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23-589: The Cyfarthfa Ironworks were major 18th- and 19th-century ironworks in Cyfarthfa , on the north-western edge of Merthyr Tydfil , in South West Wales . The Cyfarthfa works were begun in 1765 by Anthony Bacon (by then a merchant in London), who in that year with William Brownrigg , a fellow native of Whitehaven , Cumberland , leased the right to mine in a tract of 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) land on

46-575: A cost of £30,000 (equivalent to £2,104,964.72 in 2007). They were solidly and massively built of local stone, and designed by Robert Lugar , the same engineer who had built many bridges and viaducts for the local railways. It was designed in the form of a "sham" or mock castle , complete with crenellated battlements, towers and turrets, in Norman and Gothic styles, and occupied by William Crawshay II and his family. It stood, and still does, amid 158 acres (0.64 km) of landscaped parkland, and overlooked

69-609: A term used in French , Spanish , and other Romance languages . Historically, it is common that a community was built around the ironworks where the people living there were dependent on the ironworks to provide jobs and housing. As the ironworks closed down (or was industrialised) these villages quite often went into decline and experienced negative economic growth. Ironworks is used as an omnibus term covering works undertaking one or more iron-producing processes. Such processes or species of ironworks where they were undertaken include

92-486: The 1770s, to bring coal to the ironworks. In 1782 Bacon, as a Member of Parliament , had to relinquish government contracts and passed the forge and boring mill with the gun-founding business to Francis Homfray . However, Homfray in turn gave it up, in 1784, to David Tanner , so that his sons could establish the Penydarren Ironworks . Tanner, however, also did not stay long, giving up the works in 1786,

115-401: The context of the iron industry, the term manufacture is best reserved for this final stage. The notable ironworks of the world are described here by country. See above for the largest producers and the notable ironworks in the alphabetical order. The largest Japanese steel companies' main works are as follows: William Crawshay I William Crawshay (1764 – 11 August 1834)

138-536: The excavation were a canal, tram lines and the plant's coking ovens; until the discovery, little was known about how the ironworks prepared its fuel. The structures were razed shortly after the end of World War I. Archaeologists were given an opportunity to study the artefacts before they were reburied. The site is now part of the Cyfarthfa Heritage Area and is administered by Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council. The council has plans for restoration of

161-462: The family-owned ironworks just across the river. The Cyfarthfa Canal ceased operation in the late 1830s during William Crawshay II's time as manager. Robert Thompson Crawshay was the last of the great Crawshay ironmasters , as foreign competition and the rising cost of iron ore (much of which had to be imported as local supplies were exhausted) exacted a heavy toll on the Cyfarthfa works. Robert

184-487: The first coke blast furnace began in August 1766. This was intended to be 50 feet (15 m) high with cast iron blowing cylinders , rather than the traditional bellows . It was probably brought into blast in autumn 1767. In the meantime, Plymouth Ironworks was leased to provide pig iron for the forge. Brownrigg retired as a partner in 1777, receiving £1,500 for his share. From about that time Richard Crawshay

207-522: The following: From the 1850s, pig iron might be partly decarburised to produce mild steel using one of the following: The mills operating converters of any type are better called steelworks, ironworks referring to former processes, like puddling . After bar iron had been produced in a finery forge or in the forge train of a rolling mill, it might undergo further processes in one of the following: Most of these processes did not produce finished goods. Further processes were often manual, including In

230-595: The invention of the Bessemer process , converters became widespread, and the appellation steelworks replaced ironworks. The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term siderurgy is also occasionally used. This is derived from the Greek words sideros - iron and ergon or ergos - work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an anglicisation of

253-415: The ironworks site. 51°45′09″N 3°23′39″W  /  51.7526°N 3.3941°W  / 51.7526; -3.3941 Ironworks Ironworks succeeded bloomeries when blast furnaces replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of puddling furnaces or a foundry with or without other kinds of ironworks. After

