Cyclopia (named after the Greek mythology characters cyclopes ), also known as alobar holoprosencephaly , is the most extreme form of holoprosencephaly and is a congenital disorder (birth defect) characterized by the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities. Its incidence is 1 in 16,000 in born animals and 1 in 200 in miscarried fetuses .
14-587: Typically, the nose is either missing or not functional. This deformity (called proboscis ) forms above the center eye and is characteristic of a form of cyclopia called rhinencephaly or rhinocephaly. Most such embryos are either naturally miscarried or are stillborn upon delivery . Although cyclopia is rare, several cyclopic human babies are preserved in medical museums (e.g. The Vrolik Museum , Amsterdam, Trivandrum Medical College). Some extreme cases of cyclopia have been documented in farm animals (horses, sheep, pigs, goats, and sometimes chickens). In such cases,
28-439: A proboscis is a blind-ended, tube-like structure, commonly located in the middle of the face. It is commonly seen in severe forms of holoprosencephaly that include cyclopia and is usually the result of abnormal development of the nose. Proboscis formation is classified in four general types: holoprosencephalic proboscis, lateral nasal proboscis, supernumerary probosci, and disruptive proboscis. A holoprosencephalic proboscis
42-480: A group of defects called the holoprosencephaly (HPE) malformation sequence; other variants include cebocephaly, cyclopia, and median cleft palate. It consists of a proboscis separating narrow-set eyes with an absent nose and microphthalmia (abnormal smallness of one or both eyes). Cebocephaly , another facial anomaly, is characterized by a small, flattened nose with a single nostril situated below incomplete or underdeveloped closely set eyes. The least severe in
56-431: A supernumerary olfactory placode. A disruptive proboscis occurs if an hamartoneoplastic lesion (benign growths such as are found in disorders like neofibromatosis and tubular sclerosis) arises in the prosencephalon (forebrain) of the embryo in its early stages of development. Ethmocephaly Ethmocephaly is a type of cephalic disorder caused by holoprosencephaly . Ethmocephaly is the rarest phenotypic variant of
70-427: Is hellebore , which has been suggested as a "natural" treatment for vomiting , cramps , and poor circulation – three conditions which may be present in the early stages of pregnancy. Cyclopia occurs when certain proteins are inappropriately expressed , causing the brain to stay whole, rather than developing two distinct hemispheres. This leads to the fetus having one optic lobe and one olfactory lobe , resulting in
84-505: Is found in holoprosencephaly (a condition in which the forebrain of the embryo fails to develop into two hemispheres as it should). In cyclopia or ethmocephaly, proboscis is an abnormally formed nose. In cyclopia , a single eye in the middle of the face is associated with arrhinia (absence of the nose) and usually with proboscis formation above the eye. In ethmocephaly , two separate hypoteloric eyes (eyes placed very close together) are associated with arrhinia and proboscis formation above
98-482: Is usually offered during a pregnancy if holoprosencephaly is detected. The recurrence risk depends on the underlying cause. If no cause is identified and the fetal chromosomes are normal, the chance to have another pregnancy affected with holoprosencephaly is about 6%. There is no treatment for holoprosencephaly and the prognosis for individuals with the disorder is poor. Most of those who survive show no significant developmental gains. For children who survive, treatment
112-521: The Hadith, would have only one eye. Mainstream Islamic scholars consider the prophecy as referring to a one-eyed man, not a cyclops. One infant whose image was circulated in 2014 was claimed to be Israeli , but was actually Bolivian and from 2008. The baby girl from India born in 2006 (see notable cases above) also had her image used. [REDACTED] Media related to Cyclopia (medicine) at Wikimedia Commons Proboscis (anomaly) In teratology ,
126-518: The eye and nose malformations of cyclopia. The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene regulator is involved in the separation of the single eye field into two bilateral fields. Although not proven, it is thought that SHH emitted from the prechordal plate suppresses Pax6 , which causes the eye field to divide into two. If the SHH gene is mutated, the result is cyclopia, a single eye in the center of the face (Gilbert, 2000). First , That it had no sign of any Nose in
140-476: The eye. In cebocephaly , no proboscis formation occurs, but a single-nostril nose is present. A lateral proboscis, also known as proboscis lateralis or lateral nasal proboscis, is a tubular proboscis-like structure and represents incomplete formation of one side of the nose; it is found instead of a nostril. The olfactory bulb is usually rudimentary on the side involved in the malformation. The tear duct, nasal bone, nasal cavity, vomer (the small thin bone separating
154-449: The left and right nasal passages), maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinuses, and another nasal structure known as the cribriform plate cells are often missing on this side as well. Ocular hypertelorism (eyes set far apart) may be present. The proboscis lateralis is a rare nasal anomaly. A supernumerary proboscis, or accessory proboscis, is found when both nostrils are formed and there is a proboscis in addition to it. Accessory proboscis arise from
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#1732800844321168-590: The nose and mouth fail to form, or the nose grows from the roof of the mouth, obstructing airflow and resulting in suffocation shortly after birth. Genetic defects or toxins can misdirect the embryonic forebrain-dividing process. One highly teratogenic alkaloid toxin that can cause cyclopia is cyclopamine or 2-deoxyjervine, found in the plant Veratrum californicum (also known as corn lily or false hellebore). Grazing animals are most likely to ingest this plant and induce cyclopia in offspring. People sometimes accidentally ingest false hellebore while pregnant thinking it
182-440: The spectrum of facial anomalies is the median cleft lip , also called premaxillary agenesis . Although the causes of most cases of holoprosencephaly remain unknown, some may be due to dominant or chromosome causes. Such chromosomal anomalies as trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 have been found in association with holoprosencephaly, or other neural tube defects . Genetic counseling and genetic testing , such as amniocentesis ,
196-533: The usual place, nor had it any, in any other place of the Head, unless the double Bagg CC that grew out of the midst of the forehead, were some rudiment of it. Next , That the two Eyes were united into one Double Eye which was placed just in the middle of the Brow. The Islamic State used photos of babies born with cyclopia in its recruitment campaign. ISIS claimed the photos depicted Masih ad-Dajjal , who according to
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