144-614: The Cumbrian Coast line is a rail route in North West England , running from Carlisle to Barrow-in-Furness via Workington and Whitehaven . The line forms part of Network Rail route NW 4033, which continues (as the Furness line ) via Ulverston and Grange-over-Sands to Carnforth , where it connects with the West Coast Main Line . George Stephenson favoured, and carried out preliminary surveys for,
288-583: A 30%+ Black British population. In contrast, the town of St. Helens in Merseyside, unusually for a city area, has a very low percentage of ethnic minorities with 98% identifying as White British. The City of Liverpool, over 800 years old, is one of the few places in Britain where ethnic minority populations can be traced back over dozens of generations: being the closest major city in England to Ireland, it
432-586: A branch to Bridgefoot, but at a meeting to authorise issue of preference shares shareholders objected that the Bridgefoot branch was to run to one of the pits operated by Messrs Fletcher; it would be more seemly for the C&;W chairman (one of the Fletchers) to build the branch on his own account as a private siding, as another director (Jonathan Harris of Greysouthen ) had done for his colliery ((giving what
576-540: A far stronger position; they were now leasing Lord Lonsdale's pits at Clifton, so pits they were working accounted for nearly half the revenue of the line. Furthermore, Lord Lonsdale had indicated that if the C&W's rates hindered exploitation of his mineral rights (which now included the Crossbarrow pit) the Fletchers should negotiate a lower rate; if the C&W were unreasonable he was prepared to build and lease
720-640: A flat 10% guaranteed or 8% guaranteed but dividends to match any dividend greater than 8% on WJR shares. The WJR were not prepared to offer those terms. However, in October 1864 they were, it being understood that the LNWR and the North Eastern Railway (which had absorbed the Stockton and Darlington) had offered to jointly lease the C&W at an 8% guaranteed dividend. Following the rejection of
864-544: A guaranteed 8% a year. Foxfield to Barrow-in-Furness . The Furness Railway was incorporated in 1844; it was promoted by the Duke of Buccleuch and Earl of Burlington (later Duke of Devonshire) to link iron ore mines (at Dalton-in-Furness) and slate mines (at Kirkby-in-Furness) with Barrow harbour. Opened between Barrow and Kirkby in 1846, extended to Broughton in Furness in 1848. All the above constituents were absorbed into
1008-520: A junction with the C&W near Bridgefoot: its "Marron extension". The Marron extension gave a route northwards for haematite ore independent of the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway's tunnel at Whitehaven, which was a traffic bottleneck (and one for which a heavy toll of 9d per ton was charged). Objectors to the bill drew attention to the high mileage rates charged by the WC&;ER and claimed
1152-572: A link in through routes for the exploitation of the haematite ore-field a few miles south of the Derwent In 1860, one of the Fletchers wrote on behalf of local coal- and iron-masters to the Workington Harbour trustees calling for a wet-dock at Workington to accommodate the growing traffic from local industry (and the expected increase in traffic from the proposed Penrith-Cockermouth and Lamplugh-Bridgefoot rail links) and to combat
1296-490: A ploy to secure a favourable price for rail transport and another instance of the Fletchers wanting everything their own way. The problem, retorted the Fletchers (complaining of 'vague innuendos and underhand detraction'), was not price, although they were unhappy to be charged more than Lord Lonsdale for rail transport from the Marron siding; Mr Harris was now asking a prohibitive toll for access to his staith because he thought
1440-465: A portion of the train being returned to Whitehaven and a passenger train advancing to push the failed train to Harrington. Sixteen passengers were injured, two seriously; the accident (together with another low-speed collision in 1862) was said to have cost the WJR about £20,000 in compensation alone, and the vulnerability of the WJR dividend to any further accident was one of the arguments adduced in support of
1584-451: A prospectus issued locally, and without further advertising, the £80,000 capital was subscribed for by "parties resident within 20 miles". The prospectus promised a return of 8.5%, assuming the railway would increase traffic: a friendly local paper spoke of the traffic between Cockermouth and Workington being already £20,000 a year and hinted at a return of 17%. The Cockermouth and Workington Railway Act 1845 ( 8 & 9 Vict. c. cxx)
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#17327807794121728-570: A railway linking Keswick to existing railways at Cockermouth (to the West) and Penrith (to the East). A project for a railway linking the towns had been promoted during the Railway Mania, getting as far as a survey of the proposed route, but nothing had come of this (nor of a projected railway from Cockermouth to Windermere via Keswick). However, the prospectus for the company argued, what would make
1872-594: A renewal of previous rhetoric on the undue influence on the affairs of the C&W of directors associated with the Clifton Colliery (one of the new directors had been proprietor of the Cumberland Pacquet whilst it had been outspoken on this). However this led to counter-charges of hypocrisy: the WC&ER was similarly dominated by its major customer, the Parkside mine at Frizington, with which
2016-416: A return of 1.8% a year. In the first half of 1853, the C&W's traffic was declining, the directors were unable to recommend a half-year dividend any greater than two shillings (1% a year) and some shareholders thought even this imprudent as it left almost nothing in the contingency fund. The market price for C&W shares was reported to be £8 12s. In 1854, an attempt by the former chairman to reduce
2160-589: A route from the orefield to Scotland independent of the WJR; it also filled an obvious gap between the WC&E and the Solway Junction which if filled by either of those companies in the future, would give a route from the orefield to Scotland independent of the M&;C. Faced with the proposed lease of the C&W by the Whitehaven Junction, and aware that larger railway networks from outside
2304-575: A scheme to link England and Scotland by a railway running along the coast between Lancaster and Carlisle, but this 'Grand Caledonian Junction Railway' was never built, the direct route over Shap being preferred. Consequently, the line along the Cumbrian coast is the result of piecemeal railway building (largely to serve local needs) by a number of different companies: Carlisle to Maryport Promoted to link with Newcastle and Carlisle Railway to give "one complete and continuous line of communication from
2448-553: A tidal dock in 1861, in 1863, with construction of the dock well under way, Lord Lonsdale secured a further act of Parliament authorising its operation as a wet dock; the first coal shipment from the new Lonsdale Dock (120 tons from the Clifton Colliery) took place in September 1864. The Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway had its immediate origins in a meeting at Keswick in September 1860 which agreed to promote
2592-475: A waggonway/railway direct from the pits to Workington harbour. This was supported by Lord Lonsdale giving notice of a parliamentary bill for construction of the waggonway. Despite a flurry of pseudonymous letters in the Cumberland Pacquet denouncing dictation by the 'coal interest', the C&W board acceded to Fletchers' demands, reducing the rate per waggon from 3s10d to 2s6d. It had been
2736-558: A worse and more objectionable manner; in 1851 the seawall was rebuilt at Harrington and Lowca at a cost of £6,000. However, when in January 1852 a storm badly damaged the seawall immediately north of Whitehaven station (the wall, the embankment behind it, and the railway track being completely destroyed for a length of about fifty yards,) the damaged section pre-dated the railway. A further storm in December 1852 caused more extensive damage,
