came in far fewer numbers than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped. Cromwell finally engaged the new king at Worcester on 3 September 1651, and beat him – in the process all but wiping out his army, killing 3,000 and taking 10,000 prisoners. Many of the Scottish prisoners taken by Cromwell were sold into indentured labour in the West Indies, Virginia and Berwick, Maine . This defeat marked
4545-414: The campaign in Scotland. Meanwhile, Monck took Stirling on 14 August and Dundee on 1 September, reportedly killing up to 2,000 of its 12,000 population and destroying every ship in the city's harbour, 60 in total. The Scottish Army of the Kingdom marched towards the west of England because it was in that area that English Royalist sympathies were strongest. However, although some English Royalists joined
4646-410: The centre of the north wing, also with a flamboyantly carved doorway by Goodwillie; this is very similar to its counterpart on the other side of the wing, but without the lions. To either side of the doorway are a pair of four-storey towers, one with a datestone showing 1668, and there is a square bartizan as well as three more triangular dormer heads. To the left side of the east facade is the rear of
4747-470: The command of Alasdair MacColla MacDonald, a MacDonald clansman from the Western Isles of Scotland. They included Manus O'Cahan (an Irish cousin to MacColla) and his 500-man regiment. Shortly after landing, the Irish linked up with Montrose at Blair Atholl and proceeded to raise forces from the MacDonalds and other anti-Campbell Highland clans. The new Royalist army led by Montrose and MacColla
4848-509: The command of General John Lambert, part of Cromwell's force crossed the Firth of Forth into Fife and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Inverkeithing . The New Model Army advanced towards the royal base at Perth . In danger of being outflanked, Charles ordered his army south into England in a desperate last-ditch attempt to evade Cromwell and spark a Royalist uprising there. Cromwell followed Charles into England leaving George Monck to finish
4949-463: The country. If we also take into account the thousands of Scottish troops who died in the civil wars in England and Ireland (another 20,000 soldiers at least), the Wars of the Three Kingdoms certainly represent one of the bloodiest episodes in Scottish history. Labels applied to the various Scottish factions differ among sources. This timeline labels factions as follows. Bold cell entries indicate
5050-601: The death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, the factions and divisions which had struggled for supremacy during the early years of the interregnum reemerged. Monck, who had served Cromwell and the English Parliament throughout the civil wars, judged that his best interests and those of his country lay in the Restoration of Charles II. In 1660, he marched his troops south from Scotland to ensure the monarchy's reinstatement. Scotland's Parliament and legislative autonomy were restored under The Restoration though many issues that had led to
5151-592: The different parts of the building, and redesigned much of the interior. By the time Bryce had finished working on the house, it had a total of 386 rooms. Renovation work was carried out on the house in 1913 by Robert Lorimer , and in 1915 it was inherited by Nina Ogilvie-Grant-Studley-Herbert , the 12th Countess of Seafield, who later gained a reputation as the wealthiest woman in Britain after Queen Elizabeth II . Since she spent most of her time at her home in Nassau in
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#17327971637135252-767: The disunited nature of their forces. The First English Civil War had ended in May 1646, when Charles I surrendered to the Scottish Covenanter army in England. After failing to persuade the King to take the Covenant, the Scots finally handed him over to the commissioners of the English Parliament (the " Long Parliament ") in early 1647. At the same time they received part payment for the service of their army in England, which then returned north. In 1646, Montrose left for Norway , while MacColla returned to Ireland with his remaining Irish and Highland troops to re-join
5353-421: The earl refused his permission, forcing the company to build a viaduct, 196 metres (643 ft) long and 24.8 metres (81.4 ft) high, through the town of Cullen itself; the line was eventually opened in 1886. The house's current baronial revival appearance is largely the result of the extensive remodelling that was carried out from 1858 to 1868 by David Bryce, who worked to homogenise the disparate styles of
5454-411: The east coast towards Edinburgh. By the end of August, his army was reduced by disease and running out of supplies, so he was forced to order a retreat towards his base at the port of Dunbar. A Scottish Covenanter army under the command of David Leslie had been shadowing his progress. Seeing some of Cromwell's sick troops being taken on board the waiting ships, Leslie made ready to attack what he believed