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276-472: The proprietors of the Dowlais Ironworks . By 1910, the steelworks had been forced to close again, and while it was briefly reopened in 1915 to aid in the production of materials for World War I , the works closed for the last time in 1919. It fell into disrepair until it was dismantled in 1928. The failure of the works was a devastating blow to the local community, as it had depended heavily on

299-412: The responsibility for the works to his son, William , but the latter was less committed to the works than his father. William Crawshay II was appointed by his father William Crawshay to manage the works after Richard's death in 1810. By 1819, the ironworks had grown to six blast furnaces, producing 23,000 tons of iron. The works continued to play an enormous role in providing high-quality iron to fuel

322-481: The use of his puddling process, and proceeded to build the necessary rolling mill . However, difficulties remained with the puddling process and it was not until perhaps 1791 that these were resolved. In 1790 Crawshay terminated the partnership, which had been barely profitable, and continued the works alone, adding further furnaces in the following years. Under Richard Crawshay , the Cyfarthfa works rapidly became an important producer of iron products. Great Britain

345-625: The voracious appetite of the Industrial Revolution , with the Tsar of Russia sending a representative to view the production of iron rail. During this time, the Cyfarthfa works lost its position as the leading ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil to its longtime rival, the Dowlais Ironworks . It was also during this period that Crawshay had built a home, which became known as Cyfarthfa Castle . The buildings were erected in 1824, at

368-407: The west side of the river Taff at Merthyr Tydfil. They employed Brownrigg's brother-in-law Charles Wood to build a forge there, to use the potting and stamping process, for which he and his brother had a patent . This was powered by water from the river, the race dividing into six to power a clay mill (for making the pots), two stampers, two helve hammers and a chafery . The construction of

391-425: The works for its economic livelihood. Portions of the enormous complex that formed the Cyfarthfa works remain intact today, including six of the original blast furnaces. The furnaces at Cyfarthfa are the largest and most complete surviving specimens of their type anywhere. In 2013, workers building a do-it-yourself store near the site of the old ironworks unearthed a significant portion of the old factory. Found during

414-410: The year of Bacon's death. Tanner's managers were James Cockshutt , Thomas Treharne, and Francis William Bowzer. Bacon left a family of illegitimate children and was the subject of Chancery proceedings. The court directed a lease of the whole works to Richard Crawshay, who took as his partners, William Stevens (a London merchant) and James Cockshutt. Crawshay took out a licence from Henry Cort for

437-533: Was Bacon's partner in his contracts to supply cannon to the Board of Ordnance , but perhaps not in the ironworks. Bacon had previously subcontracted cannon- founding to John Wilkinson , but henceforth made them at Cyfarthfa, as is indicated by his asking for ships carrying them to be convoyed from Penarth . Bacon had the Cyfarthfa Canal, a short tub boat waterway, constructed during the latter part of

460-736: Was a British industrialist. Born in South Wales , he spent most of his life in London. He was the only surviving son of Richard Crawshay , one of the richest men in the United Kingdom. He had three sisters, including Charlotte, who married Benjamin Hall , also an industrialist, making William Crawshay the uncle of Sir Benjamin Hall , politician and reformer. William took over the Cyfarthfa Ironworks from his father, but it

483-476: Was involved in various naval conflicts during this time around the British Empire , and the demand for cannon and other weapons was great. Cyfarthfa works became critical to the success of the war effort, so much so that Admiral Nelson paid a personal visit to the works in 1802. The Crawshay family crest included a pile of cannonballs in token of the crucial role of their ironworks. Richard passed on

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506-476: Was never his primary concern, and he continued to live in London, where he took charge of the company's selling agency. He already had trading interests in India and had only taken a role in the business because of the death of his elder brother. After his father's death in 1810, he left the running of the works mostly in the hands of his own son, William Crawshay II , and died at Stoke Newington aged 70, leaving

529-420: Was reluctant to switch to the production of steel , but in 1875 the works was forced to close. After R. T. Crawshay's death, his sons reopened the works, but soon closed again for a long and costly rebuild that was not complete until 1884, while a steel works was constructed. Crawshay Brothers, Cyfarthfa, Limited continued the business until 1902, when the works were sold to Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Limited,

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