Cypress is a common name for various coniferous trees or shrubs from the Cupressus genus of the Cupressaceae family, typically found in warm-temperate and subtropical regions of Asia , Europe , and North America .
106-746: Cypress trees typically reach heights of up to 25 metres (82 ft) and exhibit a pyramidal form, particularly in their youth. Many are characterised by their needle-like, evergreen foliage and acorn -like seed cones. Some species develop flattened, spreading heads at maturity, while certain variants may manifest as shrubs, standing at less than 6 metres (20 ft). The bark of cypress trees varies, with some species having smooth surfaces, while most exhibit bark that separates into thin plates or strips, often shedding over time. Leaves of young cypress trees are spreading and awl-shaped, and are typically small, scale-like formations that tightly adhere to older branches. They are usually aromatic , with glandular pits on
212-763: A 2000 census, Censo General de Población y Vivienda , Puebla has the highest number of Nahuatl speakers over 5 years of age. There are 416,968 speakers making up about 8.21% of the population of the state. The state has five major indigenous ethnic groups: the Nahuas , the Totonacs , the Mixtecs , the Popolocas and the Otomi . The state has two well-defined areas in which indigenous peoples still maintain many ancient traditions, rites, and customs. These two regions are called
318-606: A Spanish settlement at Tepeaca , and took areas such as Huaquechula and Itzocan . Many natives leaders then provided men and supplies for the conquest of Tenochtitlan in 1521, and later to go with Pedro de Alvarado to Guatemala . Local indigenous governments survived in the very early colonial period, subject to the Spanish. These included Tuchpa, Tzicoac, Metztitlán, Tlapacoyan, Atotonilco, Tlatlaquitepec, Huaxtepec, Tepeaca, Tlacozautitlán, Quiauhteopan, Yoaltepec, Teotitlán del Camino, Cuautochco and Coixtlahuacan. The origins of
424-751: A central role in the mound-building peoples' religious life. Documented uses include semi-public chief 's house platforms, public temple platforms, mortuary platforms, charnel house platforms, earth lodge /town house platforms, residence platforms, square ground and rotunda platforms, and dance platforms. Cultures that built substructure mounds include the Troyville culture , Coles Creek culture , Plaquemine culture and Mississippian cultures . Many square flat-topped mound tombs in China . The first emperor Qin Shi Huang ( c. 221 BC , who unified
530-716: A circular plan survives at the site of Cuicuilco , now inside Mexico City and mostly covered with lava from an eruption of the Xitle Volcano in the 1st century BC. Several circular stepped pyramids called Guachimontones survive in Teuchitlán, Jalisco . Pyramids in Mexico were often used for human sacrifice . Harner stated that for the dedication of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, "one source states 20,000, another 72,344, and several give 80,400" as
636-1163: A dry season of seven or eight months, and many of these forests will lose most or all of their leaves during this time. Common species include Bursera simaruba , Lysiloma divaricatum, Phoebe tampicensis , Acacia coulteri , Beaucarnea recurvata , Lysiloma acapulcensis and Zuelania guidonia . Colder pine–oak forests can be found in the Huasteca Plateau, Sierra de Chiconquiaco , Lagos de Volcanos de Anáhuac, Sierras Orientales and Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca. These forests mostly consist of pines, oaks , oyamel fir and other conifers ( Abies religiosa , Pinus pseudostrobus , Pinus attenuata , Pinus ayacahuite , Pinus leiophylla , Pinus patula , Pinus teocote , Quercus spp , Quercus rugosa , Alnus spp , Arbutus spp , Cupressus spp and Juniperus spp. ). Much of these areas have been extensively logged and some areas are used to farm trees. These trees are used for wood, paper and other wood-derived products. Due to human activity over 107,000 hectares are considered to be severely damaged. Temperate and cold area forests cover just under 22% of
742-448: A number are edible to both humans and livestock. Many of these arid areas subdivide into microclimates depending on minor variations in temperature and precipitation. Some areas, especially dry grasslands, have suffered overgrazing and soil erosion. In the south, near Puebla's borders with Oaxaca and Guerrero are dry mountainous areas, some of which are completely devoid of vegetation, similar to African deserts. Other are populated only by
848-586: A number losing leaves during the dry season. During the same season, a number of species also flower. For this reason, these forests never completely lose their color. Common species include Cedrela sp. , Brosimum alicastrum , Heliocarpus spp. , Calophyllum brasiliense , Zuelania guidonia and Ficus spp. Most forests of this type are located near the borders with Veracruz and Hidalgo. Tropical forests at lower altitudes are found in areas with median temperatures of over 20 C, and annual rainfall of between 800 and 1,200 mm (47.24 in). These areas often have
954-703: A number of ethnicities. The regions of Acatlán and part of Chiautla were dominated by the Mixtecs . Tepexi was dominated by the Popolocas. The central part of the state was dominated by the Olmec-Xicalancas and Nahuas , with strong cultural links to the Toltec -based culture at Cholula. The north was populated by the Totonacs , the Mazatecs and the Otomi , whose cultural center was in El Tajín . In
1060-487: A pyramid can be of any polygon shape, such as triangular or quadrilateral , and its lines either filled or stepped. A pyramid has the majority of its mass closer to the ground with less mass towards the pyramidion at the apex . This is due to the gradual decrease in the cross-sectional area along the vertical axis with increasing elevation. This offers a weight distribution that allowed early civilizations to create monumental structures. Civilizations in many parts of
1166-503: A pyramid tomb for himself in a famed New Orleans graveyard. Puebla Puebla ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweβla] English: colony, settlement ), officially Free and Sovereign State of Puebla ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla ), is one of the 31 states that, along with Mexico City , comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 217 municipalities and its capital
