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38-398: ANSCA may refer to: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Corona Labs Inc. , a venture-backed mobile software company formerly known as Ansca Mobile Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ANSCA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

76-447: A freeze on land transfers remained in effect. In 1966, Emil Notti called for a statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee. The historic meeting was held October 18, 1966 - on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia. Notti presided over the three-day conference as it discussed matters of land recommendations, claims committees, and political challenges

114-663: A pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez . At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, but a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, could not be granted until the Native claims were settled. Hearings were held for the first time before the United States House 's Subcommittee on Indian Affairs in July 1968. Among those who attended

152-560: A second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN), and a new full-time President, Emil Notti. AFN went on to profoundly change the human rights and economic stability of the Alaska Native population. In 1967, Governor Walter Hickel summoned a group of Indigenous leaders and politicians to work out a settlement that would be satisfactory to Natives. The group met for ten days and asked for $ 20 million in exchange for requested lands. Among

190-515: A three-day conference to address Alaska Native aboriginal land rights. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay prompted Native leaders to push for a land claims settlement with unprecedented urgency. It was officially incorporated on January 8, 1970. From 1966 to 1971, AFN worked primarily to achieve passage of a just and fair land settlement. On December 18, 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)

228-496: Is a representative list of village and urban corporations created under ANCSA: Alaska Federation of Natives The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) is the largest statewide Native organization in the state of Alaska , United States . Its membership includes 178 villages (both federally recognized tribes and village corporations), thirteen regional native corporations, and twelve regional nonprofit and tribal consortiums that contract and run federal and state programs. AFN

266-450: Is blanketed with discussion on current events and issues. International observers are present at most meetings, both exchanging information and learning from the Alaska Native experience. Each year the convention adopts a theme. Their traditional dances remain the lifeblood of their culture and their communities: they sustain them and connect them with their rich cultural history. Passed from generation to generation, their dances ensure that

304-469: Is governed by a 37-member board, which is elected by its membership at the annual convention held each October. The mission of AFN is to enhance and promote the cultural, economic and political voice of the entire Alaska native community. The Alaska Federation of Natives was formed in October 1966, when Emil Notti called the gathering of 400 Alaska Natives representing 17 Native organizations gathered for

342-591: The National Council on Indian Opportunity , headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew , which included eight Native leaders: Frank Belvin (Choctaw), Bergt (Iñupiat), Betty Mae Jumper (Seminole), Earl Old Person (Blackfeet), John C. Rainer (Taos Pueblo), Martin Seneca Jr. (Seneca), Harold Shunk (Yankton-Sioux), and Joseph C. "Lone Eagle" Vasquez (Apache-Sioux). During the state administration of Governor William A. Egan positions were staked out upon which

380-748: The Tanana Chiefs Conference ; and Don Wright , president of the Alaska Federation of Natives a week later. That meeting held on March 12, marked a turning-point in negotiations with the various parties. The proposed settlement terms faced challenges in both houses but found a strong ally in Senator Henry M. Jackson from Washington state . The most controversial issues that continued to hold up approval were methods for determining land selection by Alaska Natives and financial distribution. With major petroleum dollars on

418-663: The AFN and other stakeholders could largely agree. Native leaders, in addition to Alaska's congressional delegation and the state's newly elected Governor Egan, eventually reached the basis for presenting an agreement to Congress. Bergt attended a March 1971 conference of the National Congress of American Indians in Kansas City, Missouri and was able to persuade Agnew there to meet with national officials, herself, Christiansen, an Alaska State Senator; Al Ketzler , chair of

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456-405: The act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of Native territory. As a result, nearly 104.5 million acres (423,000 km ) from the public domain would eventually be transferred to

494-406: The act would have in getting through congress. Many respected politicians and businessmen attended the meeting and delegates were astonished at the attention which they received from well-known political figures of the state. The growing presence and political importance of Natives was evidenced when members were able to gain election to seven of the sixty seats in the legislature. When the group met

532-521: The annual convention typically exceed 95%. 3,000 to 4,000 people attend each year, including 1,000 voting delegates from across the state and the proceedings are broadcast live via television, radio and webcast reaching Alaska Natives and non-Natives alike from Russia , Utqiaġvik , Ketchikan , and from the Aleutian Chain to the Canada–US border . During the convention, the entire state of Alaska

