105-653: Charles Duguid OBE (6 April 1884 – 5 December 1986) was a Scottish -born medical practitioner, social reformer , Presbyterian lay leader and Aboriginal rights campaigner who lived in Adelaide, South Australia for most of his adult life, and recorded his experience working among the Aboriginal Australians in a number of books. He founded the Ernabella mission station in the far north of South Australia . The Pitjantjatjara people gave him
210-700: A "vital component of Australian society". The organisation continued until 2008. According to the Trove catalogue entry for the State Library of South Australia (SLSA) holdings, "The original 1949 constitution named the League as 'Aborigines Advancement League'. A new constitution was drafted in the 1990s and the name was changed to 'Aboriginal Advancement League' ". Minutes of the Aborigines Advancement League from 1950 to 2008 exist in
315-543: A GBE (in recognition of his role as chairman of the Scottish War Savings Committee) and the award of medal of the order to Lizzie Robinson, a munitions worker. The order had been established primarily as a civilian award; in August 1918, however, not long after its foundation, a number of awards were made to serving naval and military personnel. Four months later, a 'Military Division' was added to
420-404: A broad riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commander and male Commanders wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; male Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest; female recipients other than Dames Grand Cross (unless in military uniform) normally wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. An oval eight-pointed star is worn, pinned to
525-553: A burning building containing explosives. In December 1922 the statutes of the order were amended; there having been a large number of awards for war work prior to this date, these amended statutes placed the order on more of a peacetime footing. For the first time numbers of appointments were limited, with the stipulation that senior awards in the Civil Division were to outnumber those in the Military Division by
630-453: A circlet bearing the motto of the Order; the reverse bears George V's Royal and Imperial Cypher. (Prior to 1937 Britannia was shown within the circlet.) The size of the badges varies according to rank: the higher classes have slightly larger badges. The badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames Commander, and Commanders are enamelled, with pale blue crosses, crimson circlets and
735-466: A citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, and they then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order, including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. (An example of the latter is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan , who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005, and on successful application for British citizenship, held alongside his Irish citizenship,
840-443: A gold central medallion. Officers' badges are plain silver-gilt, while those of Members are plain silver. From 1917 until 1937, the badge of the order was suspended on a purple ribbon, with a red central stripe being added for the military division in 1918. Since 1937, the ribbon has been rose-pink with pearl-grey edges (with the addition of a pearl-grey central stripe for the military division). Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on
945-583: A meeting in Adelaide Town Hall after their return from a visit to the mission, resulting in new members, World War II intervened as a higher priority. In 1938, Sydney activists Jack Patten and others were staging protests in Sydney . In Adelaide, a group of non-Aboriginal women representing other organisations, initiated and presided over by Phyllis Duguid, formed a new association, the League for
1050-492: A proportion of six to one. Furthermore appointments in the civil division were to be divided equally between UK and overseas awards. With regard to the Medal of the Order (but not the order itself), a distinction was made in 1922 between awards 'for gallantry' and awards 'for meritorious service' (each being appropriately inscribed, and the former having laurel leaves decorating the clasp, the latter oak leaves). In 1933 holders of
1155-493: A request to perform some emergency surgery there and stayed on for three weeks. He was appalled at the way Aboriginal people were treated there and by their poor living conditions. He visited Pastor Friedrich Albrecht and met Albert Namatjira , with whom he became friends, at Hermannsburg Mission . In 1937, Duguid helped to found Ernabella Mission in the Musgrave Ranges of South Australia. He lectured and spoke in
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#17327913376851260-548: A suburb east of Adelaide . He set up a GP practice and also worked as a surgeon at the Memorial Hospital, North Adelaide . He also became an active member of local branches of several organisations doing charitable work for ex-servicemen and -women, the Returned Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Imperial League of Australia (RSL), Legacy Australia and Toc H . The family, now with son Charles, moved to Britain for