2880-410: Is Scafell Pike , Cumbria, at a height of 3,209 ft (978 m). Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, while Broad Crag Tarn on Broad Crag is England's highest lake. Wast Water is England's deepest lake, being 74 metres deep. A mix of rural and urban landscape, two large conurbations , centred on Liverpool and Manchester , occupy much of the south of the region. The north of
3024-958: Is bounded to the east by the Pennines and to the west by the Irish Sea . The region extends from the Scottish Borders in the north to the West Midlands region in the south. To its southwest is North Wales . Amongst the better known of the North West's physiographical features are the Lake District and the Cheshire Plain . The highest point in North West England (and the highest peak in England)
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#17327807794123168-559: Is home to a significant ethnic Irish population, with the city being home to one of the first ever Afro-Caribbean communities in the UK, as well as the oldest Chinatown in Europe. The table below is not how many people belong to each ethnic group (e.g. a BBC News article in 2008 claimed there are over 25,000 ethnic Italians in Manchester alone whilst only 6,000 Italian-born people live in
3312-600: Is still predominant throughout the county, and stretches as far north as Furness in South Cumbria to parts of north Greater Manchester and Merseyside in the south of the region. The region boasts some of the most distinctive accents in the form of the Scouse accent, which originates from Liverpool and its surrounding areas, and the Manc accent, deriving from the central Manchester district. Both of these descend from
3456-488: The Whitehaven Junction Railway Act 1844 ( 7 & 8 Vict. c. lxiv). The first Earl had died earlier in 1844, and it was his son, the second Earl, who became chairman of the company and remained so throughout its existence. The line was opened from Maryport to Workington at the end of November 1845, and to Harrington mid-May 1846 Between Whitehaven and Harrington the line ran between cliffs and
3600-624: The Carlisle Journal – politically opposed to the Lowther interest – had criticised it : "Zig-zag, zig-zag, zig-zag, perpetually. No serpent wriggles in more contortions than the Whitehaven Junction Railway" and pointed out the horrors of an accident on such a corniche "The poor wretches who fill the train must either have their brains dashed out against the rocks at one side or be pitched head-foremost into
3744-594: The 2019 United Kingdom general election , the Labour Party won a plurality of seats in the North West. It is one of the two regions (along with Yorkshire and the Humber ) that were expected to hold a referendum on the establishment of an elected regional assembly . However, when the North East region of England rejected having an elected regional assembly in a referendum, further referendums were cancelled and
3888-606: The Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway made the C&WR part of a continuous through route between South Durham and the Cumberland orefield. These developments both improved the potential profitability of the C&WR, and made control of it important to bigger companies wishing to maximise the iron-ore traffic over their lines: the C&WR was absorbed by the London and North Western Railway in 1866. Goods traffic on
4032-456: The Indices of deprivation 2007 , the region has many more Lower Layer Super Output Areas in the 20% most deprived districts than the 20% least deprived council districts. Only North East England shows more indicators of deprivation than the North West, but the number of affluent areas in the North West is very similar to Yorkshire and the Humber . The most deprived local authority areas in
4176-538: The Industrial Revolution hundreds of thousands of Welsh people migrated to the North West of England to work in the coal mines. Parts with notably high populations with Welsh ancestry as a result of this include Liverpool , Chester , Skelmersdale , Widnes , Halewood , Wallasey , Ashton-in-Makerfield and Birkenhead . The Mixed Race population makes up 1.3% (93,800) of the region's population. There are 323,800 South Asians , making up 4.7% of
4320-404: The London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. Train services are operated by Northern . Services stop at all stations (although many are request stops), with the exceptions of Nethertown and Braystones, which are served by four trains a day in each direction and Drigg, Bootle and Silecroft, which are not served by 1 train per day in each direction. In the December 2022 – May 2023 timetable,
4464-555: The River Marron near its confluence with the Derwent. West of the Marron, the railway kept to the low ground of the flood plain of the Derwent, crossing and recrossing the Derwent five times, finally running along the north side of the Derwent to a junction with the Whitehaven Junction Railway just north of the latter's bridge over the Derwent; passenger trains ran over the WJR to reach Workington railway station (now joint between
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4608-669: The Scandinavian influence throughout the North West. Through the Middle Ages the dialects of the North West would have been considerably different from those spoken in the Midlands and south. It was only with the spread of literacy (particularly with the publication of the King James Bible ) that Standard English spread to the region. Even so, local dialects continued to be used and were relatively widespread until
4752-553: The Solway Coast , and almost all of the Forest of Bowland ). Weather in this part of England is typically classified as maritime, moist and temperate, with a moderate annual temperature range. Average annual precipitation in the UK typically ranges from approximately 800 mm to 1,400 mm. Temperatures are generally close to the national average. Cumbria usually experiences the most severe weather, with high precipitation in
4896-525: The West Coast Main Line at Clifton just south of Penrith. Many C&W directors were active in the promotion of the CK&;P and sat on its board. The CK&P's bill was initially to have provided for the C&W taking a stake in the Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway , but this clause was withdrawn after Lord Lonsdale indicated that it would lead him to oppose the Bill. The bill was then unopposed, and
5040-404: The electromagnet in 1825. Sydney Chapman , a mathematician from Eccles , in 1930 explained the ozone–oxygen cycle in the stratosphere , being the first to propose that atmospheric oxygen or ozone molecules absorb (harmful UVB and UVC) ultraviolet wavelengths of light in photolysis , to produce reactive single atoms which accumulate to form the ozone layer . Graphene was discovered at
5184-537: The 19th and 20th centuries. In modern times, English is the most spoken language in the North West, with a large percentage of the population fluent in it, and close to 100% conversational in it. To the north-east of the region, within the historic boundaries of Cumberland , the Cumbrian dialect is dominant. The historical county of Lancashire covered a vast amount of land, and the Lancashire dialect and accent
5328-468: The C&W under the Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854 ( 17 & 18 Vict. c. 31), which forbade railway companies giving an 'undue or unreasonable preference' to any person or company. The Court of Common Pleas gave him his injunction in January 1858: the threat of losing the Fletchers' traffic was not a valid reason for charging them a lower rate than that charged to Mr Harris. Mr Harris then joined