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#17327734051201272-491: A small region locally called the Sierra Negra in which there are communities of Popolocas, Nahuas and Mazatecos , especially in the municipality of Eloxochitlán , Tlacotepec and part of the city of Tehuacán . The Mixtec people who live in the south of Puebla are part of an ethnic group which are still the dominant indigenous group in an area that stretches over Puebla, Oaxaca and the mountains of Guerrero . They are
1378-862: A starting point for Spanish settlement. The area's economy expanded rapidly as many Europeans and indigenous decided to settle permanently, with the settlement of Puebla reaching city status in 1532 with the name of Ciudad de los Angeles. The Franciscans were in charge of the evangelization process in the state, starting from 1524, when they founded the monastery of Huejotzingo . Between 1540 and 1560, they founded others such as those in Tecamachalco , Quecholac , Tecali , Calpan , Cuautinchán , Zacatlán , Cholula , Huaquechula, Tepeaca, Tehuacán , Xalpa and Coatepec . The Augustinians arrived next, constructing monasteries in Chiautla , Chietla , Huatlatlauca , Tlapa , Xicotepec and Papaloticpac . The last of
1484-427: A still standing structure at Hellenikon, a common tomb for soldiers who died in a legendary struggle for the throne of Argos and another that he was told was the tomb of Argives killed in a battle around 669/8 BC. Neither survives and no evidence indicates that they resembled Egyptian pyramids. At least two surviving pyramid-like structures are available to study, one at Hellenikon and the other at Ligourio/Ligurio,
1590-621: A study done by the National Indigenous Institute and the United Nations. Most of these emigrants are Mixtecs from the south of the state, which head to areas such as Mexico City and the north of the country either seasonally or permanently. Many also head to the United States to work illegally. The migration situation has caused the population to drop in a number of areas in the state. The UN states that
1696-420: A tomb alleged to be the tomb of Amphion and Zethus near Thebes , a structure at Stylidha ( Thessaly ) which is a long wall, etc. She pushed the possibility that the stones that were dated might have been recycled from earlier constructions. She claimed that earlier research from the 1930s, confirmed in the 1980s by Fracchia, was ignored. Liritzis responded that Lefkowitz failed to understand and misinterpreted
1802-460: A village near the ancient theatre Epidaurus . These buildings have inwardly sloping walls, but bear no other resemblance to Egyptian pyramids. They had large central rooms (unlike Egyptian pyramids) and the Hellenikon structure is rectangular rather than square, 12.5 by 14 metres (41 by 46 ft) which means that the sides could not have met at a point. The stone used to build these structures
1908-411: Is Puebla City . It is located in east-central Mexico and is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the north and east, Hidalgo , México , Tlaxcala and Morelos to the west, and Guerrero and Oaxaca to the south. The origins of the state lie in the city of Puebla, which was founded by the Spanish in this valley in 1531 to secure the trade route between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz . By
2014-508: Is a rainy season from May until October with an overall precipitation of 801 mm (31.54 in). The state has eleven different climate zones, but five predominate. The centre and south of the state has a temperate and semi-moist climate, with an average temperature of 15 °C (59 °F) and 858 mm (33.78 in) of rainfall. The southwest has a warm to hot and semi-moist climate with 830 mm (32.68 in) of precipitation and 22 °C (72 °F) average temperature. The north
2120-601: Is also warm and hot, and additionally very wet; it has a 22 °C (72 °F) average temperature but with an average rainfall of 2,250 mm (88.58 in). The southeast is semi-dry with warm and temperate temperatures, having an average temperature of 22 °C (72 °F) and precipitation of 550 mm (21.65 in). The high volcano peaks have a cold climate. The state has three main ecosystems, tropical rainforests, forests in temperate and cold areas, and arid and semi-arid zones. Tropical forests are divided into moist, semi-moist and dry forests. These can be found in
2226-596: Is believed to be the burial place of Askia Mohammad I , one of the Songhai Empire 's most prolific emperors . It was built at the end of the fifteenth century and is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . UNESCO describes the tomb as an example of the monumental mud-building traditions of the West African Sahel . The complex includes the pyramidal tomb, two mosques , a cemetery and an assembly ground. At 17 metres (56 ft) in height it
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#17327734051202332-433: Is dominated by oyamel fir, often intermingling with pines and oaks. These forests are found at altitudes of between 2,500 and 3,600masl and with an average temperature of between 7 and 15C and annual precipitation of 1,000 mm (39.37 in). Forests with trees such as Juniperus spp., Pseudotsuga spp. , Pseudotsuga menziesii , and Cupressus lindleyi can also be found. The arid and semi arid area can be found in
2438-712: Is home to five major indigenous groups: Nahuas , the Totonacs , the Mixtecs , the Popolocas and the Otomi , which can mostly be found in the far north and the far south of the state. The state is in the central highlands of Mexico between the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra Madre Oriental . It has a triangular shape with its narrow part to the north. It borders the states of Veracruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Morelos, State of Mexico, Tlaxcala and Hidalgo. The state occupies 33,919 km , ranking 20th of 31 states in size, and has 4,930 named communities. Most of
2544-410: Is known about the ecosystems of these forests, but it is known that these areas are important to the regulation of water in area rivers. Human activity has severely damaged over 32,000 hectares. Tropical forests are divided by altitude. Upper forests are characterized by dense vegetation in fairly humid climates. The tree canopy reaches an average height of 15 meters. Not all species are evergreen, with
