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86-538: Today the center of the city of Czersk in is the Village Square. The infrastructure was recently modernized, rebuilt roadway system, modern center of commerce, 400 seats sport hall, water and sewage treatment systems, railroad station. The territory became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century under its first historic ruler Mieszko I . In the 12th century, it was part of the Raciąż castellany . In

172-559: A concentration), 40–60 g/person/d for BOD (250–400 mg/L), 80–120 g/person/d for COD (450–800 mg/L), 6–10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5–6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7–2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L). Sewerage (or sewage system) is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff ( stormwater , meltwater , rainwater ) using sewers. It encompasses components such as receiving drains , manholes , pumping stations , storm overflows, and screening chambers of

258-545: A high number of sewage treatment processes to choose from. These can range from decentralized systems (including on-site treatment systems) to large centralized systems involving a network of pipes and pump stations (called sewerage ) which convey the sewage to a treatment plant. For cities that have a combined sewer , the sewers will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and secondary treatment , while advanced treatment also incorporates

344-525: A low cost treatment option with practically no energy requirements but they require a lot of land. Due to their technical simplicity, most of the savings (compared with high tech systems) are in terms of operation and maintenance costs. Examples for systems that can provide full or partial treatment for toilet wastewater only: Examples for more high-tech, intensive or mechanized, often relatively expensive sewage treatment systems are listed below. Some of them are energy intensive as well. Many of them provide

430-413: A manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimize solids removal. If gross solids are not removed, they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of

516-633: A massive operation by the Polish underground resistance movement led primarily by the Armia Krajowa and Bataliony Chłopskie , known as the Zamość Uprising . Among the expulsions from the metropolitan centres of Poland, the largest took place in its capital. In October 1940, 115,000 Poles were expelled from their homes in central Warsaw to make room for the Jewish Ghetto constructed by

602-814: A network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant. This is called a centralized system (see also sewerage and pipes and infrastructure ). A large number of sewage treatment technologies have been developed, mostly using biological treatment processes (see list of wastewater treatment technologies ). Very broadly, they can be grouped into high tech (high cost) versus low tech (low cost) options, although some technologies might fall into either category. Other grouping classifications are intensive or mechanized systems (more compact, and frequently employing high tech options) versus extensive or natural or nature-based systems (usually using natural treatment processes and occupying larger areas) systems. This classification may be sometimes oversimplified, because

688-754: A sludge which can be settled and separated. After separation, a liquid remains that is almost free of solids, and with a greatly reduced concentration of pollutants. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter (measured as biological oxygen demand) from sewage,  using aerobic or anaerobic processes. The organisms involved in these processes are sensitive to the presence of toxic materials, although these are not expected to be present at high concentrations in typical municipal sewage. Advanced sewage treatment generally involves three main stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment but may also include intermediate stages and final polishing processes. The purpose of tertiary treatment (also called advanced treatment )

774-431: A suitable sewage treatment process, decision makers need to take into account technical and economical criteria. Therefore, each analysis is site-specific. A life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used, and criteria or weightings are attributed to the various aspects. This makes the final decision subjective to some extent. A range of publications exist to help with technology selection. In industrialized countries ,

860-515: A suitable technology. Often, the main criteria for selection are: desired effluent quality, expected construction and operating costs, availability of land, energy requirements and sustainability aspects. In developing countries and in rural areas with low population densities, sewage is often treated by various on-site sanitation systems and not conveyed in sewers. These systems include septic tanks connected to drain fields , on-site sewage systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more. On

946-759: A tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes and nutrient removal. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter (measured as biological oxygen demand ) from sewage,  using aerobic or anaerobic biological processes. A so-called quarternary treatment step (sometimes referred to as advanced treatment) can also be added for the removal of organic micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals. This has been implemented in full-scale for example in Sweden. A large number of sewage treatment technologies have been developed, mostly using biological treatment processes. Design engineers and decision makers need to take into account technical and economical criteria of each alternative when choosing

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1032-426: A treatment plant may involve a combination of processes, and the interpretation of the concepts of high tech and low tech, intensive and extensive, mechanized and natural processes may vary from place to place. Examples for more low-tech, often less expensive sewage treatment systems are shown below. They often use little or no energy. Some of these systems do not provide a high level of treatment, or only treat part of