5555-403: The east he remarked that up to this point, "the country is sadly poor and unimproved". The old town of Cullen was demolished in 1822 and its remains are next to Cullen House . It was under James Ogilvy, 7th Earl of Findlater , that plans were first mooted for moving the town, but it was not until his successor Ludovick Ogilvy-Grant, 5th Earl of Seafield , that the plans were enacted. The town
5656-446: The eighteenth century, but some of the original ones were blocked and have been retained as decorative features. At the west end, there is another extension, also baronialized in the nineteenth century, with more tourelles, a round staircase tower , and carvings of Father Time holding a scythe and flanked by figures representing Youth and Old Age. The house's east facade, again heavily baronialized, has another entrance, recessed into
5757-572: The end of the year his army had occupied much of southern Scotland. This military disaster discredited the radical Covenanters known as the Kirk Party and caused the Covenanters and Scottish Royalists to bury their differences (at least temporarily) to try to repel Cromwell's invasion of Scotland. The Scottish Parliament passed the Act of Levy in December 1650, requiring every burgh and shire to raise
5858-401: The fire to restore the external masonry to its original appearance. Specialist joiners and plasterers were brought in to work on the interiors, but some of the building's internal features including an early seventeenth-century painted ceiling in the second salon were irreparably damaged. The subdivided house remains in use as privately owned domestic accommodation as of 2021. Cullen House
5959-481: The gardens considerably by demolishing the entire village of Cullen , and building a new planned town for its inhabitants, laid out by George MacWilliam with alterations by Peter Brown and William Robertson , nearer the coast. The only remaining building from the original village is Cullen Old Church. Later in the nineteenth century, the Great North of Scotland Railway hoped to cut through the house's grounds, but
6060-480: The history of British arms" by John Buchan and C. V. Wedgwood . The victory at Inverlochy gave the Royalists control over the western Highlands and attracted other clans and noblemen to their cause. The most important of these were the Gordons , who provided the Royalists with cavalry for the first time. Inverlochy was an important strategic victory for the Royalists, because the Scottish Covenanter army in England
6161-524: The house from 1767 to 1769, installing the main staircase and building the gatehouse, and John Baxter made more internal modifications, including the building of the large bow window in the east facade , between 1777 and 1778. In 1780, the fourth earl commissioned Robert Adam to provide a design for an entirely new house; this was not carried out, nor were James Playfair 's 1788 designs for an extensive remodelling in "the Saxon style". Playfair's walled garden
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#17327971637136262-593: The house's original public rooms retain original Victorian ceilings; others, which were damaged in the fire of 1987, have been restored or reproduced. A grand Jacobean painted ceiling, depicting the siege of Troy and bearing the royal arms of Scotland (suggesting that it predated the 1603 Union of the Crowns ), was destroyed by the fire. It has been replaced by a painting of bubbles and astronauts by Robert Ochardson . The house's grounds contain several structures which are Category A listed in their own right. These include
6363-506: The inhabitants. Within the grounds are a bridge, a rotunda and a gatehouse , each of which is individually listed as a Category A structure. Twice in its history, the house has been captured and ransacked. It was taken by forces acting under the orders of the Marquess of Montrose in 1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . It was attacked again by a group of Jacobites during the rising of 1745 , shortly before they were defeated at
6464-464: The invaders. Montrose, finding himself trapped in the Great Glen between Argyll and Covenanters advancing from Inverness , decided on a flanking march through the wintry mountains of Lochaber and surprised Argyll at the battle of Inverlochy (2 February 1645). The Covenanters and Campbells were crushed, with losses of 1,500. Montrose's famous march was acclaimed as "one of the great exploits in
6565-529: The mainland, Montrose tried in vain to raise the clans, and on 27 April he was surprised and routed at the Battle of Carbisdale in Ross-shire. After wandering for some time he was surrendered by Neil Macleod of Assynt , to whose protection, in ignorance of Macleod's political enmity, he had entrusted himself. He was brought a prisoner to Edinburgh , and on 20 May sentenced to death by the Parliament. He
6666-411: The more distant authority of King Charles to the powerful and well-organised Lowlands based government of the Covenanters. Clan politics and feuds also played a role; when the Presbyterian Campbell , led by their chief, Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll , sided with the Covenanters, their rivals automatically took the opposing side. It should be said some of these factors overlap that spanned