2650-535: Is occasionally used for some species of fustic and for bald cypress , and it often denotes jack pine in eastern Canada . Species that are commonly known as cypresses include: Other species include: The word cypress is derived from Old French cipres , which was imported from Latin cypressus , the latinisation of the Greek κυπάρισσος ( kyparissos ). In Greek mythology , Cyparissos , Cyparissus or Kyparissos ( Ancient Greek : Κυπάρισσος, "cypress")
2756-650: Is that these pyramids were inspired by the Borobudur monument through Sumatran and Javanese monks. A similar Buddhist monument survives in Vrang , Tajikistan . At least nine Buddhist step pyramids survive, 4 from former Gyeongsang Province of Korea, 3 from Japan, 1 from Indonesia (Borobudur) and 1 from Tajikistan . Several pyramids were erected throughout the Pacific islands, such as Puʻukoholā Heiau in Hawaii ,
2862-687: Is the largest pre- colonial architectural monument in Gao. It is a notable example of the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style that later spread throughout the region. One of the unique structures of Igbo culture was the Nsude pyramids, in the Nigerian town of Nsude, northern Igboland . Ten pyramidal structures were built of clay/mud. The first base section was 60 ft (18 m) in circumference and 3 ft (0.9 m) in height. The next stack
2968-452: Is the most important economic activity of the rural areas, but it is mostly limited to the rainy season from June to October, as there are few facilities for irrigation. This limits the sector's growth potential significantly. Due to lack of investment only 11% of the state's arable land is irrigated. Seventy two percent of farmland is privately own with the rest belonging to ejidos or other types of communal ownership. The municipalities with
3074-1176: The Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram . However, the largest temple (area) is the Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu . The Thanjavur temple was built by Raja Raja Chola in the 11th century. The Brihadisvara Temple was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987; the Temple of Gangaikondacholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram were added in 2004. Austronesian megalithic culture in Indonesia featured earth and stone step pyramid structures called punden berundak. These were discovered in Pangguyangan near Cisolok and in Cipari near Kuningan. The stone pyramids were based on beliefs that mountains and high places were
3180-652: The Battle of Monte de las Cruces against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . Ecclesiastical authorities in the Cathedral excommunicated insurgent priests and battles took place in Izúcar and Chiautla. Most of the south of the state, especially Izucar and the Sierra Mixteca were firmly in insurgent hands. Control then bypassed the capital and reached the more northern settlements of Tehuacan and Atlixco . After Independence,
3286-711: The Battle of Puebla . Today, the state is one of the most industrialized in the country, but since most of its development is concentrated in Puebla and other cities, many of its rural areas are undeveloped. Culturally, the state is home to the china poblana , mole poblano , active literary and arts scenes, and festivals such as Cinco de Mayo , Ritual of Quetzalcoatl, Day of the Dead celebrations (especially in Huaquechula ) and Carnival (especially in Huejotzingo ). It
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3392-469: The Black Athena controversy. Lefkowitz criticised this research, suggesting that some of the research was done not to determine the reliability of the dating method, as was suggested, but to back up a claim and to make points about pyramids and Greek civilization. She claimed that not only were the results imprecise, but that other structures mentioned in the research are not in fact pyramids, e.g.
3498-659: The Memory of the World Programme in 2005. Today, Puebla's economic development is centered on its capital. This capital is part of the megalopolis centered on Mexico City. In 1977, the center of the city of Puebla was named a "Zone of Historic Monuments". The same area was later named a World Heritage Site in 1987. In 1979, Puebla was the scene of one of Pope John Paul II 's early papal visits outside Italy to Mexico for that year's CELAM conference over three months after his election and papal inauguration . In 1998,
3604-711: The Nubians who ruled Egypt in the Late Period. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. At 146.6 metres (481 ft) it was the tallest structure in the world until the Lincoln Cathedral was finished in 1311 AD. Its base covers an area of around 53,000 square metres (570,000 sq ft). The Great Pyramid is the only extant one of the Seven Wonders of
3710-932: The Pulemelei Mound in Samoa , and Nan Madol in Pohnpei . With the Egyptian Revival movement in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, pyramids became more common in funerary architecture. The tomb of Quintino Sella , outside the monumental cemetery of Oropa , is pyramid-shaped. This style was popular with tycoons in the US. The Schoenhofen Pyramid Mausoleum (1889) in Chicago and Hunt's Tomb (1930) in Phoenix, Arizona are notable examples. Some people build pyramid tombs for themselves. Nicolas Cage bought
3816-464: The Renaissance period, the myth of Kyparissos was revived, and is depicted in several works of art and poetry. Pyramid A pyramid (from Ancient Greek πυραμίς ( puramís ) 'pyramid') is a structure whose visible surfaces are triangular in broad outline and converge toward the top, making the appearance roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense . The base of
3922-538: The Ubaid period of the fourth millennium BC. The earliest ziggurats began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period . The original pyramidal structure, the anu ziggurat, dates to around 4000 BC. The White Temple was built on top of it circa 3500 BC. Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure with a flat top. Sun-baked bricks made up
4028-579: The United Nations to rank the state as the seventh most underdeveloped in the country, despite the industry in the Puebla City area in 2006–2007, with areas lacking basic services such as health, water and education along with high unemployment. The state is even ranked lower for these than Lebanon , Cuba and Bosnia . The UN blames poor government policies and corruption for much of the state's poverty. According to several NGO 's, such as
