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43-898: The Cultural Properties Administration was formally established in October 1961, but descends from the Former Royal Properties Administration to the Office created in November 1945 at the beginning of American military rule to replace the Office of the Yi Dynasty . The 1962 Cultural Property Protection Law was modelled on the Japanese 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties . On May 17, 2024,

86-595: A five-year plan to promote and preserve the song. The plan is aim to support "Arirang" festivals by regional organizations, as well as building an archive for the song, exhibitions, fund research; of which it has allocated ₩33.6 billion. USAMGIK The United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK ) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from 8 September 1945 to 15 August 1948. The country during this period

129-594: A member of the organization's Legislative Assembly  [ ko ] . He also established a Korean school called Insŏng School  [ ko ] in Shanghai around this time. That year, he also visited Japan and met with several high-ranking Japanese politicians, during which he advocated for Korea's independence. In 1920, he joined the Korean Communist Party and became active in both its Shanghai and Irkutsk chapters. In 1922, he attended

172-772: The Congress of the Peoples of the East in Moscow. In Moscow, he met with Leon Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin . That year, he organized the Korean Veterans Association  [ ko ] alongside Kim Ku and Son Jŏng-do  [ ko ] . In 1925, at the recommendation of Sun Yat-sen , he joined the Chinese Nationalist Party and worked to improve Sino-Korean ties. In 1929, he

215-597: The Sohn Kee-chung uniform scandal. During this scandal, Korean newspapers erased the Japanese flag off of images of Sohn, the first ethnic Korean to win an Olympic gold medal. In 1942, he was arrested on charges of violating the Peace Preservation Law and sentenced to a year in prison and three years of probation. In 1944, in anticipation of Japan's defeat in World War II, Lyuh organized

258-535: The XXIV Corps of the U.S. Tenth Army . Four days before he arrived in Korea, Hodge told his officers that Korea "was an enemy of the United States". On 9 September, at a surrender ceremony, Hodge announced that the Japanese colonial government would remain intact, including its personnel and its governor-general. After a major outcry, Hodge replaced the governor-general with an American and removed all

301-542: The political left and the political right arose in May 1946, Lyuh represented the center-left . However, Lyuh's political stance was attacked by both the extreme right and the extreme left , and his efforts to pursue a centrist position was made increasingly untenable by the political realities of the time. On 19 July 1947, Lyuh was assassinated in Seoul by a 19-year-old man named Han Chi-geun, who fled from North Korea and

344-711: The 17 August, Lyuh established the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence which created over 140 subsections in North and South Korea by the end of August. On 6 September 1945, Lyuh proclaimed the People's Republic of Korea with Lyuh as Chairman of the National People's Representative Conference. When the United States landed on the Korean Peninsula two days later, General Hodge did not recognize

387-562: The CHA was involved with the Gwanghwamun restoration project, where a new name plate on the restored Gate was unveiled on the same day. However, cracks in the wooden plate were showing by early November, where a long vertical crack is visible on the left side of Hanja character "Gwang" and beneath "Hwa" in the middle. The Administration cited the dry autumn weather for the contraction of the wood, but experts differs on that an immature pine board

430-679: The Cultural Heritage Administration changed its name to "Korea Heritage Service". The name change also accompanied a reported structural overhaul. In accordance with Article 2 of the 1962 Cultural Property Protection Law, cultural heritage is classified in four main categories: Tangible Cultural Heritage (including National Treasures ); Intangible Cultural Heritage (including Important Intangible Cultural Heritage ); Monuments (including Historic Sites, Scenic Sites, and Natural Monuments); and Folklore Cultural Heritage (including both tangible and intangible assets). In 2010,

473-509: The Department of State regarding Korea. Washington, D.C. decided to give MacArthur a free hand to deal with Korea however he wished. He ordered the XXIV Corps under Lt. General John R. Hodge to not only accept the surrender of Japanese forces but also to set up a military occupation of Korea. U.S. forces landed at Incheon on 8 September 1945, and established a military government shortly thereafter. The forces landing at Incheon were of

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516-651: The Japanese bureau chiefs, though he, in turn, enlisted the former Japanese bureaucrats as advisors. Faced with mounting popular discontent, in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. The majority of the Council seats were given to members of the Korean Democratic Party which had been formed at the encouragement of the U.S. and was primarily made up of large landowners, wealthy businesspeople, and former officials in

559-812: The Korean independence movement. In 1918, he established what eventually became the Shanghai Korean People's Association  [ ko ] . That year, he also led the New Korean Youth League  [ ko ] . In 1919, Lyuh participated in the creation of the February 8 Declaration of Independence in Tokyo . This declaration is considered a direct precursor to the Korean Declaration of Independence which began

602-581: The U.S. occupation period in April 1948 when left wing radicals killed 30 South Korean police officers. This uprising happened after a South Korean communist named Pak Hon-yong (who collaborated with Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang) called on left wing and communist groups south of the 38th parallel to oppose the 1948 Korean elections by whatever means necessary, and called for a general strike to begin on 7 February. At this point, there were at least 60,000 members of

