Misplaced Pages

AN/PAS-13

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

The Raytheon Company was a major U.S. defense contractor and industrial corporation with manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics . Founded in 1922, it merged in 2020 with United Technologies Corporation to form Raytheon Technologies, which changed its name to RTX Corporation in July 2023.

#616383

132-581: The AN/PAS-13B thermal weapon sight (TWS) is an infrared sight developed for the United States military by Raytheon . The sight is designed for use on small arms in the U.S. military's inventory, but it can also be used as a standalone observation device. The AN/PAS-13B uses thermal imaging so that it can be used day or night. Thermal imaging also allows the sight to see through smoke or fog, things that may normally obscure other night vision devices. The AN/PAS-13 first became operationally capable with

264-404: A differential analyzer , a mechanical analog computer with some digital components that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables. An offshoot of the work at MIT by Bush and others was the beginning of digital circuit design theory. The memex, which he began developing in the 1930s (heavily influenced by Emanuel Goldberg 's "Statistical Machine" from 1928)

396-788: A means of detecting submarines by measuring the disturbance in the Earth's magnetic field. His device worked as designed, but only from a wooden ship; attempts to get it to work on a metal ship such as a destroyer failed. Bush left Tufts in 1919, although he remained employed by AMRAD, and joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked under Dugald C. Jackson . In 1922, he collaborated with fellow MIT professor William H. Timbie on Principles of Electrical Engineering , an introductory textbook. AMRAD's lucrative contracts from World War I had been cancelled, and Bush attempted to reverse

528-470: A Military Policy Committee recommendation stating that information given to the British should be limited to technologies that they were actively working on and should not extend to post-war developments. In July 1943, on a visit to London to learn about British progress on antisubmarine technology, Bush, Stimson, and Bundy met with Anderson, Lord Cherwell , and Winston Churchill at 10 Downing Street . At

660-550: A Qatari officials to influence defense purchases. In February 2020, Raytheon completed the first radar antenna array for the US Army's new missile defense radar, known as the Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS), to replace the service's Patriot air and missile defense system sensor. In April 2020, the company merged with United Technologies Corporation to form Raytheon Technologies . The merged company

792-571: A book and puts it on a shelf and nobody ever reads it." On August 23, 1938, Bush was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor of NASA. Its chairman Joseph Sweetman Ames became ill, and Bush, as vice chairman, soon had to act in his place. In December 1938, NACA asked for $ 11 million to establish a new aeronautical research laboratory in Sunnyvale, California , to supplement

924-526: A budget of $ 455,000 for its first year. Loomis suggested that the lab should be run by the Carnegie Institution, but Bush convinced him that it would best be run by MIT. The Radiation Laboratory , as it came to be known, tested its airborne radar from an Army B-18 on March 27, 1941. By mid-1941, it had developed SCR-584 radar , a mobile radar fire control system for antiaircraft guns . In September 1940, Norbert Wiener approached Bush with

1056-568: A continuous signal rather than short pulses. The NDRC created a special Section T chaired by Merle Tuve of the CIW, with Commander William S. Parsons as special assistant to Bush and liaison between the NDRC and the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd). One of CIW staff members that Tuve recruited to Section T in 1940 was James Van Allen . In April 1942, Bush placed Section T directly under

1188-477: A contract to build 3DELRR, a next-generation long-range radar system, for the USAF worth an estimated $ 1 billion. The contract award was immediately protested by Raytheon's competitors, Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. After re-evaluating the bids following the protests, the USAF decided to delay awarding the 3DELRR EMD contract until 2017 and was to issue an amended solicitation at the end of July 2016. In 2017

1320-683: A crash program to create an atomic bomb . When the NDRC was formed, the Committee on Uranium was placed under it, reporting directly to Bush as the Uranium Committee. Bush reorganized the committee, strengthening its scientific component by adding Tuve, George B. Pegram , Jesse W. Beams , Ross Gunn and Harold Urey . When the OSRD was formed in June 1941, the Uranium Committee was again placed directly under Bush. For security reasons, its name

1452-532: A dead end. Taffy Bowen and John Cockcroft of the Tizard Mission then produced a cavity magnetron , a device more advanced than anything the Americans had seen, with a power output of around 10 kW at 10 cm, enough to spot the periscope of a surfaced submarine at night from an aircraft. To exploit the invention, Bush decided to create a special laboratory. The NDRC allocated the new laboratory

SECTION 10

#1732783700617

1584-473: A few month, Raytheon began to manufacture magnetron tubes for use in radar sets, and then complete radar systems . During the war, Raytheon also pioneered the production of shipboard radar systems, particularly for submarine detection. Raytheon was also a contractor for the mass-production of miniature shock-resistant vacuum tubes used in proximity fuses . These tubes were difficult to manufacture and required rigorous attention to detail. At war's end in 1945,

1716-539: A fire broke out at the plant, Bush and the other test men were suspended. He returned to Tufts in October 1914 to teach mathematics, and spent the 1915 summer break working at the Brooklyn Navy Yard as an electrical inspector. Bush was awarded a $ 1,500 scholarship to study at Clark University as a doctoral student of Arthur Gordon Webster , but Webster wanted Bush to study acoustics, a popular field at

1848-687: A follow-on, the RAYCOM, which was never completed. In 1954, it entered into a joint venture with Honeywell to form the Datamatic corporation. However it sold its interest to Honeywell a year later, before introduction of the DATAmatic 1000 system. In 1958, Raytheon acquired the marine electronics company Applied Electronics Company to make commercial marine navigation and radio gear, as well as less-expensive Japanese suppliers of products such as marine/weather band radios and direction-finding gear . In

1980-581: A job with Tufts, where he became involved with the American Radio and Research Corporation (AMRAD), which began broadcasting music from the campus on March 8, 1916. The station owner, Harold Power, hired him to run the company's laboratory, at a salary greater than that which Bush drew from Tufts. In 1917, following the United States' entry into World War I, he went to work with the National Research Council . He attempted to develop