6767-457: The original tower house, which has an early seventeenth-century tourelle, and another dormer head featuring a carved sun. The south facade looks onto the clifftop and the Cullen Burn below. At its right end is a staircase tower attached to the original tower house, to the left of which is a very large bow window . Left of this is a section of five bays, which is part of the eighteenth-century building work and has been little altered since, save for
6868-406: The real end of the Scottish war effort. Charles escaped to the European continent and with his flight, the Covenanters' hopes for resisting Cromwell's invasion were dashed. Between 1651 and 1654, a Royalist rising took place in Scotland. Dunnottar Castle was the last stronghold to fall to Parliamentarian troops in May 1652. Under the terms of the Tender of Union , the Scots were given 30 seats in
6969-532: The rebellion in Ireland, neither side trusted the other with their control. A struggle for control of military resources ultimately led to the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642. The Scottish Reformation established a kirk that was Presbyterian in structure and Calvinist in doctrine. By 1640, less than 2% of Scots were Catholics, concentrated in places like South Uist , controlled by Clanranald , but despite its minority status, fear of popery remained widespread. Since Calvinists believed
7070-433: The recent non-payment of this sum by the government was challenged and settled to the village's favour. Cullen has a long history, well-documented thanks to the survival of a number of sources. These are summarised in two key books: the Annals of Cullen by W Crammond (1904) and the Church Annals of Cullen by W Robertson (1938). The first deals primarily with the civil governance and the latter with church governance up to
7171-411: The renovations had been completed, a fire broke out in the south wing which was being fitted out for new owners. Firefighters fought to contain the blaze, and although they managed to put it out within three hours, severe damage was caused to the south-east corner and the west wing. Restoration work was carried out over the course of the next two years, using photographic records and material recovered from
7272-464: The restoration to retain as many of the building's historical features as possible, and each of the principal rooms was retained intact within one of the apartments. There is a square entrance hall in the north wing, with a fireplace decorated with blue and white Delftware tiles. Beyond this is a two-storey stair hall, with a staircase and ceiling, both by James Adam, and an elaborately carved wooden door, dated 1618, with its original key and lock. Many of
7373-494: The royally commissioned lieutenant-governor and captain-general of Scotland, Montrose used his powers to summon parliament to meet in Glasgow, but the limitations of his triumph soon became clear. King Charles was in no position to join the Royalists in Scotland, and though Montrose wanted to further Royalist objectives by raising troops in the southeast of Scotland and marching on England, MacColla showed that his priorities lay with
7474-514: The sale was a collection of eighteenth-century paintings by Scottish artists working in Italy, including work by Cosmo Alexander . In 1982 the house was purchased by Kit Martin , an architectural designer who specialises in saving derelict historic buildings. He and the local architect Douglas Forrest set about repairing and restoring the structure, and together they converted it into fourteen separate private homes. On 17 June 1987, two years after
7575-510: The sidelining of Scotland since the Stuart kings became monarchs of England in 1603, while the Kirk was viewed as a symbol of Scottish independence. Victory in the 1639 and 1640 Bishops Wars left the Covenanters firmly in control of Scotland but also destabilised Ireland and England . Widespread opposition to Crown policies meant the Parliament of England refused to fund war against
7676-487: The start of the 20th century. The industry became centralised on larger harbours, the boats became larger diesel-engined designs that required non-tidal access. The site of Cullen railway station was redeveloped after the station closed in 1968. The main part of Cullen House dates from 1543. An east wing was added in 1711, and there were alterations by David Bryce in 1858. The House and estate buildings were converted into fourteen dwellings in 1983 by Kit Martin . Prior to
7777-413: The status of a collegiate church . Buildings from around this time, which served as accommodation for the church's canons , stood on the site of the current house. These probably incorporated some of the stonework of an earlier medieval building on the site, known as Inverculain, which is mentioned in records of 1264, and is thought to have been home to Marjorie, Countess of Carrick , the mother of Robert
7878-562: The town was spread along a road above and parallel to the burn, running between the Castle Hill and Cullen House, the Seatown being at the mouth of the burn where boats used to be pulled up onto the beach. The most prominent building in the new town is Cullen Town Hall , which was completed in 1823. The fishing industry developed quickly in the 1880s, and the harbour was busy with large fishing boats, these giving way to steam drifters at