645-755: The USAMGIK created the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly in December 1946. This assembly was supposed to formulate draft laws to be used as "the basis for political, economic, and social reforms." However, the left-wing political faction, consolidated under the South Korean Workers Party , ignored the assembly and refused to participate. The conservative faction's Korea Democratic Party , supported by landlords and small-business owners, also opposed

688-798: The Western-style Pai Chai School . Soon afterwards, he switched to studying at the Hŭnghwa School  [ ko ] and Umu School ( 우무학당 ; 郵務學堂 ). In 1907, he became involved in the National Debt Repayment Movement , part of the Korean independence movement. Also around this time, he became a Protestant Christian and became associated with the American missionary Charles Allen Clark . Through his relationship with Clark and Christianity, he became active in intellectual circles in Korea of

731-497: The activities of left-wing political groups, including the Korean Communist Party . They had attempted to strike a balance between hard-left and hard-right groups, encouraging moderation. However, these overtures frequently had the adverse effect of angering powerful leaders such as Syngman Rhee . This period of reconciliation did not last long. Within a short time, the military government actively disempowered and eventually banned popular organizations that were gaining support within

774-682: The assembly because their main leaders were excluded from it by the USAMGIK. The problem was that even though many of the 45-member assembly were conservatives most of the members were nominated by the moderate Kim Kyu-sik , who was the Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (this was the mostly moderate institution created in 1919 during the Japanese-occupied Korea era with

817-620: The colonial government. A few members of the PRK were offered to join, but they refused and instead criticized the Council appointees for their collaboration with the Japanese. A proposal was made in 1945 for a long-term trusteeship arrangement. In December 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to administer the country under the U.S.–Soviet Joint Commission, as termed by the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers . It

860-547: The communist Workers' Party of South Korea on Jeju , and at least 80,000 active supporters. These members and supporters not only went on strike but in some cases attacked government installations and engaged with police forces in open conflict. These engagements between SKLP guerrillas against rightist groups and police continued through March 1948. Violence escalated dramatically following South Korea's independence in August 1948. President Syngman Rhee's government largely suppressed

903-421: The country, arriving with no knowledge of the language or political situation. Thus, many of their policies had unintended, destabilizing effects. Waves of refugees from North Korea (estimated at 400,000) and returnees from abroad caused further turmoil. The short-lived People's Republic of Korea had been established in August, in consultation with Japanese authorities, and rapidly exerted control throughout

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946-516: The country. The U.S. Military Government outlawed it in the South shortly after their arrival. The leader of the People's Republic, Yeo Un-hyeong , stepped down and formed the People's Party of Korea . The U.S. administration also refused to recognize the members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , led by Kim Ku , who were obliged to enter the country as private citizens. After

989-631: The elections for which were met with a large uprising . The USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December and outlawed the people's committees on 12 December 1945. However, in September 1946 the Communist Party of Korea initiated a General Strike . This started among railway workers in Busan but it spread to other industries by 24 September and more than a quarter of a million workers joined in the strike. The USAMG organised military operations to oppose

1032-499: The forms of the Japanese occupation system. Although it did not implement sweeping educational reforms, the military government did lay the foundations for reforms which were implemented early in the First Republic . In 1946, a council of about 100 Korean educators was convened to map out the future path of Korean education. Although the military government was hostile to leftism from the beginning, it did initially tolerate

1075-576: The foundations of recovery were laid. A 1947 assessment by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee found that the U.S. had mismanaged the Korean economy and failed to enact needed land and labor reforms. The report concluded, "Thus far the U.S. has done little more than hold its own in South Korea. The operation to date has been improvised from day to day to prevent complete collapse, and has left almost untouched

1118-476: The functional and popular People's Republic of Korea (PRK); and finally by supporting United Nations elections that divided the country. The U.S. administration refused to recognize the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , despite the South Korean government considering it their predecessor since 1987. In addition, the U.S. military was largely unprepared for the challenge of administering

1161-409: The general public, including the People's Republic of Korea . The justification given by the USAMGIK was its suspicion that they were aligned with the communist bloc, despite professing a relatively moderate stance compared to the actual Korean Communist Party , which had also been banned at this time. A good symbol of how the U.S. military occupation of southern Korea went overall was when Hodge and

1204-501: The government of the People's Republic of Korea that Lyuh Woon Hyung established. In October, he stepped down under pressure from the United States Military Government , and organized the People's Party of Korea , becoming its chairman. For the following months of the anti-trusteeship movement and other political changes, Lyuh took a line of action in concert with the communists. When a movement to unify

1247-731: The inscription should be in Hangul while 41.3 percent opted Hanja but the long-lost 1395 original was in Hanja . A majority of experts consulted thought the sign should be carved as the original had been. In December 2012, following the folk song " Arirang " being inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity programme by UNESCO , the Administration announced