2112-413: A letter of intent with Raytheon for a $ 5.6 billion deal to upgrade its Patriot missile-defence shield. In 2017, Saudi Arabia signed business deals worth billions of dollars with multiple American companies, including Raytheon. In July 2019, Qatar 's Ministry of Defense committed to acquire Raytheon's NASAM and Patriot missile defense systems. The company would later be fined for paying bribes to

2244-487: A manufacturer of refrigerators and air conditioners . Using the Amana brand name and its distribution channels, Raytheon began selling the first countertop household microwave oven in 1967 and became a dominant manufacturer in the microwave oven business. In 1966, the company entered the educational publishing business with the acquisition of D.C. Heath and Company , marketing an influential physics textbook developed by

2376-440: A mathematician could have such good times together. I only wish that I could get the real vital grasp of mathematics that he has of the basic principles of physics. Parry Moon and Stratton were acknowledged, as was M.S. Vallarta who "wrote the first set of class notes which I used." An offshoot of the work at MIT was the beginning of digital circuit design theory by one of Bush's graduate students, Claude Shannon . Working on

2508-481: A microcosm of the information society, with the boundaries tightly drawn by the interests and experiences of a major scientist of the time, rather than the more open knowledge spaces of the 21st century. Bush provides a core vision of the importance of information to industrial / scientific society, using the image of an "information explosion" arising from the unprecedented demands on scientific production and technological application of World War II. He outlines

2640-674: A million dollars. It merged with General Plate Company to form Metals & Controls Corporation in 1931, and with Texas Instruments in 1959. Texas Instruments sold it to Bain Capital in 2006, and it became a separate company again as Sensata Technologies in 2010. In 1924, Bush and Marshall teamed up with physicist Charles G. Smith, who had invented a voltage-regulator tube called the S-tube. The device enabled radios, which had previously required two different types of batteries, to operate from mains power . Marshall had raised $ 25,000 to set up

2772-576: A model for the discussion of similar issues, an "opening wedge". He was less successful in promoting his ideas in peacetime with President Harry Truman, than he had been under wartime conditions with Roosevelt. In " As We May Think ", an essay published by the Atlantic Monthly in July 1945, Bush wrote: "This has not been a scientist's war; it has been a war in which all have had a part. The scientists, burying their old professional competition in

SECTION 20

#1732783700617

2904-590: A pen that plotted the terrain over which it traveled. It was the first of a string of inventions. On graduation in 1913 he received both Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees. After graduation, Bush worked at General Electric (GE) in Schenectady, New York , for $ 14 a week. As a "test man," he assessed equipment to ensure that it was safe. He transferred to GE's plant in Pittsfield, Massachusetts , to work on high voltage transformers , but after

3036-455: A proposal to build a digital computer. Bush declined to provide NDRC funding for it on the grounds that he did not believe that it could be completed before the end of the war. The supporters of digital computers were disappointed at the decision, which they attributed to a preference for outmoded analog technology. In June 1943, the Army provided $ 500,000 to build the computer, which became ENIAC ,

3168-467: A regulated, high voltage direct current for radios and thus eliminate the need for expensive, short-lived batteries. In 1925, the company changed its name to Raytheon Manufacturing Company and began marketing its rectifier, under the Raytheon brand name, with commercial success. In 1928 Raytheon merged with Q.R.S. Company, an American manufacturer of electron tubes and switches, to form the successor of

3300-471: A salary of $ 25,000. He was now able to influence research policy in the United States at the highest level, and could informally advise the government on scientific matters. Bush soon discovered that the CIW had serious financial problems, and he had to ask the Carnegie Corporation for additional funding. Bush clashed over leadership of the institute with Cameron Forbes , CIW's chairman of

3432-515: A single sheet of paper describing the agency. Roosevelt approved the proposal in 15 minutes, writing "OK – FDR" on the sheet. With Bush as chairman, the NDRC was functioning even before the agency was officially established by order of the Council of National Defense on June 27, 1940. The organization operated financially on a hand-to-mouth basis with monetary support from the president's emergency fund. Bush appointed four leading scientists to

3564-512: A solid professional relationship. Compton appointed Bush to the newly created post of vice president in 1932. That year Bush also became the dean of the MIT School of Engineering . The two positions came with a salary of $ 12,000 plus $ 6,000 for expenses per annum. The companies Bush helped to found and the technologies he brought to the market made him financially secure, so he was able to pursue academic and scientific studies that he felt made

3696-455: A substantial increase in sales for the company outside the United States. In an effort to establish leadership in the defense electronics business, Raytheon purchased in quick succession Dallas-based E-Systems (1995); Chrysler Corporation 's defense electronics and aircraft-modification businesses, which had previously acquired companies such as Electrospace systems (1996) (portions of these businesses were later sold to L-3 Communications ), and

3828-415: A table-like array of shafts and pens that mechanically simulated and plotted the desired equation. Unlike earlier designs that were purely mechanical, the differential analyzer had both electrical and mechanical components. Among the engineers who made use of the differential analyzer was General Electric 's Edith Clarke , who used it to solve problems relating to electric power transmission. For developing

3960-430: A time when "there is a growing mountain of research. But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization extends. The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers." The OSRD continued to function actively until some time after the end of hostilities, but by 1946–1947 it had been reduced to a minimal staff charged with finishing work remaining from

4092-401: A version of information science as a key discipline within the practice of scientific and technical knowledge domains. His view encompasses the problems of information overload and the need to devise efficient mechanisms to control and channel information for use. Bush was concerned that information overload might inhibit the research efforts of scientists. Looking to the future, he predicted

AN/PAS-13 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4224-511: Is a developer of missiles and related missile defense systems. These include: Two lawsuits were filed against a Raytheon Company plant in St. Petersburg, Florida , due to concern with health risks, property values, and contamination in April 2008. Raytheon was given until the end of the month to independently test whether or not the groundwater that originated from its area was contaminated. According to

4356-630: Is also heavily involved in the satellite sensor business. Much of its Space and Airborne Systems division in El Segundo , CA is devoted to this, a business it inherited from Hughes . Examples of programs include: As part of the company's growing homeland security business and strategic focus, Raytheon has teamed with other contractors to develop an Advance Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) to allow border officials to view and identify radioactive materials in vehicles and shipping containers more effectively. Raytheon also manufactures semiconductors for