5472-627: The C&W for a guaranteed dividend of 7% increasing at 1% per year to 10% from January 1870 onwards. The offer was accepted by the shareholders, and (the LNWR (unlike the WJR) granting the Maryport and Carlisle running powers from Brigham to Cockermouth and to Marron Junction, ) and reaching agreement with the WC&ER on 'powers as to running and tolls' ) the requisite act was unopposed in Parliament, receiving its royal assent on 23 July 1866, as did
5616-577: The C&W was accompanied by the comment "My Lords direct me to observe, that it appears from this report that the accident in question was entirely due to the employment of a defectively-constructed engine upon a bad road, and that therefore serious blame is to be attributed to those in whom the management of the railway is vested" Dodds returned to the attack against the board at the August 1857 half-yearly meeting, but this time received much less support. Meanwhile, Mr Harris had sought an injunction against
5760-477: The C&WR and the WJR). The line was single track throughout, and all the bridges were built as timber trestles. Originally, there were intermediate stations at Brigham and at Camerton ; additional stations were soon added at Broughton Cross and at Workington Bridge at the northern end of the road bridge over the Derwent (the latter station to remove the objection that travellers to the upper end of Workington were being carried past their ultimate destination on
5904-471: The Clifton Colliery". The prosperity and prospects of the C&W were improving; respectable dividends were beginning to be paid (and in 1858, shareholders finally agreed to a regular allowance for depreciation being set against gross revenue, 2.5% of which was paid to a sinking fund) and an extension to Penrith to meet the Eden Valley line was being talked of. Prosperity took most of the heat out of
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6048-536: The Cockermouth and Workington to lease the C&WR, guaranteeing a 10% dividend to C&WR shareholders, but did not get parliamentary approval for the necessary bill, the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway objecting that the lease would obstruct any movement of ore northwards except over the WJR The WJR then (June 1865) reached agreement with the London and North Western Railway for the LNWR to lease
6192-634: The Conservatives four, whilst Lancashire is competitive between Labour and Conservative (8 seats each); the Labour seats in Lancashire are concentrated in the south of the county along the M65 . For the region, the Labour gained 3 seats; there was a 5.2% swing from Conservative to Labour. In the 2015 general election, Liverpool Walton was the safest seat in the UK, with a 72% majority, and in 2017 this
6336-475: The Conservatives have 20, and the Liberal Democrats have 1. The Lib Dems' North West seat is in south Cumbria; Labour dominates Greater Manchester, and the Conservatives' vote is concentrated in affluent suburban areas such as Cheadle , Hazel Grove and Altrincham and Sale West . Labour seats also predominate in Merseyside. In Cheshire the 2015 result was reversed, with Labour winning seven seats and
6480-724: The Cumbrian Coast Line, but have mostly now been closed North West England North West England is one of nine official regions of England and consists of the ceremonial counties of Cheshire , Cumbria , Greater Manchester , Lancashire and Merseyside . The North West had a population of 7,417,397 in 2021. It is the third-most-populated region in the United Kingdom, after the South East and Greater London . The largest settlements are Manchester and Liverpool . The official region consists of
6624-437: The Derwent by the jolting of that most lopsided of all railways, the Cockermouth and Workington line'. In 1853, the C&W (which had been disrupted by floods and damage to bridges in the previous winter) approached the Whitehaven Junction to discuss amalgamation, but was rebuffed by the WJR. Over the three and a half years up to the end of 1851, the dividend on the C&W's shares (nominal value £20) amounted to 25s 3d;
6768-448: The Fletchers and the company secretary (who defended the actions of the company and contradicted the Fletchers seriatim , only to be contradicted in his turn and accused of 'slanderous fabrication'). The original 'anti-coal' critic also spelled out his discontent: the line had only been built because the coal interest had deliberately overstated the likely traffic. The coal traffic was under half that promised, but because of mismanagement
6912-416: The Fletchers, proposed without any legal advice on whether the existing agreement with them could be set aside. Fletchers refused to go beyond the rates for which they had an agreement they considered legal and legally arrived at; the board (who considered a proposed charge for the C&W operating on the Fletchers' private sidings to be contrary to the company's act) refused to enforce the revised rates unless
7056-819: The German Ocean to the Irish Sea" and to open up the northern (inland) portion of West Cumbrian coalfield. The act of Parliament was the Maryport and Carlisle Railway Act 1837 ( 7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. ci); first section – Maryport to Arkleby (just short of Aspatria ) – opened 1840: line Maryport–Carlisle fully opened 1845. Originally laid single; doubled throughout (to accommodate heavy and profitable mineral traffic) by 1861. Remained independent (and highly profitable) until grouping. Maryport to Whitehaven (Bransty) (leased by London and North Western Railway 1865; amalgamated with LNWR 1866). Whitehaven at this time
7200-691: The Lake District. Manchester, Liverpool, Lancaster, Blackburn and Preston are among the region's many English place names. In the 9th to the 11th centuries, Danes from the east and Norsemen from Ireland and Scotland began settling in the area. The North West is really the only area of England where Norse settlement was significant and their influence remains in the place names and dialect of the region. Elements like fell , thwaite and tarn , which are particularly common in Cumbria, are all Norse. The numerous Kirkbys and place names with "holm" and "dale" show
7344-502: The Lancashire dialect but have some distinctions from it, especially Scouse. The region's accents are among those referred to as ' Northern English '. Large immigrant populations in the North West result in the presence of significant immigrant languages. South Asian languages such as Urdu , Hindi and Punjabi are widespread, with the largest number of speakers residing in Preston , Blackburn and Manchester. The Chinese once made up
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#17327807794127488-496: The M&CR and the WC&ER as an obvious attempt to block traffic between them) was rejected, but the M&CR's Derwent branch was authorised on 19 June 1865. The Whitehaven Junction Railway then accepted an offer from the LNWR to be leased for a guaranteed 10% dividend: the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway was similarly leased by the Furness Railway at a guaranteed dividend of 8%. The LNWR then offered to lease
7632-410: The North West are as follows: Liverpool and Manchester are sometimes considered parts of a single large polynuclear metropolitan area , or megalopolis but are usually treated as separate metropolitan areas. In some studies, part of Wigan in Greater Manchester is considered part of the Liverpool metropolitan area. The North West of England has historically been held by the Labour Party . In
7776-405: The North West from around the 7th century AD, when the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria first appears to have made inroads west of the Pennines. The language at this time would have been the Northumbrian dialect of Old English . The high percentage of English place names in the region as a whole suggests English became almost ubiquitous over the coming centuries, particularly in the area south of