4134-480: The feudal era, e.g. as the tower of Oviedo 's Gothic Cathedral of San Salvador . Andean cultures used pyramids in various architectural structures such as the ones in Caral , Túcume and Chavín de Huantar , constructed around the same time as early Egyptian pyramids. Several Mesoamerican cultures built pyramid-shaped structures. Mesoamerican pyramids were usually stepped, with temples on top, more similar to
4240-419: The sap that typically drips down the tree's trunk represents Cyparissus' tears. Consequently, the cypress emerged as a symbol of mourning, sadness, and loss in classical mythology, thereby serving an aetiological purpose in explaining its cultural significance. Due to its connection to grief, the cypress became one of the symbols of Hades and has been planted in cemeteries since the classical era . During
4346-559: The 14th century, Nonoalca ruler Xelhua, came to dominate almost all of the territory of Puebla. In the 15th century, Aztec domination took over the same area and more. Initially, the center and south areas were under the control of Tenochtitlan with Texcoco dominant in the north. Aztec domination continued until the Spanish Conquest. Hernán Cortés entered Puebla state in 1519, along with his indigenous allies from Veracruz, on his way to Tlaxcala . The Spanish takeover of
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4452-481: The Ancient World . Ancient Egyptian pyramids were, in most cases, placed west of the river Nile because the divine pharaoh's soul was meant to join with the sun during its descent before continuing with the sun in its eternal round. As of 2008, some 135 pyramids had been discovered in Egypt, most located near Cairo. While African pyramids are commonly associated with Egypt, Sudan has 220 extant pyramids,
4558-566: The Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (Coneval), and Marcos Gutiérrez Barrón, professor of economics at the Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla , Puebla has the third highest level of poverty in the country. This ranking takes into account factors such as income per capita, housing, educational opportunities, food supply and family cohesion. As much as two-thirds of
4664-619: The Escuela Normal para Profesores (Teachers’ College) in 1879. In 1907, a hydroelectric plant was built in Necaxa. However, the economic policies of this area caused widespread unrest, beginning with workers’ strikes. Directly against the regime of Porfirio Díaz was the Club Antireeleccionista (Anti-reelection Club) headed by Aquiles Serdán in 1909. In November 1910, after long government surveillance, troops attacked
4770-945: The Gulf of Mexico and consists of the Pantepec , Cazones , Necaxa , Laxaxalpan, San Pedro/Zun, Zempoala, Apulco, Cedro Viejo, Salteros, Martínez de la Torre and other rivers on the east side of the state. This system has two major dams called the Necaxa and Mazatepec. The third is the closed Oriental Basin , with a large number of small lakes fresh water springs as well as some volcanically heated springs. The best known of these include Chignahuapan, Agua Azúl, Amalucan, Cisnaqullas, Garcicrespo, Almoloya and Rancho Colorado. Lakes include Chapulco, San Bernardino, Lagunas Epatlán, Ayutla, Almoloyan, Alchichica, Pahuatlán, Las Minas, Aljojuca and Tecuitlapa. Puebla has many different climates owing to its range of altitudes. It has an average temperature of 16 °C (61 °F) but this varies greatly locally. There
4876-649: The Huasteca Plateau, Chiconguiaco, Lagos y Volcánes de Anahuac, Sur de Puebla, Cordillera Costera del Sur, Sierras y Valles Guerrerenses, Sierras Orientales, Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca and Mixteca Alta. The most common species include Ceiba parviflora , Bursera simaruba , Cedrela odorata , Swietenia macrophylla , Spondias mombin , Brosimum alicastrum , Coccoloba barbadensis , Pithecellobium arboreum , Lysiloma divaricatum , Phoebe tampicensis , Acacia coulteri and Ficus spp. These forests are also exploited for wood and other products, including traditional handcrafts. Low growing plants are used to feed livestock. Little
4982-489: The Lagos y Volcanes de Anáhuac, Sur de Puebla, Cordillera Costera del Sur, Sierras y Valles Guerrerenses, Sierras Orientales and Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca. Types of vegetation often found includes mesquite, huizachal and agave, with species such as Agave spp, Yuca spp, Opuntia spp, Aristida spp., and Stipa spp. There is no forestry here but a number of plants are used for fibers, waxes, resins, handcrafts, medicine and
5088-561: The Llanuras y Lomeríos zone are located in the north and northeast, with the Lagos y Volcanes del Anáhuc in the center and north. Together, they account for over 50% of the state. The east and northeast are occupies by the Chiconquiaco and Llanudras y Sierras de Querétaro e Hidalgo areas and account for about three percent of the state. The Cordillera del Sur and Mixteca Alta are located in the west and southwest covering less than 2.5% of
5194-748: The Mesopotamian ziggurat than the Egyptian pyramid. The largest by volume is the Great Pyramid of Cholula , in the Mexican state of Puebla . Constructed from the 3rd century BC to the 9th century AD, this pyramid is the world's largest monument, and is still not fully excavated. The third largest pyramid in the world, the Pyramid of the Sun , at Teotihuacan , is also located in Mexico . An unusual pyramid with
5300-634: The Puebla area was relatively easy. Many of the peoples here were under Aztec domination and saw the foreigners as a way to escape. One notable exception was the city of Cholula. While negotiating with the city's leaders, Cortés was told of a plot to attack him and his men. Cortés ordered his army to commit the Massacre of Cholula on 12 October 1519. This act terrified those who opposed the Spanish and they submitted. In 1520, after his initial defeat in Tenochtitlan ( La Noche Triste ) Hernán Cortés founded
5406-712: The Serdán house in Puebla killing Aquiles and his brother Máximo. For this reason, the state claims one of the first battles of the Mexican Revolution . In 1912, the Liberation Army of the South or Zapatistas took over a number of communities in the state. In 1914, they were challenged by forces loyal to Venustiano Carranza , which occupied the capital briefly. However, the Zapatistas would hold power for