4488-425: Is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory." He wanted the memex to emulate the way the brain links data by association rather than by indexes and traditional, hierarchical storage paradigms, and be easily accessed as "a future device for individual use ... a sort of mechanized private file and library" in the shape of a desk. The memex was also intended as a tool to study the brain itself. The structure of memex

4620-620: Is composed of five major business divisions: Raytheon's businesses are supported by several dedicated international operations including: Raytheon Australia; Raytheon Canada Limited; operations in Japan ; Raytheon Microelectronics in Spain ; Raytheon UK (formerly Raytheon Systems Limited); and ThalesRaytheonSystems , France . In recent years, Raytheon has expanded into other fields while redefining some of its core business activities. Raytheon has identified five key 'Strategic Business Areas' where it

4752-473: Is considered a precursor to the World Wide Web. After thinking about the potential of augmented memory for several years, Bush set out his thoughts at length in " As We May Think ", predicting that "wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified". "As We May Think" was published in

4884-581: Is focusing its expertise and resources: In March 2014, Thomas Kennedy was named CEO of Raytheon Company. Kennedy succeeded William H. Swanson , who was CEO since 2003. Swanson remained as Chairman through September 2014 when Kennedy became chairman as well as CEO. Other current and former members of the board of directors of Raytheon were: Vernon Clark , James E. Cartwright , John Deutch , Stephen J. Hadley , George R. Oliver, Frederic Poses, Michael Ruettgers, Ronald Skates, William Spivey, and Linda Stuntz. As of December 2014, according to filed reports,

5016-694: Is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia rather than UTC's base in Farmington, Connecticut . In July 2023, Raytheon Technologies renamed themselves to RTX Corporation and merged the Raytheon Intelligence & Space and Raytheon Missiles & Defense business segments to form a new Raytheon business segment. In August 2024, RTX agreed to pay a $ 200 million fine for the unauthorized export of defense technology to China, Russia, Iran, and elsewhere, to settle more than 750 violations of

5148-573: Is no longer taking on new orders, having been on the premises for 57 years. In the framework of Ground-Based Midcourse Defense , Raytheon is developing a Ground Based Interceptor (GBI) that includes a booster missile and a kinetic Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), along with several key radar components, such as the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) and the Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR). Raytheon

5280-660: The Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations , or ITAR. The company was allowed to pay only half the fine to the government and to put half of the fine toward “remedial compliance measures to strengthen RTX’s compliance program.” In October 2024, RTX agreed to pay nearly $ 1 billion to settle allegations of defrauding the U.S. Defense Department and bribing a Qatari military official. Company officials said

5412-576: The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), the groundwater contained carcinogenic contaminants, including trichloroethylene , 1,4-dioxane , and vinyl chloride . The DEP also reported that the clouds contained other toxins, such as lead and toluene . In 1995, Raytheon acquired Dallas-based E-Systems, including a site in St. Petersburg, Florida, In November 1991, prior to Raytheon's acquisition, contamination had been discovered at

AN/PAS-13 - Misplaced Pages Continue

5544-657: The GAU-21 . The sight also has a multi-function I/O port, allowing for video to be recorded or viewed from a location other than the eyepiece. When using the eyepiece, the rubber cup surrounding the eyepiece must be depressed slightly to engage the display and cooling mechanism. The image displayed for the user is black and white. The user has the ability to select whether white or black will represent hotter objects by selecting "black hot" or "white hot". AN/PAS-13Bs are powered by standard military disposable or rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. In November 2006, three new versions of

5676-844: The Hawker 800XP and Hawker 4000 , the Beechjet 400A , and the Premier I ; the popular King Air series of twin turboprops; and piston-engine aircraft such as the Bonanza . Its special-mission aircraft included the single-turboprop T-6A Texan II , which the United States Air Force and United States Navy had chosen as their primary training aircraft . In 1991, during the Persian Gulf War , Raytheon's Patriot missile received great international exposure, resulting in

5808-572: The Korean War . In later decades, it remained a major producer of missiles, such as the Patriot antimissile missile and the air-to-air Phoenix missile . Raytheon made a foray into computers, producing the RAYDAC computer for the U.S. Navy which became operational in 1953. "Unfortunately, the machine was technically obsolete by the time it was operational." Also in 1953, the company began work on

5940-698: The Physical Science Study Committee . Raytheon also manufactured the Apollo Guidance Computer , which was introduced that year and flew aboard all NASA Project Apollo missions. In the late 1970s, Raytheon acquired McGraw-Edison 's appliances division notable for the Speed Queen line of washers and dryers. In 1980, Raytheon acquired Beech Aircraft Corporation , a leading manufacturer of general aviation aircraft founded in 1932 by Walter H. Beech . In 1993,

6072-500: The U.S. Army in 1998 and has reached a total production of 33,400 units. Due to the use of thermal imaging, the AN/PAS-13B does not require low levels of light to operate, and it will not shut off like most night vision if hit directly by light. The thermal imaging sensor within the sight requires a low temperature to operate, so a cool-down time of less than 2 minutes is required at startup. The AN/PAS-13B comes in two variants,

6204-649: The Western Front in October 1944, and spoke to ordnance officers, but no senior commander would meet with him. He was able to meet with Samuel Goudsmit and other members of the Alsos Mission , who assured him that there was no danger from the German project; he conveyed this assessment to Lieutenant General Bedell Smith . In May 1945, Bush became part of the Interim Committee formed to advise

6336-607: The personal rapid transit (PRT) business as it terminated its PRT 2000 system due to the high cost of development and the lack of interest. During the September 11 attacks of 2001, Raytheon had an office in the South Tower of the World Trade Center on the 91st floor. Their office, being 6 floors above where United Airlines Flight 175 collided with the building, was spared from the immediate collision, but

6468-514: The AN/PAS-13 were ordered by the U.S. military. The Thermal Weapon Sights II include three new versions, a Light, Medium, and Heavy. All three models weigh less than the originals, weighing 1.8 lbs, 2.8 lbs, and 3.9 lbs respectively. This reduction in weight and size is due to improvements in the sensors, as well as the ability to now run the sights without being cooled. The Medium and Heavy models maintain zooms of 5× and 10×, while