7920-420: The North West's population resides in Greater Manchester, 21.39% in Lancashire, 20.30% in Merseyside, 14.76% in Cheshire and 7.41% live in the largest county by area, Cumbria. According to 2009 Office for National Statistics estimates, 91.6% (6,323,300) of people in the region describe themselves as 'White': 88.4% (6,101,100) White British , 1.0% (67,200) White Irish and 2.2% (155,000) White Other . During
8064-401: The North West). The proportion of people residing in North West England born outside the UK was 11.7% in 2021, compared with 8.2% in 2011 and 5.1% in 2001. Below are the fifteen largest overseas-born groups in the region according to the 2021 census, alongside the two previous censuses: One in five of the population in the North West is Catholic , a result of large-scale Irish emigration in
8208-413: The Preston Street station of the W&FJR became the WJR's goods station for Whitehaven. In 1856, the company secretary was replaced after an audit suggested about £3,000 had gone missing (the loss was made good by 'the directors' – in fact Lord Lonsdale alone – from his own pocket), and the company engineer resigned because of the defective state of the engines and the inefficiency of previous repairs but
8352-441: The Solway Junction Railway; it was later suggested that their election had been intended to pave the way for the lease of the C&W by the WJR (which they supported and the WC&E opposed). Mineral traffic over the Marron extension began 15 January 1866, it being claimed that it reduced carriage costs by 1s 6d per ton, compared to the route via Whitehaven:. By 1864 revenue from the existing traffic (i.e. without benefit of
8496-463: The UK in 2019, 31.23% voted for the Brexit Party, with Labour polling 21.91%, the Liberal Democrats 17.15% and the Green Party 12.48%. The Conservatives came fifth in the region with 7.55% of votes cast. The earliest known language spoken in the North West was a dialect of the Brythonic language spoken across much of Britain from at least the Iron Age up to the arrival of English in the first millennium AD. Fragments of this early language are seen in
8640-417: The University of Manchester in 2004 under Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov . At the Calico Printers' Association in Manchester in 1941, John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson discovered polyethylene terephthalate , known as PET, a common polyester compound found in plastic bottles and food, and also known as Terylene or Dacron. Cheslene and Crepes of Macclesfield discovered crimplene ,
8784-404: The WJR in perpetuity, paying 10% a year. (The LNWR reached a similar agreement with the Cockermouth and Workington, and the Furness Railway with the W&FJR); the bill making the amalgamation permanent received its royal assent in July 1886. In the first six months of operation by the LNWR, the profit on the line was said to be 27% a year. When the Whitehaven–Harrington section was first opened
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#17327807794128928-458: The WJR near the latter's Whitehaven station. There was little potential local traffic, and the hope was for the through traffic which would flow once the W&FJR was extended to a junction with the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway south of Carnforth . However a Bill for that extension was rejected because of inconsistencies in its documentation and it was left to others to provide a link between Lancaster and Furness, and to Lord Lonsdale to nurse
9072-569: The WJR was entering an era of prosperity (by 1864 it was declaring a dividend of 15%) largely because of a boom in haematite mining. It was reported that in 1856, the quantity of iron ore raised in the neighbourhood of Whitehaven was 259,167 tons. Of this 152,875 was shipped at Whitehaven, 65,675 sent away by rail, and 39,617 tons used at the iron works in the district. The destinations of the ore were as follows: Wales, 124,630 tons; Staffordshire 26,768 tons; Scotland 15,865 tons, Newcastle, Middlesbro &c, 51470 tons; and to France 817 tons. A branch to
9216-461: The Whitehaven Junction's attempt to lease the C&W in the spring of 1864, and the passage of the Solway Junction Railway Act 1864 ( 27 & 28 Vict. c. clviii) in June 1864, the Maryport and Carlisle had announced its intention to build a branch from its main line to the C&W. This 'Derwent branch' was to run from a junction with the M&C main line at Bullgill to Brigham on the C&W, about two miles east of Marron Junction. and would give
9360-416: The Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont as to who should build a line from the WC&ER at Egremont to the W&FJR at Sellafield was deferred by the W&FJR's charges being reduced, and both companies (temporarily) dropping their plans to build the line, subsequently agreeing to promote as a joint line. The WW&FJR got its Bill for the Duddon crossing, but then agreed to be leased by the Furness Railway for
9504-419: The amalgamation acts for the WJR and the W&FJR. The LNWR then set about doubling the line, which remained under LNWR management until absorbed on 1 January 1923 into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LM&SR) and in 1948 into the nationalised British Railways . Goods traffic ceased in 1964 and the line closed to passenger traffic in 1966. Cockermouth (until 1865 the original station near
9648-426: The area were also showing an interest, in 1865 the M&CR sought to protect its interests by promoting a parliamentary bill to amalgamate with or lease five local companies. That found no support from the other companies and did not proceed. The M&CR's bill for construction of its Derwent branch was heard in direct competition with the Whitehaven Junction's bill to lease the C&W; the WJR's bill (opposed by both
9792-417: The board, which announced a unanimous decision to set up a committee (five members, all unconnected with the coal trade) to revise the rates charged – including those agreed with Messrs Fletcher, should the committee feel justified in interfering (counsel would be consulted first). The revising committee arrived at new rates to come into effect at the start of March 1858, but they included an increased rate for
9936-429: The bridge over the Derwent handled both passengers and goods, from 1865 onwards passenger services ran to a new joint passenger station shared with the Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway ) - Brigham - Broughton Cross - Camerton - Workington Bridge - Workington (later known as "Workington LNWR" ("Workington Main" after grouping in 1923) to distinguish it from the (now closed) "Workington Central" station on
10080-461: The committee produced supporting legal advice. There the matter rested: Whellan's The History and topography of the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland of 1860 noted Mr Harris to have a single pit at Bridgefoot employing about 70 men; the Fletchers' Clifton Colliery employed 600 hands, could raise up to 800 tons of coal a day and "the Workington harbour and the Cockermouth and Workington railway are both chiefly dependent for their revenue upon
10224-433: The company until better times arrived. By 1847, the company was becoming concerned that remaining funds would be insufficient to tackle the remaining expensive engineering (the tunnel to reach the Whitehaven station of the WJR and a 2-km long viaduct across the Duddon estuary to join the Furness Railway near Kirkby Ireleth ). In 1848 Bills were brought forward to make the link with the WJR by an elevated railway running to
10368-460: The confidence of the shareholders." Acceptance of the half-yearly report and accounts was opposed by Dodds, supported both by the 'anti-coal interest' faction and by Mr Harris (who had been denied any reduction in rates to match that given the Fletchers), and only carried on the casting vote of the chairman (Mr Fletcher). In March 1857, a special train carried the Conservative candidates for