570-670: The beginning that a settlement could be achieved   .... My memories of the Congressional action as ANCSA took shape aren't of a battle as much as they are of long hours of tough, hard negotiating, often two steps forward and one step back   .... In 1971, barely one million acres of land in Alaska were in private hands. ANCSA, together with section 6 of Alaska Statehood Act , which the new act allowed to come to fruition, affected ownership to about 148.5 million acres (601,000 km ) of land in Alaska once wholly controlled by

608-441: The corporations were managed properly, they could make profits that would enable individuals to stay, rather than having to leave Native villages to find better work. This was intended to help preserve Native culture. Alaska Natives had three years from passage of ANCSA to make land selections of the 44 million acres (180,000 km ) granted under the act. In some cases Native corporations received outside aid in surveying

646-576: The disputed lands. Offers went back and forth, with each rejecting the other's proposals. The AFN wanted rights to land, while then-Governor Keith Miller believed Natives did not have legitimate claims to state land in light of the provisions of the Alaska Statehood Act . On July 8, 1970, Nixon delivered a speech reversing the Indian termination policy in favor of allowing tribal self-determination . The following month, he established

684-566: The federal government. That is larger by 6 million acres (24,000 km ) than the combined areas of Maine , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland and Virginia . When the bill passed in 1971, it included provisions that had never before been attempted in previous United States settlements with Native Americans. The newly passed Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act created twelve Native regional economic development corporations. Each corporation

722-675: The fight, would later remark: ANCSA was my baptism of fire as a Senator from Alaska   .... It didn't occur to me that some Senators had the opportunity to ease into their jobs. Life in the Senate for me was fast-paced from the beginning   .... With my experience working in the Department of the Interior and with the Statehood Act, and my faith in the determination and unity of purpose of Alaska's Native people, I believed from

760-536: The freeze which had been placed on land patents to allow oil exploration was lifted. In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states , the oil companies proposed building

798-444: The hearings were officials and legislators, as well as Laura Bergt , Roger Connor, Thoda Forslund, Cliff Groh, Barry Jackson, Flore Lekanof, Notti, and Morris Thompson. In 1969, President Nixon appointed Hickel as Secretary of the Interior . The Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) protested against Hickel's nomination, but he was eventually confirmed. He worked with the AFN, negotiating with Native leaders and state government over

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836-612: The land by transferring titles to twelve Alaska Native regional corporations and over 200 local village corporations. A thirteenth regional corporation was later created for Alaska Natives who no longer resided in Alaska . The act is codified in chapter 33 of title 43 of the US Code . When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of

874-666: The land claims it has made under ANCSA. The state is entitled to a total of 104.5 million acres (423,000 km ) under the terms of the Statehood Act. Originally the state had 25 years after passage of the Alaska Statehood Act to file claims under section 6 of the act with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Amendments to ANCSA extended that deadline until 1994, with the expectation that BLM would complete processing of land transfers subject to overlapping Native claims by 2009. Nonetheless, some Native and state selections under ANCSA remained unresolved as late as December 2014. There

912-952: The land. For instance, Doyon, Limited (one of the 13 regional corporations ) was helped by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska . The Institute determined which land contained resources such as minerals and coal. NASA similarly provided satellite imagery to aid in Native corporations finding areas most suited for vegetation and their traditional subsistence culture. The imagery showed locations of caribou and moose, as well as forests with marketable timber. In total about 7 million acres (28,000 km ) were analyzed for Doyon. Natives were able to choose tens of thousands of acres of land rich with timber while Doyon used mineral analysis to attract businesses. The state of Alaska to date has been granted approximately 85% or 90 million acres (360,000 km ) of

950-428: The law, often recognizing existing leadership. Alaskan officials were originally divided on the bill, though by 1970, with Interior Secretary Walter Hickel , Governor William Egan , Representative Nick Begich & Senators Ted Stevens & Mike Gravel all backing the bill, the opposition died down. Stevens was particularly strongminded, and was key in the bill's passage. Stevens, a freshman Senator for most of