6600-785: The American Appliance Company on July 7, 1922, to build silent refrigerators, with Bush and Smith among its five directors, but changed course and renamed it the Raytheon Company , to make and market the S-tube. The venture made Bush wealthy, and Raytheon ultimately became a large electronics company and defense contractor . Starting in 1927, Bush constructed a differential analyzer , an analog computer that could solve differential equations with as many as 18 independent variables. This invention arose from previous work performed by Herbert R. Stewart, one of Bush's master's students, who at Bush's suggestion created

6732-479: The Army on board, Bush moved to streamline oversight of the project by the OSRD, replacing the Section ;S-1 with a new S-1 Executive Committee. A week later, on June 23, President Roosevelt sent this one-sentence memo back to Bush: "Do you have the money?" Bush soon became dissatisfied with the dilatory way the project was run, with its indecisiveness over the selection of sites for the pilot plants. He

SECTION 50

#1732783700617

6864-672: The Coupled Circuit and the Artificial Transmission Line , in April 1916. His adviser, Arthur Edwin Kennelly , demanded more work from him, but Bush refused, and Kennelly was overruled by the department chairman. Bush received his doctorate in engineering jointly from MIT and Harvard University . He married Phoebe in August 1916. They had two sons: Richard Davis Bush and John Hathaway Bush. Bush accepted

6996-566: The Department of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), along with engineer and physicist Laurence K. Marshall, and scientist Charles G. Smith, founded the American Appliance Company in Cambridge, Massachusetts . Its focus, which was originally on new refrigeration technology, soon shifted to electronics . The company's first product was a gaseous ( helium ) voltage-regulator tube that

7128-515: The E-Systems site. Soil and groundwater had been contaminated with the volatile organic compounds trichloroethylene and 1,4-Dioxane. In 2005, groundwater monitoring indicated polluted groundwater was moving into areas outside the site. According to DEP documentation, Raytheon has tested wells on its site since 1996 but had not delivered a final report; therefore, it was given a deadline on May 31, 2008, to investigate its groundwater. Contamination in

7260-594: The Germans would be unable to copy and produce it before the war was over. Eventually, the Joint Chiefs agreed to allow its employment from December 25. In response to the German Ardennes Offensive on December 16, 1944, the immediate use of the proximity fuze was authorized, and it went into action with deadly effect. By the end of 1944, proximity fuzes were coming off the production lines at

7392-408: The July 1945 issue of The Atlantic . A few months later, Life magazine published a condensed version of "As We May Think", accompanied by several illustrations showing the possible appearance of a memex machine and its companion devices. Shortly after "As We May Think" was originally published, Douglas Engelbart read it, and with Bush's visions in mind, commenced work that would later lead to

7524-650: The Light model has a zoom of 1.55× and a FOV of 15 degrees. All three models now run on lithium AA batteries, with the Light having a battery life of 5 hours, the Medium 6.5, and the Heavy 6.5. The US Armed Forces designates version 2 as MTWS (Medium Thermal Weapon Sight), and version 3 as HTWS (Heavy Thermal Weapon Sight). A new variation, the AN/PAS-13G LWTS model, is much smaller and compact making it easier to use on

7656-570: The M16/M4 family of rifles. It is also designed to be used with the ACOG , and M68 Close Combat Optic. Raytheon Raytheon was established in 1922, reincorporated in 1928, and adopted the Raytheon Company name in 1959. More than 90% of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from military contracts and, as of 2012, it was the fifth-largest military contractor in the world. As of 2015 , it

7788-513: The NACA, with George J. Mead as his deputy. Bush remained a member of the NACA until November 1948. During World War I, Bush had become aware of poor cooperation between civilian scientists and the military. Concerned about the lack of coordination in scientific research and the requirements of defense mobilization, Bush proposed the creation of a general directive agency in the federal government , which he discussed with his colleagues. He had

7920-412: The NDRC began work on a proximity fuze , a fuze inside an artillery shell that would explode when it came close to its target. A radar set, along with the batteries to power it, was miniaturized to fit inside a shell, and its glass vacuum tubes designed to withstand the 20,000  g-force of being fired from a gun and 500 rotations per second in flight. Unlike normal radar, the proximity fuze sent out

8052-656: The NDRC: Karl Taylor Compton (president of MIT), James B. Conant (president of Harvard University), Frank B. Jewett (president of the National Academy of Sciences and chairman of the Board of Directors of Bell Laboratories), and Richard C. Tolman (dean of the graduate school at Caltech); Rear Admiral Harold G. Bowen, Sr. and Brigadier General George V. Strong represented the military. The civilians already knew each other well, which allowed

SECTION 60

#1732783700617

8184-404: The Navy had convinced him that it would not listen to his advice, and could not handle large-scale construction projects. In March 1942, Bush sent a report to Roosevelt outlining work by Robert Oppenheimer on the nuclear cross section of uranium-235 . Oppenheimer's calculations, which Bush had George Kistiakowsky check, estimated that the critical mass of a sphere of Uranium-235 was in

8316-417: The OSRD while Conant succeeded him as chairman of the NDRC, which was subsumed into the OSRD. The OSRD was on a firmer financial footing than the NDRC since it received funding from Congress, and had the resources and the authority to develop weapons and technologies with or without the military. Furthermore, the OSRD had a broader mandate than the NDRC, moving into additional areas such as medical research and

8448-418: The OSRD, and Parsons in charge. The research effort remained under Tuve but moved to the Johns Hopkins University 's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), where Parsons was BuOrd's representative. In August 1942, a live firing test was conducted with the newly commissioned cruiser USS  Cleveland ; three pilotless drones were shot down in succession. To preserve the secret of the proximity fuze, its use

8580-486: The OSRD. Bush felt that basic research was important to national survival for both military and commercial reasons, requiring continued government support for science and technology; technical superiority could be a deterrent to future enemy aggression. In Science, The Endless Frontier , a July 1945 report to the president, Bush maintained that basic research was "the pacemaker of technological progress". "New products and new processes do not appear full-grown," Bush wrote in

