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26-562: The Carat was designed by Technoflug around the wings and horizontal tail of the Schempp-Hirth Discus sailplane , marrying these to a new fuselage , fin , undercarriage and engine.. Structurally the aircraft is a mixture of fibreglass and carbon fibre composites . The wings have PVC foam cores. In plan the wings have parallel chord inner panels and two outer sections of increasing straight taper. Winglets are an option. Schempp-Hirth type airbrakes are mounted on

52-441: A limb is known as its extremity . The limbs' bony endoskeleton , known as the appendicular skeleton , is homologous among all tetrapods, who use their limbs for walking , running and jumping , swimming , climbing , grasping , touching and striking . All tetrapods have four limbs that are organized into two bilaterally symmetrical pairs, with one pair at each end of the torso , which phylogenetically correspond to

78-480: A positive angle of attack to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher stalling speeds than cambered airfoils of the same wing area but are used in aerobatic aircraft as they provide the same flight characteristics whether the aircraft is upright or inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin sheet. For flight speeds near the speed of sound ( transonic flight ), specific asymmetrical airfoil sections are used to minimize

104-411: A suitable angle of attack relative to the flow of air past the wing. When this occurs, the wing deflects the airflow downwards, "turning" the air as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must exert a force on the wing, equal in size but opposite in direction. This force arises from different air pressures that exist on the upper and lower surfaces of

130-466: Is opened by the centrifugal force on the turning blades, working against a folding force provided by a gas damping spring mechanism. This folding mechanism has the advantage of simplicity, but it means that the engine can not be windmill-started if the battery is flat. Because of the forward pointing blades when the engine is off, the Carat cannot be towed aloft like traditional sailplanes. The first flight

156-438: Is powered by an air-cooled, four cylinder, Volkswagen derived, 40 kW (54 hp) Sauer S1800 piston engine. This drives the unique feature of the Carat, its folding two blade propeller : the blades fold forward like spears to minimize drag when the engine is off. This is in contrast to other motorgliders which mostly either store the propeller inside the fuselage, or merely feather the propeller blades. The Carat's propeller

182-477: Is the study of wing performance in air. Equivalent foils that move through water are found on hydrofoil power vessels and foiling sailboats that lift out of the water and on submarines that use diving planes to point the boat upwards or downwards, while submerged. Hydrodynamics is the study of foil performance in water. The word "wing" from the Old Norse vængr for many centuries referred mainly to

208-462: The hand , has five opposable digits known as fingers (made up of metacarpal and metatarsal bones for hands and feet respectively) and specializes in intrinsic fine motor skills for precise manipulation of objects . The human legs and their extremities — the feet — are specialized for bipedal locomotion . Compared to most other mammals that walk and run on all four limbs , human limbs are proportionally weaker but very mobile and versatile, and

234-510: The rib cage connected only via the clavicles (to the sternum ) and numerous muscles; while the pelvic girdles are typically fused together anteriorly via a fibrocartilaginous joint and posteriorly with the vertebral column ( sacrum ), forming an immobile ring-like pelvis . The girdles are each connected to the corresponding limb proper via a ball-and-socket synovial joint . The overall patterns of forelimbs and hindlimbs are homologous among all tetrapods, as they all branched out of

260-483: The World's Aircraft 2011/12 General characteristics Performance Wing A wing is a type of fin that produces both lift and drag while moving through air. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an airfoil section and a planform. Wing efficiency is expressed as lift-to-drag ratio , which compares the benefit of lift with the air resistance of a given wing shape, as it flies. Aerodynamics

286-884: The forelimbs and hindlimbs are often called upper and lower limbs , respectively. The fore-/upper limbs are connected to the thoracic cage via the pectoral/shoulder girdles , and the hind-/lower limbs are connected to the pelvis via the hip joints . Many animals, especially the arboreal species, have prehensile forelimbs adapted for grasping and climbing , while some (mostly primates) can also use hindlimbs for grasping. Some animals ( birds and bats ) have expanded forelimbs (and sometimes hindlimbs as well) with specialized feathers or membranes to achieve lift and fly . Aquatic and semiaquatic tetrapods usually have limb features (such as webbings ) adapted to better provide propulsion in water, while marine mammals and sea turtles have convergently evolved flattened, paddle -like limbs known as flippers . In human anatomy ,

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312-693: The foremost limbs of birds (in addition to the architectural aisle). But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects , bats , pterosaurs , boomerangs , some sail boats and aircraft , or the airfoil on a race car . In nature wings have evolved in dinosaurs, birds , mammals, fish, reptiles and plants as means of locomotion . Various species of penguins and other flighted or flightless water birds such as auks , cormorants , guillemots , shearwaters , eider and scoter ducks and diving petrels are efficient underwater swimmers, and use their wings to propel through water. The design and analysis of