10512-416: The cost of the railway, and overestimated its traffic, and hence revenue. By the first half of 1849 (when the harbour improvements were complete) the total capital expenditure on the railway was over £120,000 and the revenue from minerals traffic was only £1,484 from coals, £257 from lime. To improve the situation by attracting more coal traffic onto the line, the company obtained an act of Parliament to build
10656-714: The dominant party in the region by seat count, with the Conservatives total now standing at 27. The Conservatives made two gains in Cheshire, three gains in Lancashire, five gains in Greater Manchester, notably including Andy Burnham 's former seat of Leigh. In the 2017 general election , the area was dominated by the Labour Party. Fifty-five per cent of the region's electorate voted Labour, 36.3% Conservative, 5.4% Liberal Democrat, 1.9% UKIP and 1.1% Greens; however, by number of parliamentary seats, Labour have 54,
10800-412: The droplight windows. These workings reverted to DMU operation at the end of December 2018. It is mandatory that passengers remain in their seats whenever steam tours travel between Maryport and Carlisle in both north and southbound directions; this is because most West Coast Railways Mark 1 coaches, which are used by charter companies, don't have bars across the droplight windows. Steam railtours using
10944-464: The end of 1858. In response to the 1857 accident, track on bridges was relaid with bridge rails, and it was decided to rebuild bridges as stone-and-iron structures as funds permitted. The total cost of replacing all the bridges was initially estimated as £6,000 to £6,500; but the final cost was about three times this, most of which was borrowed against personal guarantees by the directors; the CW then raised
11088-656: The existence of the atomic nucleus . Sir J. J. Thomson of Cheetham Hill discovered the electron (given its name in 1891 by George Johnstone Stoney ) in April 1897 and received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906; his son George Paget Thomson would win the Nobel Prize for Physics 1937 for discovering electron diffraction (at the University of Aberdeen). John Dalton , from Cumbria and moved to Manchester, developed atomic theory . William Sturgeon of Lancashire invented
11232-414: The extension was being promoted primarily to protect the WC&ER's monopoly by preventing other companies (such as the C&W) accessing the orefield, but the WC&ER got its act. The C&W then gained two directors associated with the WC&ER, added against the wishes of the board by proxies held by the solicitor of the WC&ER (already a director of the C&W). This election was accompanied by
11376-693: The fabric that is now referred to as polyester. ICI Dyestuffs at Hexagon House , in Blackley in north Manchester, discovered Procion dyes. At the Winnington Laboratory on 27 March 1933, Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson discovered polythene in an ICI laboratory in Northwich, when reacting benzaldehyde with ethene at a pressure of 2,000 atmospheres ; the process was improved in 1935 by Michael Perrin . Cockermouth and Workington Railway The Cockermouth & Workington Railway
11520-548: The following subdivisions : After abolition of the Greater Manchester and Merseyside County Councils in 1986, power was transferred to the metropolitan boroughs , making them equivalent to unitary authorities. In April 2011, Greater Manchester gained a top-tier administrative body in the form of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority , which means the 10 Greater Manchester boroughs are once again second-tier authorities. North West England
11664-405: The following trains operated on weekdays: There are no trains after 21:30 each evening between Millom and Whitehaven, as this section is only open for 12 hours each day due to the high operating costs associated with the large number of signal boxes and staffed level crossings that are present. Services are slightly altered on Saturdays and on Sundays there are less trains. A new Sunday service
11808-487: The forthcoming election at Cockermouth (and about three hundred of their supporters) to their nomination meeting. The C&W's passenger engine was undergoing repairs, and instead the Cocker goods engine was used. Tosh had recently modified this from an 0-4-2 to an 0-4-0 to better enable it to negotiate the curves in the coal sidings; as with engines he had similarly modified on the M&C he had advised caution in its use. On
11952-641: The harbour and then along the harbour front and for abandoning the Duddon crossing to Kirkby Ireleth, the line instead turning back on itself to follow the west bank of the Duddon estuary upstream to a much shorter crossing to a junction with the Broughton-in-Furness branch of the Furness Railway at Foxfield . The 16 km section of line from Mirehouse (2 km south of Whitehaven) to the River Calder , already used for construction traffic,
12096-555: The inscriptions and place names of the Roman era. In some parts of the region, the Brythonic dialect developed into the medieval language known today as Cumbric , which continued to be spoken perhaps as late as the 12th century in the north of Cumbria. This early Celtic heritage remains today in place names such as Carlisle , Penrith and Eccles , and many river names such as Cocker , Kent and Eden . English may have been spoken in
12240-421: The issue: when, in 1860, a dividend of 4.5% a year was declared by the C&W the fiercest critic of the influence of the 'coal interest' was of his own opinion still, but willing to let bygones be bygones. (Nonetheless, there were rancorous exchanges at a shareholders' meeting in 1863 when two non-coal directors were elected to the board by the exercise of proxies.) All engines were converted to coal-burning at
12384-527: The largest minority in the region (as Liverpool has one of the oldest Chinese settlements in Europe), and still do to the far north where Chinese is spoken by small but significant communities. Since the enlargement of the EU, over one million Poles have immigrated to the UK, a large number of them settling in the North West. Places such as Crewe as well as larger cities make Polish written information available for
12528-429: The lease to the LNWR. Whitehaven to Foxfield (leased by Furness Railway 1865, amalgamated 1866). The first Earl of Lonsdale had supported the idea of a railway linking Whitehaven to Maryport, but had had no interest in building a railway south of Whitehaven, let alone one linking to the West Coast Main Line : however he died in 1844 and was succeeded by his son William Lowther, 2nd Earl of Lonsdale who supported
12672-489: The line ceased in 1964; passenger traffic in 1966. From just east of Bridgefoot to just short of the Papcastle roundabout, the modern A66 trunk road follows the alignment of the C&WR. As early as 1837, a meeting had been called in Cockermouth to consider the construction of a railway to Workington; it was estimated that the line could be built for £7,000 a mile, and it was said that the coal and lime traffic on its route
12816-528: The line had cost one-third more than it should have. Carriage rates for coal had been set too low, with the result that the colliery owners kept their pits open and made large profits, whilst the ordinary C&W shareholder had lost three-quarters of their money. More coal waggons were bought and the loading facilities at Workington harbour increased and the Fletchers reverted to rail transport of their coal, but in 1856, faced with an increased carriage rate, again threatened to remove their custom. They were now in
12960-506: The line profitable was not local traffic to Keswick, but potential two-way mineral traffic between the haematite orefield of West Cumberland and the coke-ovens of South Durham. The project was supported by the London and North Western Railway (whose line would be joined at Penrith), and by the Stockton and Darlington Railway which had been behind a series of lines engineered by Thomas Bouch which together gave access from South Durham to