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#17327734051205512-406: The Sierra Norte in the north and the Sierra Negra in the south. In these areas, these traditions, and the agriculture they are dependent on, have survived because industrialization has not penetrated the rugged landscape. The Sierra Norte, especially the municipalities of Cuetzalan , Pahuatlán , Huehuetlán el Grande and Teziutlán , are dominated by the Nahuas, Totonacas and Otomi. There is also
5618-544: The Sierra de Atenahuacán, Zapotitlán, Lomerio al Suroeste and the Sierra de Tehuacán. Dividing much of the state from Veracruz is a small chain of mountains called the Sierra Madre del Golfo. The natural geography of the state subdivides into the Huasteco Plateau, Llanuras y Lomeríos zone, Lagos y Volcanes del Anáhuac, Chiconquiaco, Llanuras y Sierras de Querétaro e Hidalgo, Cordillera Costera del Sur, Mixteca Alta, Sierras y Valles Guerrenses, Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca, Sierras Orientales and Sur de Puebla. The Huasteco Plateau and
5724-427: The Stacked Stones) is located near the town of Zacatlán . It is really a series of small valleys covering 400 hectares filled with conifer forest. The attraction here are the stone formations which resemble stones stacked one over the other which take on numerous forms. Some have been said to resemble objects such as dogs, elephants, human heads and monsters. Most of the area is only accessible by foot or horseback. In
5830-408: The Tehuacan Valley alone. Stone tools date to between 6500 and 4900 BCE, and evidence of agriculture to 3500 and 2000 BCE in areas such as Aljojuca , Totimiuacan , Cholula and Izucar . By 900 BCE, there is ample evidence of the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, chili peppers and cotton. The rise of city states was established by 700 BCE. By the Mesoamerican period, the area was inhabited by
5936-645: The abode for the spirit of the ancestors . The step pyramid is the basic design of the 8th century Borobudur Buddhist monument in Central Java . However later Java temples were influenced by Indian Hindu architecture , as exemplified by the spires of Prambanan temple. In the 15th century, during late Majapahit period, Java saw the revival of indigenous Austronesian elements as displayed by Sukuh temple that somewhat resemble Mesoamerican pyramids, and also stepped pyramids of Mount Penanggungan. In east Asia, Buddhist stupas were usually represented as tall pagodas . However, some pyramidal stupas survive. One theory
6042-519: The center of the state, just before the land rises to the north to form the Sierra Norte, there is an area called the Oriental Basin filled with lakes, both with water and dry. The dry lakebeds contain water only during the rainy season, which runs from summer through fall. The two largest are Salado and Totocingo Lakes. The first is seven km long and two km wide and the second is larger. The largest "wet" lakes are Laguna Preciosa, Laguna Quechulac, Laguna de Atexcac and Laguna de Aijojuca. The territory of
6148-441: The city of Puebla. The state of Puebla was declared a disaster area. In the 2000s, organizations such as Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF) have accused state governmental officials of restricting and suppressing the press. Some of the threats against reporters have included false arrests and death threats. More than two years after the 2017 Puebla earthquake when 621 buildings—mostly 16th to 19th-century churches—were damaged in
6254-430: The city. However, less than a year later, the city would be taken and shortly after, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico would be installed. However, his rule would be brief and the French, along with their conservative Mexican allies, were expelled from the state in 1867. From this time to the Mexican Revolution, a number of important infrastructure projects were undertaken. One was the Puebla-Veracruz rail line in 1873 and
6360-416: The core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had astrological significance. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on them. The number of tiers ranged from two to seven. It is assumed that they had shrines at the top, but no archaeological evidence supports this and the only textual evidence is from Herodotus . Access to
6466-410: The country's total. It is one of Mexico's most industrialized states. However, almost all of the state's development has been centered on the capital city and the surrounding areas. This has caused a wide economic gap between rich and poor and between the city areas and the rural areas, with much of the state lacking investment by the government (infrastructure) or by private interests. This has led
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#17327734051206572-431: The earliest pyramidal structures, called ziggurats . In ancient times, these were brightly painted in gold / bronze . They were constructed of sun-dried mud-brick, and little remains of them. Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians , Babylonians , Elamites , Akkadians , and Assyrians . Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex that included other buildings. The ziggurat's precursors were raised platforms that date from
6678-401: The end of the 18th century, the area had become a colonial province with its own governor, which would become the State of Puebla, after the Mexican War of Independence in the early 19th century. Since that time the area, especially around the capital city, has continued to grow economically, mostly through industry, despite being the scene of a number of battles, the most notable of which being
6784-538: The end of the war. Much of the rest of the century was occupied with civil strife such as the insurrection of Francisco Ortega against the federal government, the Reform War and the French Intervention . The last provoked the Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862, when 6,000 French troops attacked the forts named Loreto and Guadalupe outside of the city of Puebla, but they were repelled by forces under Ignacio Zaragoza . Zaragoza died some months after this battle, and he would be later honored by having his name added to that of