7979-578: The use of Cullen House by the Earls of Seafield, the castle of Findlater , now a ruin, on a rocky coastal outcrop approximately 2 miles (3 kilometres) to the east, was the Earl's seat. The village now has a population of 1,327. Cullen is noticeably busier in summer than winter due to the number of holiday homes owned. The village has a beach and golf course. The 1,086-foot (331-metre) Bin Hill (or Bin of Cullen)
8080-404: The village in gratitude for the treatment of his wife's body and its return south for burial. This payment was stopped after a 1975 reform of Scottish local government. In 2000, the non-payment of this sum was challenged and settled to the village's favour. Robert Burns stayed overnight at what was then the old town of Cullen in 1787 during his tour of the Highlands. Travelling from the west to
8181-524: The war of the MacDonalds against the Campbells and occupied Argyll. The Gordons also returned home, to defend their own lands in the northeast. During his campaign, Montrose had been unable to attract many lowland royalists to his cause. Even after Kilsyth few joined him, having been alienated by his use of Irish Catholic troops, who were "regarded as barbarians as well as enemies of true religion." Additionally, his covenanting past "left lingering mistrust among royalists." Montrose, his forces having split up,
8282-543: The wars; religion, Scotland's form of government and the status of the Highlands, remained unresolved. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, many more Scots would die over the same disputes in Jacobite rebellions . It is estimated that roughly 28,000 men were killed in combat in Scotland itself during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. More soldiers usually died of disease than in action at this time (the ratio
8383-424: The wing is another entrance, designed by David Bryce and carved by Thomas Goodwillie , and described by architectural historians David Walker and Matthew Woodworth as "exuberant" and "wildly boisterous". This features pilasters , more carved foliage, a heraldic plaque and a pair of sculptural lions rampant . Beyond this block, there is a rectangular eighteenth-century extension, with a protruding gable end that
8484-635: Was hanged on the 21st, with Wishart 's laudatory biography of him put round his neck. To the last, he protested that he was a real Covenanter and a loyal subject. Despite their conflict with the Scottish Royalists, the Covenanters then committed themselves to the cause of Charles II, signing the Treaty of Breda (1650) with him in the hope of securing an independent Presbyterian Scotland free of Parliamentarian interference. Charles landed in Scotland at Garmouth in Moray on 23 June 1650 and signed
8585-640: Was a weakened remnant (though some historians report that he was ordered to fight against his better judgment by the Covenanter General Assembly). Cromwell seized the opportunity, and the New Model Army inflicted a crushing defeat on the Scots at the subsequent Battle of Dunbar on 3 September. Leslie's army, which had strong ideological ties to the radical Kirk Party , was destroyed, losing over 14,000 men killed, wounded and taken prisoner. Cromwell's army then took Edinburgh and by
8686-483: Was added in 1660, shortly after the third earl inherited it. In 1701 the fourth earl was created the first Earl of Seafield, and in 1709 the architects Alexander McGill and James Smith were asked to submit plans for a complete remodelling in the Palladian style. These were drawn up, but in the end less radical extensions and modifications were executed to the north and west wings, between 1711 and 1714. The house
8787-545: Was constructed in the grounds in that year. Detailed records survive showing the layout of the house's gardens in 1760. There were walled courts lined with flower borders, roses and fruit trees, and a classical arrangement of rectangular plots laid out symmetrically on either side of an avenue . Thomas White, a landscape architect from Nottinghamshire, drew up plans for new and extensive landscaped gardens in 1789, although these were only partially executed. Between 1820 and 1830, Ludovick Ogilvy-Grant, 5th Earl of Seafield extended
8888-434: Was effective in such a wilderness and swept away the poorly trained Covenanter militias that were sent against them. These locally raised levies frequently ran away when faced with a terrifying Highland charge , and were slaughtered as they ran. However, the Royalist army also had major problems: the clans from the west of Scotland could not be persuaded to fight for long away from their homes – seeing their principal enemy as
8989-493: Was heavily baronialized in the nineteenth century. There are two-storey tourelles on each corner, and busts and carved figures, also by Goodwillie. The original seventeenth-century part of the west wing has seven bays, and three carved dormer heads, decorated with figures that depict Faith , Hope , and Charity ; all three originally had carved mottoes, but the inscription for Charity has been lost. The original seventeenth-century windows were mostly replaced with larger ones in