13104-895: The lines connects to the: West Coast Main Line ; the Settle-Carlisle Line ; the Tyne Valley Line ; the Glasgow South Western Line ; and the Caledonian Sleeper service. At Barrow, there are connections to the Furness Line . Due to restricted clearances on the section of line between Maryport and Carlisle, as several overbridges were built to narrower than normal dimensions by the M&CR, Class 150 's, Class 158 's, Class 195 's and many other diesel multiple units are banned from
13248-720: The link with the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway (W&FJR) by an elevated railway running to the harbour and then along the harbour front. The harbour link was never built (the W&;FJR deciding to proceed with their original intention of a tunnel) but lines were laid down to serve the North Pier. There were continuing difficulties with the sea walls on the Whitehaven-Harrington section, which were now described as of bad and inefficient design and executed in
13392-538: The local minority populations. In the Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), North West is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKD", which (since 2015) is subdivided as follows: Population > 400,000 Population > 100,000 Population > 70,000 Population > 50,000 Population > 30,000 Population > 20,000 Population > 10,000 Population > 5,000 The five largest metropolitan areas in
13536-432: The loss of trade to the newly opened wet dock at Maryport. The trustees consulted John Hawkshaw , who reported that the subsoil on both sides of the Derwent was gravel and sand, and consequently construction of a wet dock was beyond the trustees' means. Lord Lonsdale then offered to build a tidal dock north of the river at his own expense (in return for half of the revenue from it). Having obtained an act of Parliament for
13680-459: The money by the issue of additional shares, authorised by an act of Parliament which also authorised connection to Lord Lonsdale's dock at Workington, and construction of a number of passing loops. The prospects of the C&W were significantly improved by the actions of others: the improvement of port facilities at Workington and the construction of railways whose connection with the C&W changed it from being an insignificant dead-end branch to
13824-406: The mountainous regions of the Lake District and Pennines. In winter, the most severe weather occurs in the more exposed and elevated areas of the North West, once again mainly the Lake District and Pennine areas. Source: Office for National Statistics Mid Year Population Estimates in 2008 North West England's population accounts for just over 13% of England's overall population. 37.86% of
13968-435: The new directors (and the WC&ER's solicitor) were associated. There were obvious motives for the WC&E seeking C&W directorships; the C&W's act allowed it to charge tolls at up to 5d per ton per mile, so an uncooperative C&W could choke off traffic over the WC&E's Marron extension. However the new directors were also closely associated with the 'Castle' (pro-Lowther) faction in Whitehaven politics, and with
14112-502: The new dock or the new connections to the C&W) supported a 6% annual dividend. C&W £20 shares were now being quoted at £36 to £40 but this was partly due to a widespread expectation that the new connections would lead to a takeover. In the spring of 1864, the Whitehaven Junction Railway, which had repeatedly rebuffed past offers of a lease of the C&W, offered to lease the line, guaranteeing an 8% annual dividend to C&W shareholders. The C&W directors asked instead for either
14256-413: The nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire . Of the nine regions of England, the North West has the fourth-highest GVA per capita —the highest outside southern England. Despite this the region has above average multiple deprivation with wealth heavily concentrated on very affluent areas like rural Cheshire, rural Lancashire, and south Cumbria. As measured by
14400-432: The number of directors revealed tensions between those who felt the company was being run by and for 'the coal interest', and the mine-owners who thought not enough was being done to assist them. The Fletchers had recently opened a new mine at Crossbarrow (west of Bridgefoot); coal raised there was now being carted direct to Workington harbour rather than (as initially) to the Marron siding. An 'anti-coal' critic saw this as
14544-692: The opposite bank of the Derwent and then faced a 10-to-15-minute walk uphill from the WJR station.) Passenger trains (in 1854 four a day in both directions) were timetabled to connect with the service on the coast line; departures from Workington were "subject to irregularities in the Arrival of other Trains at Workington, for which the Cockermouth Trains will be detained" although this was noted to cause serious inconvenience: not until 1858 were there through trains (Cockermouth - Whitehaven May 1858, Cockermouth - Carlisle August 1858. The coal traffic
14688-533: The past, the Class 108 first generation DMUs, formerly used on the line, were custom-fitted with bars on the drop-light doors for this reason. Since 2006, Network Rail have eased clearance restrictions so as to allow Mark 1 , Mark 2 and Mark 3 coaching stock to operate along the full route, although under strict instructions that all drop-light windows must be either stewarded or locked between Maryport and Carlisle to prevent passengers from putting their heads out of
14832-467: The platform staff were too young to shave, and passengers arrived covered in smuts because the locomotives were burning coal rather than coke. (The author, Henry Mayhew , clearly knew the area, but it is not clear how far his remarks were accurate reportage, how far exaggeration or comic invention) In 1854 the Carlisle Journal spoke (lightly and in passing) of 'the risk of being capsized into
14976-486: The population, and 1.1% Black (80,600). 0.6% of the population (39,900) are Chinese and 0.5% (36,500) of people belong to another ethnic group. North West England is a very diverse region, with Manchester and Liverpool amongst the most diverse cities in Europe. 19.4% of Blackburn with Darwen 's population are Muslim, the third-highest among all local authorities in the United Kingdom and the highest outside London. Areas such as Moss Side in Greater Manchester are home to
15120-602: The proposals for elected regional assemblies in England put on hold. The regional leaders' forum, 4NW is based on Waterside Drive in Wigan . The former North West England European Parliament constituency had the same boundaries as the Region. Ten English regions were established by the government in 1994. At that time, Merseyside , which already had its own Government Office, formerly the Merseyside Task Force,
15264-448: The provision of waggons and of ship-loading facilities at Workington inadequate for the existing coal trade. The Fletchers supported this criticism, but their complaint at the dilapidated state of the company's plant, and in particular the coal waggons, was met by the company secretary with the assertion that the problem was not with the waggons, but with the Fletchers' habitual overloading of them. A correspondence war then ensued between
15408-638: The public, to much controversy. Other immigrant languages with a presence in the North West are Spanish, mainly amongst the Latin American communities in Liverpool and Manchester , as well as various other Eastern European and Asian languages. The most taught languages in schools across the North West are English, French and Spanish. German and Italian are available at more senior levels and, in cities such as Manchester and Liverpool, even Urdu and Mandarin are being taught to help maintain links between
15552-416: The region (based on specific wards within those borough areas) are, in descending order—Liverpool, Manchester, Knowsley, Blackpool, Salford, Blackburn with Darwen, Burnley, Rochdale, Barrow-in-Furness, Halton, Hyndburn, Oldham, Pendle, St Helens, Preston, Bolton, Tameside, Wirral, Wigan, Copeland, Sefton, and Rossendale. In 2007 when Cheshire still had district councils, the least deprived council districts in