6890-493: The evangelists were the Dominicans, who built monasteries at Izúcar de Matamoros , Tepapayeca , Huehuatlán and Tepexi . The bishopric was established in 1526. Initially, the seat was in the Yucatán , but it was eventually moved to Tlaxcala , then to Puebla by 1550. Eventually, its extension included the current states of Tlaxcala and Puebla during much of the colonial period. In 1783, the royal government in Spain divided New Spain into "intendencias" or provinces, one of which
6996-420: The first governor of the state was Carlos García Arriaga in 1821. The first state congress was seated in 1824, with the first state constitution adopted the same year. The new state was divided initially into 21 parts. The Spanish were expelled from the state in 1827. In 1849, the state was reorganized into eight departments and 162 municipalities and again in 1895 with 21 districts and 180 municipalities. During
7102-490: The fourth largest indigenous group in Mexico. The Sierra Mixteca region in Puebla is part of the Mixteca Baja region, which crosses into parts of Oaxaca as well. In the Mesoamerican period, the Mixtecs of Puebla dominated further north than they do now and archeologists classify "Mixteca-Puebla" art as distinct from other Mixtec arts and crafts. There are an estimated 6,700 Mixtecs living in Puebla, however, many have emigrated out of traditional Mixtec areas into other parts of
7208-406: The highest elevations include Apulco, Chichat, Chignahuapan, Soltepec and Tlatlaquitepec. The highest elevations are the volcanoes Pico de Orizaba or Citlaltepetl (5,747masl), Popocatépetl (5,452masl), Iztaccíhuatl (5,286masl) and Malinche (4,461masl) which are found on the state's borders with Veracruz, Mexico State and Tlaxcala respectively. In the south of the state, the major elevations are
7314-472: The island. However, over time they were dismantled and used as building material. Güímar hostred nine pyramids, only six of which survive. The 27-metre-high Pyramid of Cestius was built by the end of the 1st century BC and survives close to the Porta San Paolo . Another, named Meta Romuli , stood in the Ager Vaticanus (today's Borgo ), but was destroyed at the end of the 15th century. Pyramids were occasionally used in Christian architecture during
7420-416: The main reason for emigration is the lack of local economic development especially in rural and indigenous areas. Thirty seven percent of the population is employed in agriculture, livestock and fishing. Agricultural units cover 2,233,897 hectares in rural areas of the state. Just over fifty percent is dedicated to the growing of crops, 46.5% to pasture, 2.6% is forest and .8% is wild vegetation. Agriculture
7526-443: The melting runoff of the Halos, Telapón and Papagayo mountains along with those from the Iztaccihuatl volcano and waters from the Zahuapan River, which enters from Tlaxcala. This river receives further water from tributaries such as the Acateno, Atila, Amacuzac, Molinos and Cohetzala. The river has one major dam called Valsequllo or Manuel Avila Camacho. This river eventually flows west to the Pacific Ocean . The next system empties into
7632-662: The methodology. The Pyramids of Güímar refer to six rectangular pyramid-shaped, terraced structures, built from lava without mortar . They are located in the district of Chacona, part of the town of Güímar on the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands . The structures were dated to the 19th century and their function explained as a byproduct of contemporary agricultural techniques. Autochthonous Guanche traditions as well as surviving images indicate that similar structures (also known as, "Morras", "Majanos", "Molleros", or "Paredones") were built in many locations on
7738-567: The modern state lie in the founding of the city of Puebla in the Cuetlaxcoapan Valley in 1531 by Toribio de Benavente and Juan de Salmerón . The city was laid out by Hernando de Elgueta, marking out residential areas, commercial areas etc. The city received its royal seal in 1532 but flooding forced the settlement to move across the San Francisco River and start over that same year. The city's (and now state's) seal
7844-541: The most cultivated land are Chignahuapan , Chalchicomula de Sesma , Tlachichuca and Zacapoaxtla . The most important activities include production of domestic fowl (eggs and meat), which accounts for 37%, cattle (dairy and meat) at 12%, grains (90% corn) and pork at 10% each, vegetables ( tomatillos , onions, carrots, tomatoes, and squash) at 8% and fruit (oranges, limes, cactus pear , apples, avocados and peaches) at 4%. Other important crops include beans, animal feed, alfalfa and sugar cane . Most crops are grown in
7950-579: The most in the world. Nubian pyramids were constructed (roughly 240 of them) at three sites in Sudan to serve as tombs for the kings and queens of Napata and Meroë . The pyramids of Kush, also known as Nubian Pyramids , have different characteristics than those of Egypt. The Nubian pyramids had steeper sides than the Egyptian ones. Pyramids were built in Sudan as late as 200 AD. The Tomb of Askia, in Gao , Mali ,
8056-497: The most industrialized areas in Mexico, with the metropolitan area ranked fourth in size. Its position near both Mexico City and the Gulf coast continues to be an advantage. However, modern development of the city area has been restricted to outside the city center, in order to preserve its traditional look. This historic center was named a World Heritage Site in 1987, with the Biblioteca Palafoxiana named as part of
8162-651: The mountains of Puebla belong to the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The first is locally called the Sierra Norte del Puebla, entering the state from the northwest and then breaks up into the smaller chains of Sierra de Zacapoaxtla, Sierra de Huauchinango, Sierra de Teziutlán, Sierra de Tetela de Ocampo, Sierra de Chignahuapan and Sierra de Zacatlán, although these names may vary among localities. Some of
8268-413: The municipalities of Hueytamalco , Francisco Z. Mena , Venustiano Carranza , Xicotepec and Jalpan . Most crops, especially corn, are grown on relatively small farms, communal fields and family plots, but perennial crops such as rubber trees, coffee and citrus from are mostly grown on large plantations. The most important livestock in the state are cattle, pigs and domestic fowl. Cattle are prevalent in