8712-492: The Summer of 1940 would have been the greatest calamity for America, the President is first, and Dr. Bush would be second or third." Bush was fond of saying that "if he made any important contribution to the war effort at all, it would be to get the Army and Navy to tell each other what they were doing." He established a cordial relationship with Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , and Stimson's assistant, Harvey H. Bundy , who found Bush "impatient" and "vain", but said he

8844-570: The USAF again awarded the contract to Raytheon. In May 2015, Raytheon acquired cybersecurity firm Websense, Inc. from Vista Equity Partners for $ 1.9 billion and combined it with RCP, formerly part of its IIS segment to form Raytheon|Websense. In October 2015, Raytheon|Websense acquired Foreground Security for $ 62 million. In January 2016, Raytheon|Websense acquired the firewall provider Stonesoft from Intel Security for an undisclosed amount and renamed itself to Forcepoint. In July 2016, Poland's Defence Minister Antoni Macierewicz planned to sign

8976-423: The V-1, the V-2 or the Henschel Hs 293 air-to-ship gliding guided bomb. Although the United States trailed the Germans and Japanese in several areas, this represented an entire field that had been left to the enemy. Bush did not seek the advice of Robert H. Goddard . Goddard would come to be regarded as America's pioneer of rocketry, but many contemporaries regarded him as a crank. Before the war, Bush had gone on

9108-451: The activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. Bush was a well-known policymaker and public intellectual during World War II, when he was in effect the first presidential science advisor . As head of NDRC and OSRD, he initiated the Manhattan Project, and ensured that it received top priority from the highest levels of government. In Science, The Endless Frontier , his 1945 report to

9240-410: The analytical engine, Shannon described the application of Boolean algebra to electronic circuits in his landmark master's thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits . In 1935, Bush was approached by OP-20-G , which was searching for an electronic device to aid in codebreaking . Bush was paid a $ 10,000 fee to design the Rapid Analytical Machine (RAM). The project went over budget and

9372-469: The area has not affected anyone's drinking water supply or health, yet due to negative local media coverage lawsuits are being filed with claims against Raytheon citing decreases in property values. In another case, Raytheon was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to treat groundwater at the Tucson Plant (acquired during the merger with Hughes) in Arizona since Raytheon used and disposed metals, chlorinated solvents , and other substances at

9504-684: The areas of sensing; effects; and command, control, communications and intelligence systems; as well as a broad range of mission support services. Raytheon's electronics and defense-systems units produce air-, sea-, and land-launched missiles , aircraft radar systems, weapons sights and targeting systems, communication and battle-management systems, and satellite components. Raytheon is a developer and manufacturer of radars (including AESAs ), electro-optical sensors, and other advanced electronics systems for airborne, naval and ground based military applications. Examples include: Raytheon, often in conjunction with Boeing , Lockheed Martin or Northrop Grumman,

9636-468: The army, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell representing the navy. At the meeting with Roosevelt on October 9, 1941, Bush advocated cooperating with the United Kingdom, and he began corresponding with his British counterpart, Sir  John Anderson . But by October 1942, Conant and Bush agreed that a joint project would pose security risks and be more complicated to manage. Roosevelt approved

9768-525: The atomic program. To control it, he created a Top Policy Group consisting of himself—although he never attended a meeting—Wallace, Bush, Conant, Stimson and the Chief of Staff of the Army , General George Marshall . On Bush's advice, Roosevelt chose the army to run the project rather than the navy, although the navy had shown far more interest in the field, and was already conducting research into atomic energy for powering ships. Bush's negative experiences with

9900-613: The board, and with his predecessor, John Merriam, who continued to offer unwanted advice. A major embarrassment to them all was Harry H. Laughlin , the head of the Eugenics Record Office , whose activities Merriam had attempted to curtail without success. Bush made it a priority to remove him, regarding him as a scientific fraud, and one of his first acts was to ask for a review of Laughlin's work. In June 1938, Bush asked Laughlin to retire, offering him an annuity, which Laughlin reluctantly accepted. The Eugenics Record Office

10032-457: The capability of radar to detect enemy aircraft. American companies were then sought by the US government to perfect and mass-produce the magnetron for ground-based, airborne, and shipborne radar systems, and, with support from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Radiation Laboratory (recently formed to investigate microwave radar ), Raytheon received a contract to build the devices. Within

10164-528: The commercial market, but the high-powered market was solidly in the hands of larger, better-financed competitors such as Continental Electronics , General Electric and Radio Corporation of America . In 1946, the company expanded its electronics capability through acquisitions that included the Submarine Signal Company (founded in 1901), a leading manufacturer of maritime safety equipment. With its broadened capabilities, Raytheon developed

10296-665: The company expanded its aircraft activities by adding the Hawker line of business jets by acquiring Corporate Jets Inc., the business jet product line of British Aerospace (now BAE Systems ). These two entities were merged in 1994 to become the Raytheon Aircraft Company. In the first quarter of 2007 Raytheon sold its aircraft operations, which subsequently operated as Hawker Beechcraft , and since 2014 have been units of Textron Aviation . The product line of Raytheon's aircraft subsidiary included business jets such as

10428-574: The company had built about 80 percent of all magnetrons. Raytheon ranked 71st among U.S. corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. In 1945, Raytheon's Percy Spencer invented the microwave oven by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat food. In 1947, the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use. During the post-war years, Raytheon also made generally low- to medium-powered radio and television transmitters and related equipment for

10560-477: The company that became the Raytheon Company in 1922. Bush became vice president of MIT and dean of the MIT School of Engineering in 1932, and president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1938. During his career, Bush patented a string of his own inventions. He is known particularly for his engineering work on analog computers , and for the memex . Starting in 1927, Bush constructed

10692-482: The company's fortunes by developing a thermostatic switch invented by Al Spencer, an AMRAD technician, on his own time. AMRAD's management was not interested in the device, but had no objection to its sale. Bush found backing from Laurence K. Marshall and Richard S. Aldrich to create the Spencer Thermostat Company, which hired Bush as a consultant. The new company soon had revenues in excess of