9090-443: Was in some respects very formidable. Its Irish and Highland troops were extremely mobile, marching quickly over long distances – even over the rugged Highland terrain – and were capable of enduring very harsh conditions and poor rations. They did not fight in the massed pike and musket formations that dominated continental Europe at the time, but fired their muskets in loose order before closing with swords and half-pikes. This tactic
9191-405: Was moved 0.5 miles (800 metres) away both to modernise (the houses of the old town flooded from water running down off the raised road when it rained heavily) and to provide the Earl with greater privacy. The new town was planned by George MacWilliam and built between 1820 and 1822. The central market cross in the town square originally stood in the old town. During the building of the new town, it
9292-556: Was nearly destroyed in 1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , when it was captured by the Farquharsons of Braemar acting on the orders of the Marquess of Montrose . It was thoroughly plundered, and would have been burned down had the Countess of Findlater not paid Montrose a large ransom. In the centuries following its initial construction, the house underwent a series of renovations, extensions and modifications. A tower
9393-410: Was often 3–1), so it is reasonable to speculate that the true military death toll is higher than this figure. In addition, it is estimated that around 15,000 civilians died as a direct result of the war – either through massacres or by disease. More indirectly, another 30,000 people died of the plague in Scotland between 1645 and 1649, a disease that was partly spread by the movement of armies throughout
9494-538: Was only put down with the deployment of 6,000 New Model Army troops there. Monck garrisoned forts all over the Highlands – for example at Inverness , and finally put an end to Royalist resistance when he began deporting prisoners to the West Indies as indentured labourers . However, lawlessness remained a problem, with bandits known as mosstroopers , very often former Royalist or Covenanter soldiers, attacking both Parliamentarian troops and Scottish civilians. After
9595-406: Was ordered to send a proportion of their force north to help bolster the Covenanter forces in Scotland. This significantly weakened the Scottish army in England and it was only the lack of Royalist infantry and artillery in the north of England that prevented Prince Rupert from attacking them. In April 1645, to hinder the northwards movement of English Royalist field artillery, Oliver Cromwell led
9696-441: Was purchased by Kit Martin , a specialist in saving historic buildings. Martin worked with the local architect Douglas Forrest to convert the house into fourteen individual dwellings, retaining much of the original interior of the building. The house was badly damaged by fire in 1987, after which it underwent an extensive two-year programme of restoration. The subdivided house is still in use today as domestic accommodation. Set on
9797-573: Was ransacked for a second time during the Jacobite rising of 1745 . James Ogilvy, 5th Earl of Findlater had travelled with his wife to Aberdeen to meet the Duke of Cumberland who was pursuing the Jacobite Army led by Charles Edward Stuart . In their absence, a group of Stuart's supporters forced their way into the house on 8 April 1746 and ransacked it, carrying off as much as possible and destroying what could not be easily transported. Three days later, continuing his pursuit that would end at
9898-540: Was routed by Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army at the battle of Preston and annihilated at the battle of Winwick . This intervention on behalf of the King caused a brief civil war within the Covenanting movement. The most hardline Presbyterians under the Earl of Argyll rebelled against the main Scottish army under David Leslie . The two factions came to blows at the Battle of Stirling in September 1648, before
9999-495: Was surprised and defeated by the Covenanters, led by David Leslie , at the Battle of Philiphaugh . Approximately 100 Irish prisoners, having surrendered upon promise of quarter, were executed, and 300 of the Royalist army's camp followers – mostly women and children – were killed in cold blood. MacColla retreated to Kintyre , where he held out until the following year. In September 1646 Montrose fled to Norway. The Royalist victories in Scotland had evaporated almost overnight owing to
10100-414: Was temporarily erected at the top of the ancient fort structure that guards the entrance to the Cullen Burn, known as the Castle Hill. This resulted in the present layout of the village, a generous cross shape of two major streets, Seafield Street and Grant Street, with a central town square and "the Seatown" sandwiched on the false beach between the mouth of the burn and the harbour. In the previous layout,
10201-457: Was threatened with demolition. The grounds include a walled garden from 1788, designed by James Playfair. There are also several estate buildings, many of which were designed by Robertson, and by his nephews Alexander and William Reid who continued his practice after his death. These include an ice house , a garden house, a laundry, and cottages for staff such as gardeners. Cullen, Moray Cullen ( Scottish Gaelic : Inbhir Cuilinn )
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