1118-544: A very high level of treatment. For example, broadly speaking, the activated sludge process achieves a high effluent quality but is relatively expensive and energy intensive. There are other process options which may be classified as disposal options, although they can also be understood as basic treatment options. These include: Application of sludge , irrigation , soak pit , leach field , fish pond , floating plant pond, water disposal/ groundwater recharge , surface disposal and storage. The application of sewage to land

1204-631: Is a railway station in the town. The local football club is Borowiak Czersk. It competes in the lower leagues. Sewage treatment Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment , municipal wastewater treatment ) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges. Sewage contains wastewater from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated industrial wastewater . There are

1290-467: Is a parameter used in the design of sewage treatment plants. This concept is known as population equivalent (PE). The base value used for PE can vary from one country to another. Commonly used definitions used worldwide are: 1 PE equates to 60 gram of BOD per person per day, and it also equals 200 liters of sewage per day. This concept is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of industrial wastewater compared to sewage. When choosing

1376-509: Is achieved by removing contaminants from the sewage. It is a form of waste management . With regards to biological treatment of sewage, the treatment objectives can include various degrees of the following: to transform or remove organic matter, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), pathogenic organisms, and specific trace organic constituents (micropollutants). Some types of sewage treatment produce sewage sludge which can be treated before safe disposal or reuse. Under certain circumstances,

1462-679: Is because the main important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting sewage treatment processes are numerous. They include: process applicability, applicable flow, acceptable flow variation, influent characteristics, inhibiting or refractory compounds, climatic aspects, process kinetics and reactor hydraulics , performance, treatment residuals, sludge processing, environmental constraints, requirements for chemical products, energy and other resources; requirements for personnel, operating and maintenance; ancillary processes, reliability, complexity, compatibility, area availability. With regards to environmental impacts of sewage treatment plants

1548-405: Is both: a type of treatment and a type of final disposal. It leads to groundwater recharge and/or to evapotranspiration. Land application include slow-rate systems, rapid infiltration, subsurface infiltration, overland flow. It is done by flooding, furrows, sprinkler and dripping. It is a treatment/disposal system that requires a large amount of land per person. The per person organic matter load

1634-491: Is often encouraged. Disinfection of treated sewage aims to kill pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms) prior to disposal. It is increasingly effective after more elements of the foregoing treatment sequence have been completed. The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of sewage is to substantially reduce the number of pathogens in the water to be discharged back into the environment or to be reused. The target level of reduction of biological contaminants like pathogens

1720-697: Is often regulated by the presiding governmental authority. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated (e.g. turbidity , pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Water with high turbidity will be treated less successfully, since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effective disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone , chlorine , ultraviolet light , or sodium hypochlorite . Monochloramine , which

1806-444: Is part of the field of sanitation . Sanitation also includes the management of human waste and solid waste as well as stormwater (drainage) management. The term sewage treatment plant is often used interchangeably with the term wastewater treatment plant . The term sewage treatment plant (STP) (or sewage treatment works ) is nowadays often replaced with the term wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Strictly speaking,

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1892-414: Is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment in order to allow discharge into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem such as estuaries , low-flow rivers or coral reefs . Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration ) prior to discharge into a stream , river , bay , lagoon or wetland , or it can be used for

1978-570: Is to provide a final treatment stage to further improve the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving water body or reused. More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also called effluent polishing . Tertiary treatment may include biological nutrient removal (alternatively, this can be classified as secondary treatment), disinfection and removal of micropollutants, such as environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants . Tertiary treatment

2064-465: Is used for drinking water, is not used in the treatment of sewage because of its persistence. Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany The Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany during World War II was a massive operation consisting of the forced resettlement of over 1.7 million Poles from the territories of German-occupied Poland , with the aim of their Germanization (see Lebensraum ) between 1939 and 1944. The German Government had plans for

2150-646: The Lebensraum policy. On February 21, 1945, the Red Army captured Czersk. The Soviets carried out deportations to forced labor camps in the Ural Mountains and Soviet-occupied Latvia , where some 150 residents of the town and its environs died between 1945 and 1956. It was afterwards restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in

2236-642: The Greater Poland uprising against Germany broke out, so the local population secretly organized to liberate Czersk from the Germans. On January 6, 1919, the German Grenzschutz attacked Polish people walking to church, triggering a brawl in which the Poles battered their attackers. Faced with threats of German retaliation, the Poles took control of Czersk, after which a battle for the settlement