10824-632: The confidence of the military, which distrusted the ability of civilians to observe security regulations and devise practical solutions, and opposing conscription of young scientists into the armed forces. This became especially difficult as the army's manpower crisis really began to bite in 1944. In all, the OSRD requested deferments for some 9,725 employees of OSRD contractors, of which all but 63 were granted. In his obituary, The New York Times described Bush as "a master craftsman at steering around obstacles, whether they were technical or political or bull-headed generals and admirals." In August 1940,

10956-412: The defense portion of Delco Electronics (Delco Systems Operations), and Magnavox Electronic Systems . Raytheon also divested itself of several nondefense businesses in the 1990s, including Amana Refrigeration , Raytheon Commercial Laundry (purchased by Bain Capital 's Alliance Laundry Systems ), and Seismograph Service Ltd (sold to Schlumberger - Geco-Prakla ). On October 12, 1999, Raytheon exited

11088-422: The defense unit of Texas Instruments , Defense Systems & Electronics Group (1997). Also in 1997, Raytheon acquired the aerospace and defense business of Hughes Aircraft Company from Hughes Electronics Corporation , a subsidiary of General Motors , which included a number of product lines previously purchased by Hughes Electronics, including the former General Dynamics missile business (Pomona facility),

11220-447: The demand of a common cause, have shared greatly and learned much. It has been exhilarating to work in effective partnership." Bush introduced the concept of the memex during the 1930s, which he imagined as a form of memory augmentation involving a microfilm -based "device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It

11352-816: The differential analyzer, Bush was awarded the Franklin Institute 's Louis E. Levy Medal in 1928. Bush taught Boolean algebra , circuit theory , and operational calculus according to the methods of Oliver Heaviside while Samuel Wesley Stratton was President of MIT. When Harold Jeffreys in Cambridge, England, offered his mathematical treatment in Operational Methods in Mathematical Physics (1927), Bush responded with his seminal textbook Operational Circuit Analysis (1929) for instructing electrical engineering students. In

11484-556: The electronics industry in sites in the US and UK. In the late 20th century it produced a wide range of integrated circuits and other components, but as of 2003 its US semiconductor business specializes in gallium arsenide (GaAs) components for radio communications as well as infrared detectors . It is also making efforts to develop gallium nitride (GaN) components for next-generation radars and radios. The UK arm specialized in CMOS on silicon carbide (SiC) development and foundry work but

11616-480: The end of the Second World War, Bush and Conant had foreseen and sought to avoid a possible nuclear arms race . Bush proposed international scientific openness and information sharing as a method of self-regulation for the scientific community, to prevent any one political group gaining a scientific advantage. Before nuclear research became public knowledge, Bush used the development of biological weapons as

11748-517: The existing Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory . The California location was chosen for its proximity to some of the largest aviation corporations. This decision was supported by the chief of the United States Army Air Corps , Major General Henry H. Arnold , and by the head of the navy's Bureau of Aeronautics , Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook , who between them were planning to spend $ 225 million on new aircraft in

11880-401: The field back many years in the United States. He saw little value in the humanities and social sciences , and slashed funding for Isis , a journal dedicated to the history of science and technology and its cultural influence. Bush later explained that "I have a great reservation about these studies where somebody goes out and interviews a bunch of people and reads a lot of stuff and writes

12012-474: The first guidance system for a missile that could intercept a flying target. In 1948, Charles Francis Adams IV was appointed president of the company and served until 1960. In 1948, Raytheon began to manufacture guided missiles . In 1950, its Lark became the first such missile to destroy a target aircraft in flight. Raytheon then received military contracts to develop the air-to-air Sparrow and ground-to-air Hawk missiles, projects that received impetus from

12144-460: The first general-purpose electronic computer. Having delayed its funding, Bush's prediction proved correct as ENIAC was not completed until December 1945, after the war had ended. His critics saw his attitude as a failure of vision. On June 28, 1941, Roosevelt established the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) with the signing of Executive Order 8807. Bush became director of

12276-488: The football team. He became a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, and dated Phoebe Clara Davis, who also came from Chelsea. Tufts allowed students to gain a master's degree in four years simultaneously with a bachelor's degree . For his master's thesis, Bush invented and patented a "profile tracer". This was a mapping device for assisting surveyors that looked like a lawn mower. It had two bicycle wheels, and

12408-416: The integraph, a device for solving first-order differential equations , in 1925. Another student, Harold Hazen , proposed extending the device to handle second-order differential equations . Bush immediately realized the potential of such an invention, for these were much more difficult to solve, but also quite common in physics. Under Bush's supervision, Hazen was able to construct the differential analyzer,

12540-404: The invention of the mouse . Ted Nelson , who coined the terms " hypertext " and " hypermedia ", was also greatly influenced by Bush's essay. "As We May Think" has turned out to be a visionary and influential essay. In their introduction to a paper discussing information literacy as a discipline, Bill Johnston and Sheila Webber wrote in 2005 that: Bush's paper might be regarded as describing

12672-452: The mandate of the OSRD as narrowly as possible to avoid overtaxing his office and to prevent duplicating the efforts of other agencies. Bush would often ask: "Will it help to win a war; this war?" Other challenges involved obtaining adequate funds from the president and Congress and determining apportionment of research among government, academic, and industrial facilities. His most difficult problems, and also greatest successes, were keeping

12804-458: The mass production of penicillin and sulfa drugs . The organization grew to 850 full-time employees, and produced between 30,000 and 35,000 reports. The OSRD was involved in some 2,500 contracts, worth in excess of $ 536 million. Bush's method of management at the OSRD was to direct overall policy, while delegating supervision of divisions to qualified colleagues and letting them do their jobs without interference. He attempted to interpret

12936-547: The medium AN/PAS-13B(V)1 and the heavy AN/PAS-13B(V)2. The medium has a smaller telescope attached, resulting in a zoom of 5x compared to the heavy's 10x. Both AN/PAS-13Bs have programmable reticles, allowing the user to match the reticle to the weapon system the sight will be mounted on. Some reticles included in the sight include those designed for the M16 rifle , M4 carbine , M60 machine gun , M240 machine gun , M249 , M2 machine gun , MK19 , MK47 , M24 sniper weapon system , and