338-400: The four paired fins ( pectoral and pelvic fins ) of their fish ( sarcopterygian ) ancestors. The cranial pair (i.e. closer to the head ) of limbs are known as the forelimbs or front legs , and the caudal pair (i.e. closer to the tail or coccyx ) are the hindlimbs or back legs . In animals with a more erect bipedal posture (mainly hominid primates , particularly humans ),

364-430: The fully limp flexible wing. Domina Jalbert invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings. Natural world: Aviation: Sailing: Limb (anatomy) A limb (from Old English lim , meaning "body part") is a jointed , muscled appendage of a tetrapod vertebrate animal used for weight-bearing , terrestrial locomotion and physical interaction with other objects. The distalmost portion of

390-466: The same bottlenecked lineage of stegocephalians that survived the Late Devonian extinction . The body plan of tetrapod limbs are so similar (especially the pentadactyly ) that they are given shared terminologies for each component of the appendicular skeleton . Limb development is controlled by Hox genes . All jawed vertebrates surveyed so far organize their developing limb buds in

416-449: The same answers if done correctly. Given a particular wing and its velocity through the air, debates over which mathematical approach is the most convenient to use can be mistaken by those not familiar with the study of aerodynamics as differences of opinion about the basic principles of flight. Wings with an asymmetrical cross-section are the norm in subsonic flight . Wings with a symmetrical cross-section can also generate lift by using

442-401: The top of the wing generates a smaller downward force on the top of the wing than the upward force generated by the higher air pressure on the bottom of the wing. This gives an upward force on the wing. This force is called the lift generated by the wing. The different velocities of the air passing by the wing, the air pressure differences, the change in direction of the airflow, and the lift on

468-404: The unique dexterity of the human upper extremities allows them to make sophisticated tools and machines that compensate for the lack of physical strength and endurance . Limbs are attached to the torso via girdles , either the pectoral girdle for the forelimbs , or the pelvic girdle for the hindlimbs . In terrestrial tetrapods, the pectoral girdles are more mobile, floating over

494-419: The upper and lower limbs are commonly known as the arms and legs respectively, although in academic usage, these terms refer specifically to the upper arm and lower leg (the lower arm and upper leg are instead called forearm and thigh , respectively). The human arms have relatively great ranges of motion and are highly adapted for grasping and for carrying objects . The extremity of each arm, known as

520-515: The upper surfaces of the inner panels, with turbulators on the underside to ensure a controlled boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow without separation. The wings have 3° of dihedral . Though the Discus and the Carat share wings, they position them differently: the Discus is a mid-wing aircraft, the Carat a low-wing one. Like the Discus, the Carat has a high T-tail with separate tailplane and elevators . The tailplane, like

546-527: The very pronounced increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound. These airfoils, called supercritical airfoils , are flat on top and curved on the bottom. Aircraft wings may feature some of the following: Aircraft wings may have various devices, such as flaps or slats, that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight. Besides fixed-wing aircraft , applications for wing shapes include: In 1948, Francis Rogallo invented

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572-405: The wing are different ways of describing how lift is produced so it is possible to calculate lift from any one of the other three. For example, the lift can be calculated from the pressure differences, or from different velocities of the air above and below the wing, or from the total momentum change of the deflected air. Fluid dynamics offers other approaches to solving these problems—and all produce

598-454: The wing. Lower-than-ambient air pressure is generated on the top surface of the wing, with a higher-than ambient-pressure on the bottom of the wing. (See: airfoil ) These air pressure differences can be either measured using a pressure-measuring device, or can be calculated from the airspeed] using physical principles —including Bernoulli's principle , which relates changes in air speed to changes in air pressure. The lower air pressure on

624-484: The wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics , which is a branch of fluid mechanics . The properties of the airflow around any moving object can be found by solving the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics . Except for simple geometries, these equations are difficult to solve. Simpler explanations can be given For a wing to produce "lift", it must be oriented at

650-424: The wings, is detachable for easy transport. The cockpit , enclosed in a large clear single piece canopy , is at the trailing edge of the wing, with the main spar under the pilot's knees. The Carat has a conventional electrically-operated inwardly retractable undercarriage . The main wheels have hydraulically operated disc brakes and there is a parking brake. The non-retractable tailwheel is steerable. The Carat

676-702: Was made on 16 December 1997 and the first production model displayed at Aero '99 at Friedrichshafen in April 1999 as the Technoflug TFK-2 Carat. Certification was achieved in 2003, by which time marketing had been passed to AMS. Six production aircraft had been built by the end of 2003 and thirty one by September 2009. The majority of these were flying in the United States, the rest mostly in Western Europe . Data from Jane's All

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