2322-638: The Polonized "descendants" of German colonists and migrants ( Walddeutsche , Prussian settlers, etc.) – and therefore considered "racially valuable" – would be Germanized and dispersed among the ethnic German population living on formerly Polish soil. The Nazi leadership hoped that through expulsions to Siberia , famine , mass executions and slave labour , the Polish nation would eventually be completely destroyed. Experiments in mass sterilization in concentration camps may also have been intended for use on

2408-511: The combined sewer or sanitary sewer . Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment . It is the system of pipes, chambers, manholes or inspection chamber, etc. that conveys the sewage or storm water. Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, which may be called a decentralized system or even an on-site system ( on-site sewage facility , septic tanks , etc.). Alternatively, sewage can be collected and transported by

2494-665: The irrigation of a golf course, greenway or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes. Sand filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter. Filtration over activated carbon , also called carbon adsorption, removes residual toxins . Micro filtration or synthetic membranes are used in membrane bioreactors and can also remove pathogens. Settlement and further biological improvement of treated sewage may be achieved through storage in large human-made ponds or lagoons. These lagoons are highly aerobic, and colonization by native macrophytes , especially reeds,

2580-400: The regions annexed directly to Germany in 1939, i.e. Greater Poland , Kuyavia , Pomerania , western and northern Mazovia , Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin . The expulsions were accompanied by economic exploitation, looting , and confiscation of Polish enterprises and farms covering millions of hectares. The houses and property were handed over to ethnic Germans, especially future members of

2666-480: The " Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of Germandom" ( RKFDV , Reichskomissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums ), a title held by Heinrich Himmler . The new Germans were put in villages and towns already cleared of their native Polish inhabitants under the banner of Lebensraum . The first lands that were subject to mass expulsions, Germanization and extermination (see Intelligenzaktion ) were

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2752-529: The 13th century the local parish community was established, including the nearby villages of Rytel , Łąg , Mokre , Malachin . It was occupied by the Teutonic Knights since 1309. At that time Czersk was a village with a mill, inn, bitumic trade and bees farms. Czersk was mentioned in a document from 1330. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated Czersk to the Kingdom of Poland, and then

2838-473: The 1980s. On May 27, 1990, the first post-war democratic elections were held with self-determination of Czersk community. Since 1990, modern infrastructure was systematically developed, including potable water system, sewer system and wastewater treatment plants (in Czersk and Rytel ), heating gas distribution, development of a modern road system, railroad modernisation. In 1994–2002, a new center of commerce

2924-607: The Empire) from Romanian Bukovina . Until the end of the Second World War a third of the Polish population was expelled from this region out of a total of 50,000 inhabitants. Poles were forcibly removed from the region and replaced with about 4,000 Volksdeutsche settlers from Eastern Galicia and Volhynia who were given new latifundia . The Łódź area was attached by the Germans to occupied Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), renamed Reichsgau Wartheland. The first expulsions from

3010-721: The General Government would be cleared of all Poles and the region turned into a "purely German area" within 15–20 years, and in place of 15 million Poles, 4–5 million Germans would live there. The area was to become "as German as the Rhineland ". There was a special institution set up in November 1939 in German-occupied Poznań to coordinate the expulsion. Initially named the Special Staff for

3096-612: The German district called the General Government was the second main area of expulsions after the German-annexed more western provinces of Poland. The entity itself was seen only as a temporary measure by the Germans, and served as a large concentration area for Poles to perform hard labour to further Germany's industry and war effort . Eventually it was to be cleared of Poles as well. 116,000 Poles were expelled from

3182-508: The German military and the Waffen-SS . Poles expelled from those villages had nothing to return to after the war and had to settle in new locations. Together with so-called "wild expulsions", in four years of Nazi occupation 923,000 Poles were ethnically cleansed from the territories annexed by Germany into the Reich. According to research conducted by Czesław Łuczak , the Germans expelled

3268-991: The Germans re-settled from across Europe. Furthermore, Hitler intended to extensively colonize all territories lying to the east of the Third Reich . These were worked out by the RSHA department of the SS in Generalplan Ost (GPO, "[the] General Plan for the East"), which foresaw the deportation of 45 million "non-Germanizable" people from Central & Eastern Europe to West Siberia ; of whom 31 million were "racially undesirable": including 100% of Jews , Poles (85%), Belarusians (75%) and Ukrainians (65%). Poland itself would have been cleared of all Polish people eventually, as 20 million or so were going to be expelled further east. The remaining 3 to 4 million Polish peasants believed to be