15696-399: The region by council district, in descending order, were—Congleton, Ribble Valley, Macclesfield, and South Lakeland. These areas have Conservative MPs, except South Lakeland has a Lib Dem and Labour MPs. At county level, before it was split into two, Cheshire was the least deprived, followed by Trafford, and by Warrington and Stockport. In March 2011, the overall unemployment claimant count
15840-591: The region, comprising Cumbria and northern Lancashire, is largely rural, as is the far south which encompasses parts of the Cheshire Plain and Peak District. The region includes parts of three National parks (all of the Lake District , and small parts of the Peak District and the Yorkshire Dales ) and three areas of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (all of Arnside and Silverdale and
15984-472: The repaired section being lost again as a consequence of failure of the old wall immediately north of it (there were further wash-outs at Lowca and Risehow), but services were resumed within a fortnight. The link to the WJR from the W&FJR was made (as originally intended) by a tunnel, completed at the end of September 1852; a joint working agreement with the W&FJR took effect at the start of 1854. In December 1855, Bransty station shut for goods business and
16128-430: The report to shareholders contained multiple criticisms of his regime. Accounts had been defectively kept; expenditure had not been booked as it was incurred, and there had been 'inaccuracy and confusion' in the stores accounts. Mr Tosh had found the engines to need much remedial work, they being 'in a most dilapidated state from long neglect'. A new tank engine built to Dodds' specification had proved wholly unsuited for
16272-417: The resulting act received its royal assent in August 1861. The CK&P's further bill of 1863, allowing the LNWR and the Stockton and Darlington to subscribe to shares in the CK&P, also authorised these companies (jointly or separately) to reach agreement with the C&W on the operation and management of the C&W. Connection with the CK&P was made by a new line leaving the existing line just to
16416-596: The return journey from Cockermouth, when crossing the Stainburn viaduct, the engine developed oscillations which spread the track, and the train derailed (but fortunately did not leave the track until back on dry land; only the fireman, and the company secretary (who was on the footplate) were seriously injured). The subsequent report by Captain Tyler of the Railway Inspectorate identified multiple failings:
16560-401: The route because of their width. Services are therefore operated by Class 156 units. The line has also been previously operated by Class 142 Pacer units, but these have since been phased out in favour of Class 156 Sprinters cascaded from Abellio ScotRail. Class 153 's have also previously worked along the route but these are now off lease from Northern being replaced by Class 156's. In
16704-492: The route had, until recently, been banned because of the restricted clearances as well as the fear of injury to members of the public. The width of some steam engines prohibits them from working along the routes, steam locos which have travelled along the route in recent years include: LMS Black 5 's, LMS 8F 's, LMS Jubilee 's & LMS Royal Scot 's. The Cumbrian Coast was given Community Rail status in 2008 and has an active Community Rail Partnership working hard to develop
16848-483: The route. Network Rail's route NW 4033 runs for 114.3 mi (183.9 km) from Carnforth North Junction, near Carnforth , to Carlisle South Junction, near Carlisle , by way of Sellafield . In the aftermath of the 2009 floods , an extra hourly service between Maryport and Workington operated stopping at all stations in between, including the temporary Workington North . These services were withdrawn in December 2010. The following lines all previously connected to
16992-464: The scheme and under his chairmanship the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway obtained its act of Parliament, the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway Act 1845 , in the next session of Parliament. and in 1846 a further act of Parliament, the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway (Whitehaven Extension and Kirksanton Deviation) Act 1846 , for extension of the W&FJR to a junction with
17136-419: The sea and landslips, rockfalls, and high tides made construction problematical. A train ran all the way from Maryport to Whitehaven on 19 February 1847, but the passengers left it at Harrington; the line opened for passenger traffic 18 March 1847. In 1848 two acts of Parliament were obtained; one to authorise the raising of further capital to cover overspend on the construction of the existing line, one to make
17280-477: The sea on the other" Train crew could never see far ahead, and there was always the possibility of a rockfall onto the track: even after the doubling of the line, the Board of Trade required a speed limit of 15 mph on the section. In 1860, whilst the section was still single-track, a heavy iron-ore train broke down on this section and a mistake by the station-master at Whitehaven led to a low-speed collision between
17424-410: The similar post with the Maryport and Carlisle and his replacement by a younger man acting as secretary/manager/engineer. The Railway Times approved, noting 'altogether the economical management of this line is most satisfactory', (working expenses for the first half of 1852 were only 35% of receipts ) but a comic novel of 1851 poked fun at the C&W for having pursued economy to the point where all
17568-433: The south end of the harbour, authorised by an act of Parliament of 1853 was completed in 1854; a joint working agreement with the WJR took effect at the start of 1854. From December 1855 W&FJR passenger trains ran to the WJR station at Bransty; Preston Street became the goods station for both lines and a passenger station was opened at Corkickle, immediately south of the tunnel. The goods portion of north-bound mixed trains
17712-416: The traffic. Dodds defended himself by attacking the competence of Mr Tosh (who could not reply, because not a shareholder) and alleging that the stores accounts for the last half-year had been wilfully falsified. "Under the existing management the property of the company was being wasted, four-fifths of the money expended during the last half-year was altogether unnecessary, and the directors were not deserving
17856-488: The transport of coal from the pits of the lower Derwent valley to the port at Workington for shipment by sea. The Marron extension of the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway and the Derwent Branch of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway were both constructed to link with the C&WR and together give an alternative route for the northward movement of haematite ore from the Cumberland ore-field. The completion of
18000-527: The unanimous decision of the board in May 1856 that the company secretary/manager (John Dodds) should be 'allowed to resign' (Dodds worked out his notice, but responsibility for engines and rolling stock was immediately assumed by George Tosh , who had (and retained) the same responsibility on the Maryport and Carlisle ). The company half-yearly meeting in February 1857 was the first after Mr Dodds' departure, and
18144-404: The viaduct was too flexible (because of too light a construction), and a skew one, which encouraged oscillation of the engine, the short wheelbase of the modified engine allowed the oscillations to be violent, and the permanent way insufficiently robust (both as built, and even more so after a failure to adequately maintain it) to withstand the oscillation. The copy of Captain Tyler's report sent to