988-597: The line, pressure mounted to achieve a definitive legislative resolution at the federal level. In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law by President Nixon. It abrogated Native claims to aboriginal lands except those that are the subject of the law. In return, Natives retained up to 44 million acres (180,000 km ) of land and were paid $ 963 million. The land and money were to be divided among regional, urban, and village tribal corporations established under

1026-434: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANSCA&oldid=932690008 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act The settlement established Alaska Native claims to

1064-455: The many distinct Native cultures across Alaska remain connected to their origins. For over 20 years, Alaska Natives have come together in dance to celebrate Quyana Alaska during AFN’s Annual Convention. First introduced at the 1982 Convention, Quyana Alaska was designed to restore the traditional dances and ensure that they were passed on to the future generations. To date, over 200 different dance groups have performed at Native gatherings across

1102-438: The other task force proposals were an outright grant of 1,000 acres per native village resident; a revenue-sharing program for state land claims and national mineral development projects; secured hunting and fishing rights on public lands; and a Native Commission to administrate state and federal compliance with the provisions of the claims settlement. They proposed receiving 10% of federal mineral lease revenue for ten years, once

1140-495: The overall society. The mission of AFN is to enhance and promote the cultural, economic and political voice of the entire Alaska Native community. AFN’s major goals are to: AFN's convention is the largest representative annual gathering in the United States of any Native peoples. Delegates are elected on a population formula of one representative per twenty-five Native residents in the area and delegate participation rates at

1178-445: The provisions of the act were not voted on by indigenous populations. One native described it as a social and political experiment. Critics have also argued that Natives so feared massacre or incarceration that they offered no resistance to the act. Others have argued that the settlement was arguably the most generous afforded by the United States to a Native group. They note that some of the largest and most profitable corporations in

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1216-1050: The state are the twelve created by ANCSA. Other critics attacked the act as "Native welfare" and such complaints continue to be expressed. The corporation system has been critiqued, as in some cases stockholders have sold land to outside corporations that have leveled forests and extracted minerals. But supporters of the system argue that it has provided economic benefits for indigenous peoples that outweigh these problems. The following thirteen regional corporations were created under ANCSA: Additionally, most regions and some villages have created their own nonprofits providing social services and health care through grant funding and federal compacts. The objectives of these nonprofits are varied, but focus generally on cultural and educational activities. These include scholarships for Native students, sponsorship of cultural and artistic events, preservation efforts for Native languages, and protection of sites with historic or religious importance. ANCSA created about 224 village and urban corporations. Below

1254-491: The state level, AFN plays an active role in the legislative process, promoting laws, policies and programs in areas such as health, education, resource development, labor and government. Alaska Native or Native Alaskan people began as members of full sovereign nations and continue to enjoy a unique political relationship with the federal government. AFN will help Native Alaskan people survive and prosper as distinct ethnic and cultural groups who will participate fully as members of

1292-410: The state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups. It

1330-416: Was against this backdrop that the original language for a land claims settlement was developed. A 9.2-magnitude earthquake struck the state in 1964. Recovery efforts drew the attention of the federal government. The Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska decided that Natives should receive $ 100 million and 10% of revenue as a royalty. Nothing was done with this proposal, however, and

1368-506: Was associated with a specific region of Alaska and the Natives who had traditionally lived there. This innovative approach to native settlements engaged the tribes in corporate capitalism. The idea originated with the AFN, who believed that the Natives would have to become a part of the capitalist system in order to survive. As stockholders in these corporations, the Natives could earn some income and stay in their traditional villages. If

1406-464: Was largely positive reaction to ANCSA, although not entirely. The act was supported by Natives as well as non-Natives, and likewise enjoyed bipartisan support. Natives were heavily involved in the legislative process, and the final draft of the act used many AFN ideas. Some Natives have argued that ANCSA has hastened cultural genocide of Alaska Natives. Some Natives critiqued ANCSA as an illegitimate treaty since only tribal leaders were involved and

1444-621: Was signed into law. In the early- and mid-1970s, AFN provided technical assistance to help Alaska Natives implement ANCSA and set up the corporations mandated by the Act. AFN was instrumental in the development and passage of federal laws including the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980, and the 1987 Amendments to ANCSA (the "1991 legislation"). In the late 1980s, AFN turned its attention to social, tribal and economic issues. At

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