3354-560: The Germans), the expulsions affected 121,765 Poles. A total of 130,000 Volksdeutsche were resettled there including 57,000 Germans from Eastern Europe, including Soviet Union , Bessarabia , Romania and the Baltic states . In Silesia , the Germans operated a network of forced labour camps for expelled Poles from the region, which were known as Polenlager . In 1940 and 1941 the Germans evicted 17,000 Polish and Jewish residents from

3440-708: The Resettlement of Poles and Jews ( Sonderstab für die Aussiedlung von Polen und Juden ), it was soon renamed to Office for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews ( Amt für Umsiedlung der Polen und Juden ), and eventually renamed to Central Bureau for Resettlement (UWZ, Umwandererzentralstelle ) in 1940. The main seats of the UWZ were located in Poznań and Gdynia , with an additional major branch located in Łódź and minor branches located in various other towns, including Kępno , Wieluń , Sieradz and Zamość . The UWZ also supervised

3526-568: The Teutonic Knights renounced any claims in the peace treaty of 1466. 1584 marks the first and oldest known description of the Czersk church. In the First Partition of Poland , in 1772, Czersk was annexed by Prussia . The population was subjected to Germanisation policies. In 1827, the first carriages are crossing Czersk via a carriage tract between Berlin and Königsberg . One of the main escape routes for insurgents of

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3612-576: The action called " Heim ins Reich ". The deportation orders specifically required that enough Poles be removed to provide for every settler—that, for instance, if twenty German "master bakers" were sent, twenty Polish bakeries had to have their owners removed. The expulsions of Poles were conducted by two German organisations: the Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the Resettlement Department of

3698-492: The activated sludge process has a high energy consumption because it includes an aeration step. Some sewage treatment plants produce biogas from their sewage sludge treatment process by using a process called anaerobic digestion . This process can produce enough energy to meet most of the energy needs of the sewage treatment plant itself. For activated sludge treatment plants in the United States, around 30 percent of

3784-422: The annual operating costs is usually required for energy. Most of this electricity is used for aeration, pumping systems and equipment for the dewatering and drying of sewage sludge . Advanced sewage treatment plants, e.g. for nutrient removal, require more energy than plants that only achieve primary or secondary treatment. Small rural plants using trickling filters may operate with no net energy requirements,

3870-399: The average flows. Such basins can improve the performance of the biological treatment processes and the secondary clarifiers. Disadvantages include the basins' capital cost and space requirements. Basins can also provide a place to temporarily hold, dilute and distribute batch discharges of toxic or high-strength wastewater which might otherwise inhibit biological secondary treatment (such

3956-472: The bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface and are skimmed off. These basins are called primary sedimentation tanks or primary clarifiers and typically have a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.5 to 2.5 hours. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive

4042-511: The city of Łódź (renamed Litzmannstadt ) took place in 1939. The Nazis, helped by the local Volksdeutsche , expelled Polish families from the osiedle "Montwiłła" Mireckiego first. Until 1940, all 5,000 residents of this subdivision were expelled. Between 1939 and 1945, from the entire Łódź area (" Regierungsbezirk Litzmannstadt") including Łódź itself, Sieradz , Pabianice and other settlements, 444,000 persons of Polish ethnicity were expelled – almost 25% of its population. The territory of

4128-416: The collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment facilities. Sewage treatment plants that are connected to a combined sewer system sometimes have a bypass arrangement after the primary treatment unit. This means that during very heavy rainfall events, the secondary and tertiary treatment systems can be bypassed to protect them from hydraulic overloading, and

4214-515: The extensive colonisation of territories of occupied Poland, which were annexed directly into Nazi Germany in 1939. Eventually these plans grew bigger to include parts of the General Government . The region was to become a "purely German area" within 15–20 years, as explained by Adolf Hitler in March 1941. By that time the General Government was to be cleared of 15 million Polish nationals, and resettled by 4–5 million ethnic Germans . The operation

4300-597: The factories themselves to reduce the pollutant load , before discharge to the sewer. The pretreatment has the following two main aims: Firstly, to prevent toxic or inhibitory compounds entering the biological stage of the sewage treatment plant and reduce its efficiency. And secondly to avoid toxic compounds from accumulating in the produced sewage sludge which would reduce its beneficial reuse options. Some industrial wastewater may contain pollutants which cannot be removed by sewage treatment plants. Also, variable flow of industrial waste associated with production cycles may upset