18288-501: The west of the original Cockermouth station and meeting the CK&P at a new joint passenger station to the south of the town (the old C&W station became a joint goods station). Mineral traffic began running over the CK&P in late autumn 1864; passenger services on the CK&P began (and C&W passenger trains ran to the new station at Cockermouth) in January 1865. The Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway sought an act of Parliament in 1863 to extend its line from Lamplugh to
18432-413: The wet dock at Maryport opened September 1859 and carried considerable traffic from collieries at Flimby; the line (hitherto single throughout) was widened from Maryport to Flimby and doubled throughout by 1861. The original Railway Hotel at Bransty was bought for use as station buildings and offices for the two Whitehaven companies, the Cockermouth and Workington Railway 's half-share of Workington station
18576-484: The windows. This has allowed many charter services to operate the full length of the Cumbrian Coast. In the May 2015 timetable change, a number of scheduled services between Carlisle & Barrow were operated using Mark 2 coaches, a DBSO and Class 37 diesel locomotives hired in from Direct Rail Services to provide additional seating capacity – these were modified accordingly which included placing bars across
18720-556: Was 4.2% for the region. Inside the region the highest was Liverpool with 6.8%, followed by Knowsley on 6.3%, Halton with 5.5% and Rochdale with 5.1%. The lowest claimant count is in Eden (Cumbria) and Ribble Valley (Lancashire) each with 1.3%, followed by South Lakeland with 1.4%. In the 2019 general election , the Conservatives gained ten seats, from the Labour Party, with no other seats changing hands. Labour held 42 of their 52 seats, albeit many with slimmed down majorities. They remain
18864-638: Was already worth £4,000 a year and was bound to increase if the railway was built. Nothing came of this, but the project revived once the Whitehaven Junction Railway (WJR) had obtained its act of Parliament, the Whitehaven Junction Railway Act 1844 ( 7 & 8 Vict. c. lxiv): George Stephenson took a day out from surveying the line of the WJR to confirm that a railway between Cockermouth and Workington could be constructed cheaply and easily. In response to
19008-499: Was an English railway company (established by act of Parliament in 1845) which built and operated a railway between the Cumberland towns of Workington and Cockermouth . The railway opened for service in 1847, and ran from the Whitehaven Junction Railway station at Workington to a station at Cockermouth near the bridge over the Derwent. A single-tracked line of eight and a half miles length, its revenue came largely from
19152-461: Was bought out, and timber viaducts at Workington and Harrington were replaced, the Board of Trade objecting to the use of timber in the Harrington replacement, especially given the WJR's prosperity: "The continued use of this material in the present instance by the directors of a company ... whose receipts are ... £53 per mile per week is quite inexcusable." The WJR reached an agreement (1864) with
19296-486: Was detached some distance from Corkickle and run into Preston Street under gravity. The opening of the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway brought considerable additional mineral traffic onto the W&FJR at its northern end: at the southern end, a through route southward from Whitehaven was finally achieved with the completion of the Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway in 1857, reflecting this an additional curve
19440-482: Was dominated by the Lowther family, and its head the Earl of Lonsdale. Attempts supported by William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale to promote a 'Whitehaven, Maryport and Carlisle Railway' in 1835, had lost out to the Maryport and Carlisle Railway . In 1844 a more limited project for a railway between Whitehaven and Maryport (supported by Lord Lonsdale and both MPs for West Cumberland) got its authorising act of Parliament,
19584-491: Was introduced in the May 2018 timetable change over the section south of Whitehaven after the new Northern Rail franchise agreement came into effect in April 2016 – the old operator ( Arriva Rail North Ltd) also running an additional six weekday trains each way as part of the 10-year agreement with the Department for Transport. In the December 2022 – May 2023 timetable, the following trains operated on Sundays: At Carlisle
19728-424: Was laid down at the junction with the Furness Railway and W&FJR trains ran to Foxfield or Ulverston rather than Broughton. To facilitate the export of haematite southwards, in 1864 the W&JR (now paying a previously unheard-of 8% dividend) projected a direct crossing of the Duddon estuary (to eliminate the dog-leg through Foxfield ) in competition with a similar proposal by the Furness Railway; disagreement with
19872-478: Was obtained; there was no opposition in committee, and royal assent was given on 21 July 1845 Ground was first broken 8 February 1846 (near Broughton Cross), and the line opened 27 April 1847. The station at Cockermouth was on the south bank of, and close to the road bridge over, the River Derwent ; the line ran westwards south of the Derwent and immediately north of Brigham and Broughton Cross, crossing
20016-454: Was opened for passenger services 1 November 1850 although trains carrying Lord Lonsdale and invited guests had travelled from Whitehaven to Broughton-in-Furness over the section on at least two previous occasions. The link to the WJR station at the north of the town was made (as originally intended) by a tunnel, completed at the end of September 1852. A tramway through the market place allowing goods waggons to be horse-drawn from Preston Street to
20160-607: Was regarded as a separate region. In 1998, Merseyside was merged into the North West region. This action was controversial in some quarters. Regional Government Offices were abolished in April 2011 by the Coalition Government. Sir Ernest Marsden (of Blackburn) and Hans Geiger conducted the Geiger–Marsden experiment at the University of Manchester in 1909, where the Geiger counter was invented, which demonstrated
20304-454: Was repeated with a 77% majority for Dan Carden (Labour), when an astonishing 85.7% of the electorate voted for him (the Conservatives came second with 8.6%). In the by-election of 2012 , Manchester Central has the record for the lowest turnout in the UK—18%. Gwyneth Dunwoody , for Crewe and Nantwich, was the longest serving female MP until her death in 2008. In the final European Elections in
20448-413: Was subsequently referred to as the 'Marron siding'). The meeting terminated in 'a sharp and personal discussion on the subject', and the branch was never built: the powers being allowed to lapse in 1854. In response to lower than predicted traffic receipts, the line was run on 'the most economical principles': the salary of the secretary/manager was reduced, leading to the departure of the incumbent for
20592-528: Was to use the WJR to reach the south bank of the Derwent, and then branch off to coal drops on the north side of Workington harbour. However, the railway was noted at the opening celebrations to be 'nearly finished': provisions for handling the mineral traffic were not yet in place, coal traffic only began in June 1847 and one of the three additional coal drops at Workington Harbour was still not completed in August 1848 The prospectus proved to have underestimated
20736-462: Was used to move coal to depots at Braystones and Sellafield in February 1849, marking its opening for goods traffic. The first passenger services between a temporary station at Preston Street (at the southern edge of Whitehaven) and Ravenglass followed an official opening on 21 July 1849. Bootle became the southern terminus of passenger services in July 1850: the last section between Bootle and Foxfield
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