13068-524: The meeting, Churchill forcefully pressed for a renewal of interchange, while Bush defended current policy. Only when he returned to Washington did he discover that Roosevelt had agreed with the British. The Quebec Agreement merged the two atomic bomb projects, creating the Combined Policy Committee with Stimson, Bush and Conant as United States representatives. Bush appeared on the cover of Time magazine on April 3, 1944. He toured

13200-464: The misconduct mostly occurred before 2020 and pledged to improve its compliance programs. For the fiscal year 2017, Raytheon reported earnings of US$ 2.024 billion, with an annual revenue of US$ 25.348 billion, an increase of 5.1% over the previous fiscal cycle. Raytheon's shares traded at over $ 164 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$ 51.7 billion in November 2018. Raytheon

13332-582: The new president, Harry S. Truman , on nuclear weapons. It advised that the atomic bomb should be used against an industrial target in Japan as soon as possible and without warning. Bush was present at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on July 16, 1945, for the Trinity nuclear test , the first detonation of an atomic bomb. Afterwards, he took his hat off to Oppenheimer in tribute. Before

13464-470: The organization to begin functioning immediately. The NDRC established itself in the administration building at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Each member of the committee was assigned an area of responsibility, while Bush handled coordination. A small number of projects reported to him directly, such as the S-1 Section . Compton's deputy, Alfred Loomis , said that "of the men whose death in

13596-513: The plant since 1951. The EPA further required the installation and operation of an oxidation process system to treat the solvents and make the water safe to drink. Vannevar Bush Vannevar Bush ( / v æ ˈ n iː v ɑːr / van- NEE -var ; March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer, inventor and science administrator, who during World War II headed the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), through which almost all wartime military R&D

13728-410: The preface he wrote: I write as an engineer and do not pretend to be a mathematician. I lean for support, and expect always to lean, upon the mathematician, just as I must lean upon the chemist, the physician, or the lawyer. Norbert Wiener has patiently guided me around many a mathematical pitfall ... he has written an appendix to this text on certain mathematical points. I did not know an engineer and

13860-605: The president of the United States, Bush called for an expansion of government support for science, and he pressed for the creation of the National Science Foundation . Vannevar Bush was born in Everett, Massachusetts , on March 11, 1890. He was the third child and only son of Richard Perry Bush, the local Universalist pastor, and his wife Emma Linwood (née Paine), the daughter of a prominent Provincetown family. He had two older sisters, Edith and Reba. He

13992-599: The proposed site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee , and obtained a AAA priority. At a meeting in Stimson's office on September 23 attended by Bundy, Bush, Conant, Groves, Marshall Somervell and Stimson, Bush put forward his proposal for steering the project by a small committee answerable to the Top Policy Group. The meeting agreed with Bush, and created a Military Policy Committee chaired by him, with Somervell's chief of staff, Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer , representing

14124-407: The range of 2.5 to 5 kilograms, with a destructive power of around 2,000 tons of TNT. Moreover, it appeared that plutonium might be even more fissile . After conferring with Brigadier General Lucius D. Clay about the construction requirements, Bush drew up a submission for $ 85 million in fiscal year 1943 for four pilot plants, which he forwarded to Roosevelt on June 17, 1942. With

14256-456: The rate of 40,000 per day. "If one looks at the proximity fuze program as a whole," historian James Phinney Baxter III wrote, "the magnitude and complexity of the effort rank it among the three or four most extraordinary scientific achievements of the war." The German V-1 flying bomb demonstrated a serious omission in OSRD's portfolio: guided missiles. While the OSRD had some success developing unguided rockets, it had nothing comparable to

14388-497: The record as saying, "I don't understand how a serious scientist or engineer can play around with rockets", but in May 1944, he was forced to travel to London to warn General Dwight Eisenhower of the danger posed by the V-1 and V-2. Bush could only recommend that the launch sites be bombed, which was done. Bush played a critical role in persuading the United States government to undertake

14520-426: The report. "They are founded on new principles and new conceptions, which in turn are painstakingly developed by research in the purest realms of science!" In Bush's view, the "purest realms" were the physical and medical sciences; he did not propose funding the social sciences . In Science, The Endless Frontier , science historian Daniel Kevles later wrote, Bush "insisted upon the principle of Federal patronage for

14652-578: The same name, Raytheon Manufacturing Company. By the 1930s, it had already grown to become one of the world's largest vacuum tube manufacturing companies. In 1933 it diversified by acquiring Acme-Delta Company, a producer of transformers , power equipment, and electronic auto parts . Early in World War II , physicists in the United Kingdom invented the magnetron , a specialized microwave -generating electron tube that markedly improved

14784-510: The same year, it changed its name to Raytheon Company . In the 1950s, Raytheon began manufacturing transistors , including the CK722 , priced and marketed to hobbyists. In 1961, the British electronics company A.C. Cossor merged with Raytheon, following its sale by Philips . The new company's name was Raytheon Cossor. The Cossor side of the organisation was still in the Raytheon group in 2010. In 1965, it acquired Amana Refrigeration , Inc.,

14916-462: The secretary of NACA prepare a draft of the proposed National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) to be presented to Congress, but after the Germans invaded France in May 1940, Bush decided speed was important and approached President Franklin D. Roosevelt directly. Through the President's uncle, Frederic Delano , Bush managed to set up a meeting with Roosevelt on June 12, 1940, to which he brought

15048-464: The time. Bush preferred to quit rather than study a subject that did not interest him. Bush subsequently enrolled in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) electrical engineering program. Spurred by the need for enough financial security to marry, he submitted his thesis, entitled Oscillating-Current Circuits: An Extension of the Theory of Generalized Angular Velocities, with Applications to

15180-408: The top ten institutional shareholders of Raytheon are Wellington Management Company , Vanguard Group , State Street Corporation , Barrow, Hanley, Mewhinney & Strauss, BlackRock Institutional Trust Company, BlackRock Advisors, Bank of America , Bank of New York Mellon , Deutsche Bank and Macquarie Group . Raytheon provides electronics, mission systems integration and other capabilities in