4386-437: The fat floating on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the tank may also be used to help recover the fat as a froth. Many plants, however, use primary clarifiers with mechanical surface skimmers for fat and grease removal. Primary treatment is the "removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter from the sewage". It consists of allowing sewage to pass slowly through a basin where heavy solids can settle to

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4472-423: The finer grit passes through the grit removal flows under normal conditions. During periods of high flow deposited grit is resuspended and the quantity of grit reaching the treatment plant increases substantially. Equalization basins can be used to achieve flow equalization. This is especially useful for combined sewer systems which produce peak dry-weather flows or peak wet-weather flows that are much higher than

4558-605: The following aspects are included in the selection process: Odors, vector attraction, sludge transportation, sanitary risks, air contamination , soil and subsoil contamination, surface water pollution or groundwater contamination , devaluation of nearby areas, inconvenience to the nearby population. Odors emitted by sewage treatment are typically an indication of an anaerobic or septic condition. Early stages of processing will tend to produce foul-smelling gases, with hydrogen sulfide being most common in generating complaints. Large process plants in urban areas will often treat

4644-577: The following numbers of Poles from areas annexed into the Reich as well as all others in the period of 1939–1944: Between 1939 and 1940, Nazi expulsions from German-occupied Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) affected 680,000 Poles. From the city of Poznań in Reichsgau Wartheland alone, the Germans expelled 70,000 Poles to the General Government. The deportations conducted under the leadership of SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Koppe , were supervised by SS-Standartenführer Ernst Damzog , who

4730-748: The frequency of tank cleaning caused by excessive accumulation of grit; and (3) protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear. The removal of grit is essential for equipment with closely machined metal surfaces such as comminutors, fine screens, centrifuges, heat exchangers, and high pressure diaphragm pumps. Grit chambers come in three types: horizontal grit chambers, aerated grit chambers, and vortex grit chambers. Vortex grit chambers include mechanically induced vortex, hydraulically induced vortex, and multi-tray vortex separators. Given that traditionally, grit removal systems have been designed to remove clean inorganic particles that are greater than 0.210 millimetres (0.0083 in), most of

4816-594: The history of furniture manufacturing in Czersk began, with the opening of the enterprise of Herman Shütta – presently Czersk Furniture Factory Klose . In 1906–1907, local children joined the children school strikes against Germanisation that spread throughout the Prussian Partition of Poland. In 1910–1913, the Gothic Revival Saint Mary Magdalene church was built. Following World War I , Poland regained independence and

4902-420: The homes in the U.S. Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and secondary treatment, while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes. Different types of sewage treatment may utilize some or all of the process steps listed below. Preliminary treatment (sometimes called pretreatment) removes coarse materials that can be easily collected from

4988-415: The latter is a broader term that can also refer to industrial wastewater treatment. The terms water recycling center or water reclamation plants are also in use as synonyms. The overall aim of treating sewage is to produce an effluent that can be discharged to the environment while causing as little water pollution as possible, or to produce an effluent that can be reused in a useful manner. This

5074-542: The main agency responsible for coordinating German settlement in occupied Poland. Poles were then deported to new destinations in overcrowded freight trains that lacked any sanitary facilities. By 1945 one million German Volksdeutsche from several Eastern European countries and regions such as the Soviet Union , Bessarabia , Romania and the Baltic States had been successfully resettled into Poland during

5160-421: The mixture of sewage and storm-water receives primary treatment only. Primary sedimentation tanks remove about 50–70% of the suspended solids, and 25–40% of the biological oxygen demand (BOD). The main processes involved in secondary sewage treatment are designed to remove as much of the solid material as possible. They use biological processes to digest and remove the remaining soluble material, especially

5246-400: The most important parameters in process selection are typically efficiency, reliability, and space requirements. In developing countries , they might be different and the focus might be more on construction and operating costs as well as process simplicity. Choosing the most suitable treatment process is complicated and requires expert inputs, often in the form of feasibility studies . This

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5332-721: The needs of the SS. Ethnic German and Volksdeutsche settlers were being shipped in instead. The years 1940 to 1944 marked the expulsion of 50,000 Poles from the Żywiec area including 18,000–20,000 Poles during the Action Saybusch operation conducted by the Wehrmacht and Ordnungspolizei in late 1940. The first of these actions took place on 22 September 1940. Aktion Saybusch lasted from September to December 1940, with some 3,200 Volksdeutsche brought in Heim ins Reich (Home into