8374-419: The national census. Since then, the official census has eliminated categories for race, counting only those who speak an indigenous language. In 2000, an attempt was made to count indigenous ethnicities, regardless of language spoken. This count ranked Puebla as fifth with a total population of 957,650. However, according to the 2005 census, there were 548,723 people who spoke an indigenous language. According to
8480-562: The north of the state, Piedras Encimadas Valley , Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park , La Malinche National Park , and the Pico de Orizaba National Park . The best known wilderness area is the Izta-Popo National park, which the state shares with neighboring State of Mexico . It is located only 55 km (34 mi) west of the state capital and the two often snow covered volcanoes are easily visible from this area, and important to
8586-527: The number of humans sacrificed. Many pre-Columbian Native American societies of ancient North America built large pyramidal earth structures known as platform mounds . Among the largest and best-known of these structures is Monks Mound at the site of Cahokia in what became Illinois , completed around 1100 AD. It has a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid. Many mounds underwent repeated episodes of expansion. They are believed to have played
8692-644: The number until the end of the Middle Kingdom . The age of the pyramids reached its zenith at Giza in 2575–2150 BC. The last king to build royal pyramids was Ahmose , with later kings hiding their tombs in the hills, such as those in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor's West Bank. In Medinat Habu and Deir el-Medina , smaller pyramids were built by individuals. Smaller pyramids with steeper sides were built by
8798-545: The occasional cactus, with those belonging to the Fouquieria genus standing out on the landscape. Where there are arroyos, the vegetation changes drastically to include a wide variety of plants packed along a narrow strip. Other areas in this part of the state are semi-arid, home to a variety of plant and bird species. Natural attractions in the state include the Bosque Mesófilos de la Sierra Madre Oriental in
8904-428: The outer surface, and cover the stem in opposite pairs, giving the branchlet a four-sided appearance. Cypress is any of the twelve species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers constituting the genus Cupressus of the family Cupressaceae . Many resinous , aromatic evergreen trees called cypress belong to other genera of the same family, especially species of false cypress and cypress pine . The name cypress
9010-438: The park has numerous hiking and horse paths in the forests that cover the lower elevations. On the slopes, there are many small caves, which in pre-Hispanic times were often used for ceremonies. The Sierra Madre Oriental, locally called the Sierra Norte, is a series of rugged mountains covered in abundant vegetation, which has had an isolating effect on the people here over the centuries. The Valle de Piedras Encimadas (Valley of
9116-468: The rest of the 19th century, the state developed economically through industry. The first mechanized textile mill was established in 1831, soon followed by 17 others in the city of Puebla. Progress was interrupted by Santa Anna's siege of the city in 1845 and two years later when the Americans under General Winfield Scott took the city on their way to Mexico City. The Americans left three years later at
9222-565: The rest of the war. Under the 1917 Constitution , the state was reestablished with 222 municipalities. One of the last skirmishes of the war occurred in Aljibes, Puebla in May 1920 when forces of Álvaro Obregón attacked those of Carranza as he was headed to Veracruz. Carranza was assassinated in Tlaxcalantongo in the Sierra Norte de Puebla soon thereafter. The 1920s immediately after
9328-583: The seven pre-imperial kingdoms) was buried under a large mound outside modern-day Xi'an . In the following centuries about a dozen more Han dynasty royal persons were also buried under flat-topped pyramidal earthworks. Numerous giant, granite , temple pyramids were built in South India during the Chola Empire , many of which remain in use. Examples include Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur , Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram , and
9434-541: The shrine would have been by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit. The most famous African pyramids are in Egypt — huge structures built of bricks or stones, primarily limestone, some of which are among the world's largest constructions. They are shaped in reference to the sun's rays. Most had a smoothed white limestone surface. Many of the facing stones have fallen or were removed and used for construction in Cairo . The capstone
9540-460: The state culturally. The park is an area protected by the federal government because of its biological diversity and considered to be the "lungs" of the area due to its forests. Access to the park, especially to the volcanoes themselves is more restricted than in the past due to past ecological damage. Even further restrictions are put into place when the Popocatepetl volcano is active. However,
9646-416: The state was declared in a state of emergency due to 122 forest fires with affected 2,998 hectares of land over two weeks. Many of the fires were started by fires on agricultural lands and the extremely dry conditions made the fires out of control. The 1999 Tehuacán earthquake did major damage to much of state, especially many of its colonial era churches, and the colonial buildings of the historic center of
9752-486: The state was one of the first in modern Mexico to be inhabited by humans. Most of the earliest settlements have been found in the valley of Tehuacán, with the oldest near the Agujereado Mountain, which dates back to 10,000 BCE. At this site the oldest sample of corn ever found in the world has been found, which dates back to 1500 BCE. Along with Agujereado Mountain, there are more than 450 prehistoric sites in