15312-740: The war period; Bush was calling for its closure even before the war had ended. During the war, the OSRD had issued contracts as it had seen fit, with just eight organizations accounting for half of its spending. MIT was the largest to receive funds, with its obvious ties to Bush and his close associates. Efforts to obtain legislation exempting the OSRD from the usual government conflict of interest regulations failed, leaving Bush and other OSRD principals open to prosecution. Bush therefore pressed for OSRD to be wound up as soon as possible. With its dissolution, Bush and others had hoped that an equivalent peacetime government research and development agency would replace

15444-540: The war, Bowen would again try to create a rival to the NDRC inside the navy. On August 31, 1940, Bush met with Henry Tizard , and arranged a series of meetings between the NDRC and the Tizard Mission , a British scientific delegation. At a meeting On September 19, 1940, the Americans described Loomis and Compton's microwave research. They had an experimental 10 cm wavelength short wave radar, but admitted that it did not have enough power and that they were at

15576-538: The world better in the years before and after World War II. In May 1938, Bush accepted a prestigious appointment as president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW), which had been founded in Washington, D.C. Also known as the Carnegie Institution for Science, it had an endowment of $ 33 million, and annually spent $ 1.5 million in research, most of which was carried out at its eight major laboratories. Bush became its president on January 1, 1939, with

15708-559: The year ahead. However, Congress was not convinced of its value, and Bush had to appear before the Senate Appropriations Committee on April 5, 1939. It was a frustrating experience for Bush, since he had never appeared before Congress before, and the senators were not swayed by his arguments. Further lobbying was required before funding for the new center, now known as the Ames Research Center ,

15840-739: Was "one of the most important, able men I ever knew". Bush's relationship with the navy was more turbulent. Bowen, the director of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), saw the NDRC as a bureaucratic rival, and recommended abolishing it. A series of bureaucratic battles ended with the NRL placed under the Bureau of Ships , and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox placing an unsatisfactory fitness report in Bowen's personnel file. After

15972-572: Was a hypothetical adjustable microfilm viewer with a structure analogous to that of hypertext . The memex and Bush's 1945 essay " As We May Think " influenced generations of computer scientists, who drew inspiration from his vision of the future. Bush was appointed to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1938, and soon became its chairman. As chairman of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), and later director of OSRD, Bush coordinated

16104-430: Was based on Charles Smith's earlier astronomical research of the star Zeta Puppis . The electron tube was christened with the name Raytheon (a compound of Old French and Greek meaning 'light from the gods') and was used in a battery eliminator , a type of radio-receiver power supply that plugged into the power grid in place of large batteries . This made it possible to convert household alternating current to

16236-530: Was carried out, including important developments in radar and the initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project . He emphasized the importance of scientific research to national security and economic well-being, and was chiefly responsible for the movement that led to the creation of the National Science Foundation . Bush joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1919, and founded

16368-455: Was changed to the Section S-1. Bush met with Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace on October 9, 1941, to discuss the project. He briefed Roosevelt on Tube Alloys , the British atomic bomb project and its Maud Committee , which had concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible, and on the German nuclear energy project , about which little was known. Roosevelt approved and expedited

16500-855: Was finally approved. By this time, war had broken out in Europe, and the inferiority of American aircraft engines was apparent, in particular the Allison V-1710 which performed poorly at high altitudes and had to be removed from the P-51 Mustang in favor of the British Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. The NACA asked for funding to build a third center in Ohio, which became the Glenn Research Center . Following Ames's retirement in October 1939, Bush became chairman of

16632-566: Was initially permitted only over water, where a dud round could not fall into enemy hands. In late 1943, the Army obtained permission to use the weapon over land. The proximity fuze proved particularly effective against the V-1 flying bomb over England, and later Antwerp , in 1944. A version was also developed for use with howitzers against ground targets. Bush met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in October 1944 to press for its use, arguing that

16764-420: Was named after John Vannevar, an old friend of the family who had attended Tufts College with Perry. The family moved to Chelsea, Massachusetts , in 1892, and Bush graduated from Chelsea High School in 1909. He then attended Tufts College , like his father before him. A popular student, he was vice president of his sophomore class, and president of his junior class. During his senior year, he managed

16896-415: Was not delivered until 1938, when it was found to be unreliable in service. Nonetheless, it was an important step toward creating such a device. The reform of MIT's administration began in 1930, with the appointment of Karl T. Compton as president. Bush and Compton soon clashed over the issue of limiting the amount of outside consultancy by professors, a battle Bush quickly lost, but the two men soon built

17028-498: Was particularly disturbed at the allocation of an AA-3 priority, which would delay completion of the pilot plants by three months. Bush complained about these problems to Bundy and Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson . Major General Brehon B. Somervell , the commander of the army's Services of Supply , appointed Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves as project director in September. Within days of taking over, Groves approved

17160-568: Was renamed the Genetics Record Office, its funding was drastically cut, and it was closed completely in 1944. Senator Robert Reynolds attempted to get Laughlin reinstated, but Bush informed the trustees that an inquiry into Laughlin would "show him to be physically incapable of directing an office, and an investigation of his scientific standing would be equally conclusive." Bush wanted the institute to concentrate on hard science . He gutted Carnegie's archeology program, setting

17292-592: Was the third-largest defense contractor in the United States by defense revenue . It was the world's largest producer of guided missiles , and was involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007. In 2018, the company had around 67,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of about US$ 25.35 billion. Over the years, Raytheon shifted its headquarters among various Massachusetts locations: Cambridge from 1922 to 1928; Newton until 1941; Waltham until 1961; and finally, Lexington until 2003. In 1922, Vannevar Bush , scientist and professor in

17424-486: Was utterly destroyed in the subsequent collapse of the South Tower. In November 2007, Raytheon purchased Sarcos for an undisclosed sum, seeking to expand into robotics research and production. In September 2009, Raytheon purchased Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. as a wholly owned subsidiary. In December 2010, Applied Signal Technology agreed to be acquired by Raytheon for $ 490 million. In October 2014, Raytheon beat rivals Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman for

#616383