5418-470: The network of resettlement camps for Poles. In the resettlement camps, Poles were subjected to brutal searches and racial selection, families were often broken up and children were taken from their parents . Poor conditions, low food rations, lack of medical care and brutal treatment resulted in high mortality in the resettlement camps for Poles, which was in contrast to the conditions in the camps for German colonists, managed by Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle ,

5504-576: The occupation administration, entrepreneurs, craftsmen, former Wehrmacht soldiers and colonists from Central and Eastern Europe, while Poles were mostly deported either to the General Government or to forced labour . Germanization began with the classification of which people were "racially suitable", as defined by the Nazi Volksliste . About 1.7 million Poles were deemed Germanizable, including between one and two hundred thousand Polish children who were taken away from their parents . For

5590-520: The odors with carbon reactors, a contact media with bio-slimes, small doses of chlorine , or circulating fluids to biologically capture and metabolize the noxious gases. Other methods of odor control exist, including addition of iron salts, hydrogen peroxide , calcium nitrate , etc. to manage hydrogen sulfide levels. The energy requirements vary with type of treatment process as well as sewage strength. For example, constructed wetlands and stabilization ponds have low energy requirements. In comparison,

5676-400: The organic fraction. This can be done with either suspended-growth or biofilm processes. The microorganisms that feed on the organic matter present in the sewage grow and multiply, constituting the biological solids, or biomass. These grow and group together in the form of flocs or biofilms and, in some specific processes, as granules. The biological floc or biofilm and remaining fine solids form

5762-512: The other hand, advanced and relatively expensive sewage treatment plants may include tertiary treatment with disinfection and possibly even a fourth treatment stage to remove micropollutants. At the global level, an estimated 52% of sewage is treated. However, sewage treatment rates are highly unequal for different countries around the world. For example, while high-income countries treat approximately 74% of their sewage, developing countries treat an average of just 4.2%. The treatment of sewage

5848-436: The population dynamics of biological treatment units. Urban residents in many parts of the world rely on on-site sanitation systems without sewers, such as septic tanks and pit latrines , and fecal sludge management in these cities is an enormous challenge. For sewage treatment the use of septic tanks and other on-site sewage facilities (OSSF) is widespread in some rural areas, for example serving up to 20 percent of

5934-455: The populations. The World War II expulsions took place within two specific political entities established by the Nazis, divided from each other by a closed border: one area outright annexed to the Reich in 1939–1941, and another called the General Government , a precursor to the further expansion of the German administrative settlement area. Eventually, as Adolf Hitler explained in March 1941,

6020-429: The raw sewage before they damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary treatment clarifiers . The influent in sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets, etc. carried in the sewage stream. This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, while in smaller or less modern plants,

6106-522: The region of Zamość , as part of the Nazi plan to establish German colonies further east in the conquered territories. Zamość itself was to be renamed Himmlerstadt (" Himmler City"), later changed to Pflugstadt ( Plough City), that was to symbolise the German "Plough" that was to "plough" the East. Additionally, almost 30,000 children were kidnapped by the German authorities from their parents in that area for their further Germanization. The action led to

6192-399: The remainder expulsion was carried out, often in cattle cars in freezing weather, causing the deaths of many, especially children. They were carried out on short notice, often at night, and the people were allowed only a few belongings. Ethnic Germans being resettled there were often given Polish homes with half-eaten meals on tables, and unmade beds, where small children had been sleeping at

6278-475: The sewage (for example only the toilet wastewater ), or they only provide pre-treatment, like septic tanks. On the other hand, some systems are capable of providing a good performance, satisfactory for several applications. Many of these systems are based on natural treatment processes, requiring large areas, while others are more compact. In most cases, they are used in rural areas or in small to medium-sized communities. For example, waste stabilization ponds are

6364-464: The subsequent German occupation , the Polish population of Czersk was subjected to various crimes and persecution . In 1939, dozens of Poles from Czersk, including the intelligentsia and political and administrative personnel, were arrested by the Germans and then massacred along with other Poles from the area in the Valley of Death near Chojnice and in nearby Łukowo . The Polish resistance movement