1290-414: The landmark March First Movement protests in Korea. Concurrently, he participated in efforts to send Korean representatives to the 1919–1920 Paris Peace Conference , in hopes that they could advocate for Korean independence there. In April 1919, Lyuh became one of the founders of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea . He would serve in a variety of roles in the government, such as being

1333-613: The most basic problems." Counterfeiting was reportedly a serious problem during this period. Following the constitutional assembly and presidential elections held in May and July 1948 respectively, its first government officially proclaimed the existence of the Republic of Korea on 15 August 1948. American troops finally withdrew in 1949. Yeo Un-hyeong Lyuh Woon-hyung ( Korean :  여운형 ; RR :  Yeo Unhyeong ; 25 May 1886 – 19 July 1947), also known by his art name Mongyang ( 몽양 ; 夢陽 ),

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1376-404: The secret Korean National Establishment Committee  [ ko ] and served as its chairman. The organization expanded across Korea and allied itself with other Korean nationalist organizations. Just before the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Japanese official Endo Ryusaku established contact with Lyuh and agreed on the release of prisoners and the Japanese withdrawal from Korea. On

1419-468: The strikers and also encouraged right-wing anti-communist groups. On 1 October a strike protest in Daegu was fired on by police and a worker was killed. Demonstrations in the following days developed into the 'Autumn Uprising' . The U.S. administration responded by declaring martial law, firing into crowds of demonstrators and killing a publicly unknown number of people. The Jeju Uprising started during

1462-653: The surrender of the Empire of Japan to the Allies , the division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of Soviet and American command over North Korea and South Korea, respectively. From 1945 to 1948 the overall responsibility of southern Korea was given to General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers due to the vague orders and lack of guidance from both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and

1505-723: The time. With assistance with Clark, he found the Kidok Kwangdong School in 1909. In 1910, Lyuh dramatically parted from Korean tradition by freeing slaves owned by his household. In 1911, Lyuh enrolled in Pyongyang Presbyterian Theological Seminary. In 1914, Lyuh went to China where he studied English literature at a university in Nanjing. In 1917, he moved to Shanghai. While in China, he became significantly involved in

1548-401: The ultimate goal of delivering independence to Korea in the form of a republic) and was Hodge's choice to lead a future independent South Korea. Unfortunately, Kim was not charismatic and could not inspire either the left wing or the right wing to support him. At the time of division, the overwhelming majority of Korean industry was concentrated in the North, while most of the agricultural land

1591-479: The uprising by May 1949. The conflict in Jeju saw atrocities by both sides and caused the deaths of 14,000 to 30,000 people. Among the earliest edicts promulgated by USAMGIK was one reopening all schools, issued in November 1945. No immediate changes were made in the educational system, which was simply carried over from the Japanese colonial period. In this area, as in others, the military government sought to maintain

1634-908: Was a Korean independence activist and reunification activist . Lyuh was a prominent figure in the Korean Provisional Government during the Japanese colonial period . He is rare among politicians in modern Korean history for being revered in both South and North Korea. Lyuh was born in 1886 in Yangpyeong , Gyeonggi Province , Joseon . He was born into the Hamyang Yeo clan to father Yŏ Chŏng-hyŏn ( 여정현 ; 呂鼎鉉 ). At around age 14, he married Yu Se-yŏng ( 유세영 ; 柳世永 ), but she died, and he remarried to Jin Sang-ha ( 진상하 ; 陳相夏 ). In 1900, Lyuh enrolled in

1677-454: Was agreed that Korea would govern independently after four years of international oversight. However, both the United States and the USSR approved Korean-led governments in their respective halves, each of which was favorable to the occupying power's political ideology. In the south the interim legislature and the interim government were headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee , respectively, and

1720-546: Was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shanghai and sentenced to three years in prison. In 1932, he was released from prison. In 1933, he became the head of the Chŏson Chungang Ilbo  [ ko ] newspaper. In 1934, he became head of the Joseon Sports Council . In 1936, he was forced by Japanese authorities to step down from his position at the newspaper, after involved he became involved in

1763-478: Was in the South. Power lines and shipping connections were maintained during this period, but were frequently and unpredictably cut off. The North, controlled during this period by the Soviet Union , had the ability to cut off supply of electricity or fertilizer to the south, and the U.S. State Department reported it frequently did so. The economy of South Korea did not fare well during this period, although

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1806-579: Was plagued with political and economic chaos, which arose from a variety of causes. The after-effects of the Japanese occupation were still being felt in the occupation zone, as well as in the Soviet zone in the north. Popular discontent stemmed from the United States' military government's support of the Japanese colonial government; then once removed, keeping the former Japanese governors on as advisors; by ignoring, censoring, and forcibly disbanding

1849-552: Was used to meet the deadline for completion and that the wood had not dried properly. After many debates, a repair to the cracks was made, and the Government commissioned a new name plate. 13 wooden boards for the new signboard were cut in September 2011 and have since undergone a natural drying process in Gangwon Province . However, in a survey of 5,000 people conducted by the Administration, 58.7 percent responded that

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