9858-446: The state's population or about 3.5 million live under the poverty line. The state's Secretaria de Desarrollo Social (Secretariat of Social Development) increased its budget in 2008 to 757 million pesos. Ten of the state's municipalities are ranked among the poorest in the country. Puebla is a state where migrant workers both head to and leave from. Most incoming workers are indigenous from the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero, according to
9964-486: The state, 46 have been restored, 88 are in process, and 380 have not been restored at all. In 2005, the state had a population of 5,383,133 according to the INEGI census, ranking fifth in the country. Over 93% of the state's population identifies as Roman Catholic with 4.4% identifying as Protestant or Evangelical. In 1921, Puebla had the second largest population, after Oaxaca , of purely indigenous people according to
10070-461: The state, Mexico City and even the United States to work. According to the 2020 Census, 1.73% of Puebla's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. The state is divided into seven socioeconomic regions for planning purposes: Region I- Huauchinango , Region II – Teziutlán , Region III Ciudad Serdán , Region IV San Pedro Cholula , Region V – Puebla, Region VI Izúcar de Matamoros and Region VII Tehuacán . The state
10176-719: The state. The Sur de Puebla is in the southwest and accounts for 26% of the state. Other southern subregions include the Sierras y Valles Guerrerenses, the Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca and the Sierras Orientales. Together, they account for about 15% of the state. The hydrology of Puebla is formed by three major river systems. One is based on the Balsas River , also known as the Atoyac, which originates with
10282-614: The surface of the state with various species of pine accounting for more than 80% of the trees. These are mostly found in the higher elevations of the mountains where the average temperature is around 15C and at heights of between 2,500 and 2,750masl. Above 3,000m Pinus hartwegii is dominant. Pine species which are the most economically valuable and include Pinus montezumae , Pinus pseudostrobus , Pinus ayacahuite , Pinus greggii , Pinus hartwegii, Pinus lawsonii , Pinus leiophylla , Pinus michoacana , Pinus oocarpa , Pinus patula and Pinus teocote . The second most common kind of forest
10388-556: The war was marked by instability. The governorship changed hands frequently with resistance to whoever was in power from other parts of the state. Despite this, the Universidad de Puebla was established by Maximino Ávila Camacho during this decade. True political stability would not come until the governorship of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz in 1942. Since the Mexican Revolution, the city of Puebla and its suburbs are one of
10494-681: The world have built pyramids. The largest pyramid by volume is the Mesoamerican Great Pyramid of Cholula , in the Mexican state of Puebla . For millennia, the largest structures on Earth were pyramids—first the Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great Pyramid of Khufu , both in Egypt —the latter is the only extant example of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . The Mesopotamians built
10600-583: Was 45 ft (14 m) in circumference. Circular stacks continued to the top. The structures were temples for the god Ala , who was believed to reside there. A stick was placed at the top to represent the god's residence. The structures were laid in groups of five parallel to each other. Because it was built of clay/mud like the Deffufa of Nubia, over time periodic reconstruction has been required. Pausanias (2nd century AD) mentions two buildings resembling pyramids, one, 19 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of
10706-531: Was a diverse economic base supporting industries such as textiles, tourism, agribusiness, storage, medical services, furniture making and logistics services in clusters.(promotedor) In 2010, Standard & Poor's reconfirmed the state's ‘mxA+’ rating with a stable outlook due to the state's finances. The state's economy grew at a rate of 4.5% from 2003 to 2007, above the national average of 3.9%. Since then, economic growth has slowed but less than in other parts of Mexico. Its gross domestic product accounts for 3.4% of
10812-414: Was a male lover of Apollo , as well as other deities in other versions of mythology. In the most prevalent version of the story, Cyparissus receives a stag as a gift from Apollo, which he accidentally kills with a spear while hunting in the forest. Cyparissus is overwhelmed by pain and sorrow, and asks Apollo to allow his tears to flow for eternity. Apollo transforms Cyparissus into a cypress tree, and
10918-558: Was centered on the city of Puebla. The first governor of Puebla was Manuel de Flon, Count of La Cadena. Initially, this intendencia included Tlaxcala, but it was separated out in 1793. Other parts were eventually separated out into other provinces/states such as Mexico, Guerrero and Veracruz. During the Mexican War of Independence , the city of Puebla remained loyal to the viceroy in Mexico City, sending troops to defend it at
11024-460: Was granted in 1538. The city of Puebla was created to secure the route between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz, and was initially populated by soldiers and those who made a living by providing shelter and supplies to travelers between the two cities. However, it soon became the economic and cultural center of the valley areas between the Valley of Mexico and the Gulf Coast , as it provided
11130-487: Was limestone quarried locally and was cut to fit, not into freestanding blocks like the Great Pyramid of Giza. These structures were dated from pot shards excavated from the floor and grounds. The latest estimates are around the 5th and 4th centuries. Normally this technique is used for dating pottery , but researchers used it to try to date stone flakes from the structure walls. This launched debate about whether or not these structures are actually older than Egypt , part of
11236-529: Was usually made of limestone, granite or basalt and some were plated with electrum . Ancient Egyptians built pyramids from 2700 BC until around 1700 BC. The first pyramid was erected during the Third Dynasty by the Pharaoh Djoser and his architect Imhotep . This step pyramid consisted of six stacked mastabas . Early kings such as Snefru built pyramids, with subsequent kings adding to
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