6450-722: The time of their evictions. Members of the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were assigned the task of overseeing the evictions to ensure that the Poles left behind most of their belongings for the use of the settlers. This could also mean the separation of entire families, with able-bodied adults being sent to work in Germany while the rest were sent to the General Government. The expulsion also affected tens of thousands of Polish Jews and Romani people . Some villages were destroyed to make place for proving grounds of

6536-650: The treated sewage sludge might be termed biosolids and can be used as a fertilizer . Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage in developing countries have been published as follows: 180 g/person/d for total solids (or 1100 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 50 g/person/d for BOD (300 mg/L), 100 g/person/d for COD (600 mg/L), 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for ammonia-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0 g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L). The typical ranges for these values are: 120–220 g/person/d for total solids (or 700–1350 mg/L when expressed as

6622-486: The treatment plant, and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process. Grit consists of sand , gravel , rocks, and other heavy materials. Preliminary treatment may include a sand or grit removal channel or chamber, where the velocity of the incoming sewage is reduced to allow the settlement of grit. Grit removal is necessary to (1) reduce formation of deposits in primary sedimentation tanks, aeration tanks, anaerobic digesters, pipes, channels, etc. (2) reduce

6708-530: The unsuccessful Polish November Uprising from partitioned Poland to the Great Emigration led through the town. Second lieutenant and then budding poet Wincenty Pol , who led one of the columns, commemorated their stay in the town and the reception of the insurgents by local Poles with the poem "Nocleg w Czersku." In 1873, the railroad between Berlin and Königsberg was opened, passing through Czersk; first major commercial economical development. In 1887,

6794-488: The western districts of the city of Oświęcim ; from all places located directly adjacent to the Auschwitz concentration camp and also from the villages of Broszkowice , Babice , Brzezinka , Rajsko , Pławy , Harmęże , Bór, and Budy. The expulsion of Polish civilians was a step towards establishing the "Camp Interest Zone" meant to isolate the camp from the outside world, and to expand economic activity designed to meet

6880-450: The whole process being driven by gravitational flow, including tipping bucket flow distribution and the desludging of settlement tanks to drying beds. This is usually only practical in hilly terrain and in areas where the treatment plant is relatively remote from housing because of the difficulty in managing odors. In highly regulated developed countries, industrial wastewater usually receives at least pretreatment if not full treatment at

6966-522: Was active and further executions of Poles, especially those aiding or participating in the resistance, were carried out in the following years. In 1942, the Germans renamed the town to Heiderode in attempt to erase traces of Polish origin. In 1940 and 1942, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles , who were deported either to the General Government in the more-eastern part of German-occupied Poland or to forced labour in Germany. Houses of expelled Poles were handed over to German colonists as part of

7052-601: Was also in charge of the daily operation of the Chełmno extermination camp . By 1945, half a million German Volksdeutsche from Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union , Volhynia , Bessarabia , Romania as well as the Baltic Germans , had been resettled into this area during the action called " Heim ins Reich ". From 1939 to 1940 in German-occupied Pomerelia (named Danzig-West Prussia by

7138-471: Was built around J.Ostrowski Street. On January 19, 2001, a new sports indoor arena was completed, named after R. Bruski. The local industries include timber processing mills, brick factory, paper plant, weaving plant, furniture, metallurgy and factory of agricultural equipment, brewery, large trout farm, and food processing . The craft and commerce are flourishing. Czersk is located at the intersection of National road 22 and Voivodeship road 237, and there

7224-437: Was fought. After the clash, the Germans took control of Czersk and arrested prominent Poles, however, the Polish resistance continued its preparations to liberate Czersk. On January 29, 1920, Polish troops led by General Józef Haller entered Czersk, and it was reintegrated with Poland. On July 1, 1926, Czersk received its town rights . Czersk was invaded by Germany on September 3, 1939, the third day of World War II . During

7310-521: Was the culmination of the expulsion of Poles by Germany carried out since the 19th century, when Poland was partitioned among foreign powers including Germany. Following the German invasion of the country , Nazi expansionist policies were enacted upon its Polish population on an unprecedented scale. In accordance with Nazi ideology the Poles were considered Untermenschen , deemed for slavery and their further extermination, in order to make room for

7396-409: Was wastewater from portable toilets or fecal sludge that is brought to the sewage treatment plant in vacuum trucks ). Flow equalization basins require variable discharge control, typically include provisions for bypass and cleaning, and may also include aerators and odor control. In some larger plants, fat and grease are removed by passing the sewage through a small tank where skimmers collect

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