1365-597: A temporary government home as a base for meetings at Taperoo . Cooper's male friends who joined included former residents of St Francis House , including Gordon Briscoe , Charlie Perkins , Jerry Hill, and many others. The APA established the Aboriginal Education Foundation, which helped to support Aboriginal students through secondary school and tertiary education , including Lois O'Donoghue , Margaret Lawrie and Maude Tongerie , who also engaged in political activism. The group broke up in
1470-473: A while for Duguid to undertake further medical studies, but his first wife Irene died on the return journey. In 1927 he met Phyllis Evelyn Lade , through his connection to her mother, when he was serving as councillor (1922-1934) and she an English teacher at Presbyterian Girls College . They married in 1930 at the Methodist Church in the inner Adelaide suburb of Kent Town . Also in 1930, Duguid
1575-592: A white man by Aboriginal people at Brooks Soak, in the former Territory of Central Australia (now the Northern Territory), leading to what became known as the Coniston massacre , when police shot between 31 and 200 Aboriginal people in punitive raids in 1928, sparked Duguid's interest in Aboriginal rights. In 1934 he headed to Darwin, but missed his connection from Alice Springs after responding to
1680-600: A year beyond school, until 1978. From 1978 to 1980 it became a boarding house for adult Aboriginal visitors to the city, after which it was leased to and later purchase by the Education Department. On 14 February 1958, a three-day conference began in Willard Hall , in Wakefield Street, Adelaide, attended by 12 delegates from nine Aboriginal rights and welfare leagues and 12 observers, hosted by
1785-541: Is a large section of land known as "Dr Kent's Paddock", much of which is now part of Prince Alfred College grounds. The social housing known as "Dr Kent's Paddock Housing Complex", facing 3-57 Capper Street and 28-48 Rundle Street and comprising 114 homes, was designed by Newell Platten, Chief Architect at the SA Housing Trust , and built by the Housing Trust in two stages, the first in 1978–9 and
1890-516: Is an image of Britannia surrounded by the motto, with the words "For Meritorious Service" at the bottom; on the reverse is George V's Imperial and Royal Cypher, with the words "Instituted by King George V" at the bottom. The name of the recipient is engraved on the rim. This medal is nicknamed "the Gong", and comes in both full-sized and miniature versions – the latter for formal white-tie and semi-formal black-tie occasions. A lapel pin for everyday wear
1995-835: Is an inner suburb of Adelaide , South Australia . It is located in the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters local government area. Kent Town was named for Benjamin Archer Kent (1808 – 25 November 1864), a medical practitioner of Walsall , Staffordshire, who emigrated to South Australia aboard Warrior , arriving in April 1840 with his wife Marjory Redman Kent, née Bonnar, and two children, Benjamin Andrew Kent, and Graham Eliza Kent, who in 1848 married Frederick Charles Bayer (died 15 August 1867). Hydraulic engineer C. A. Bayer and architect E. H. Bayer were sons. Another son, Tom,
2100-973: Is not a member of the College of Arms , as are many other heraldic officers; and the Lady Usher of the Purple Rod does not – unlike the Order of the Garter equivalent, the Lady Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords . Since the Second World War, several Commonwealth realms have established their own national system of honours and awards and have created their own unique orders, decorations and medals. A number, though, continue to make recommendations for appointments to
2205-679: The First Australian Imperial Force . He first worked in the Middle East , treating casualties in the Australian Light Horse , and then on a hospital ship before leaving the service in October 1917. He wrote two books about his experiences, before returning to Scotland in 1919 for post-graduate study and to earn his surgical fellowship. Upon return from Scotland, Duguid bought a house at Magill ,
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#17327913376852310-676: The Northern Territory . He was also involved with the Anti-Slavery Society , which in 1909 merged with the Aborigines' Protection Society . In addition to these, he had some involvement with the organisations described below. He and his wife Phyllis led much of the work to improve the status of Aboriginal people in South Australia during the mid-twentieth century. Duguid was appointed a founding member of
2415-559: The Order of Canada . On the other hand, the Australian Honours System unilaterally created in 1975 did not achieve bi-partisan support until 1992, which was when Australian federal and state governments agreed to cease Australian recommendations for British honours; the last Australian recommended Order of the British Empire appointments were in the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours . New Zealand continued to use
2520-709: The South Australian Government 's Aborigines Protection Board in 1940, after the Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1939 created this entity, which was "charged with the duty of controlling and promoting the welfare" of Aboriginal people (which included anyone descended from an Aboriginal person). "It replaced the office of the Chief Protector of Aborigines and the Advisory Council of Aborigines, and took over
2625-702: The South Australian Heritage Register under the Heritage Places Act 1993 . The listing was confirmed on 19 November, after environment minister Susan Close backed the submission. The gardens include an old pepper tree . As of November 2023 , there are 20 state and local heritage-listed places in the Kent Town portion of Rundle Street. The 2016 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics measured
2730-903: The Sunday Mail blanket drive and organising a Christmas tree in Bonython Park each year. After the disbandment of the APA, the Aboriginal Cultural Centre amalgamated with CAWSA, with Elphick as first president of the ACC, which still continues as Numkuwarrin Yunti of South Australia. Duguid helped to found the Australian branch of the English-Speaking Union , and was chairman from 1932 to 1935. In 1935, he
2835-652: The University of Glasgow , where he gained MA in 1905 and MBChB (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) in 1909. After graduation, Duguid worked as a doctor in Glasgow , but in 1911 he signed on as ship's medical officer on a voyage to Australia and home again. He met his future wife, Irene Isabella Young, aboard, and they became engaged and decided to live in Australia. Back in Scotland, he worked amongst
2940-674: The University of South Australia and Flinders University ). Charles Duguid was born at Eglinton Street in Saltcoats , Ayrshire , the son of Charles Duguid, a teacher, and Jane Snodgrass Kinnier, daughter of Robert S. Kinnier, a surgeon, sister of Captain Douglas Reid Kinnier . He attended Ardrossan Academy, where his father was Headmaster between 1882 and 1889, and the High School in Glasgow, before studying medicine at
3045-546: The civil service . It comprises five classes of awards across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or a dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. The order was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V , who created the order to recognise 'such persons, male or female, as may have rendered or shall hereafter render important services to Our Empire'. Equal recognition
3150-640: The honorific Tjilpi , meaning "respected old man". He and his wife Phyllis Duguid , also an Aboriginal rights campaigner as well as women's rights activist , led much of the work on improving the lives of Aboriginal people in South Australia in the mid-twentieth century. The Duguids' legacies include the Duguid Indigenous Endowment Fund at The Australian National University and the Biennial Duguid Memorial Lecture series (held in alternate years at
3255-528: The 1970s, its members helping to establish the Aboriginal Cultural Centre. In 1966, after Elphick clashed with Laurie Bryan and others became disillusioned with the Progress Association (which they said was run mainly by white people), she and a group of Aboriginal women broke away and formed the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia (CAWSA). Maude Tongerie was a co-founder, and some of
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3360-473: The 21st century quotas were introduced to ensure consistent representation among recipients across nine categories of eligibility: with the largest proportion of awards being reserved for community, voluntary and local service. Non-military awards of the British Empire Medal resumed in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee . In 2017 the centenary of
3465-570: The AALSA became a platform for Aboriginal voices. People like Lowitja O'Donoghue and other former Colebrook Home residents joined the League in the early 1950s, to fight for entry into professions such as teaching and nursing for the women, and apprenticeships for the men. O'Donoghue, Grace Lester , Muriel Brumbie , and Faith Coulthard had all applied to train as nurses at the Royal Adelaide Hospital and been turned down. Duguid
3570-463: The AALSA. The meeting culminated in the foundation of the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement , designed to unite existing lobby groups, with a goal to help "the Aboriginal people of Australia to become self-reliant, self-supporting members of the community". This was the first national body representing Aboriginal interests. Duguid, one of the oldest members and then president of AALSA,
3675-569: The Aboriginal Affairs Advisory Board, which focused on attaining full citizenship, was created as a replacement body. In 1925, Joseph Charles Genders, a wealthy accountant and publisher, proposed the idea of a "Model Aboriginal State" in Northern Territory , and formed the Aborigines' Protection League to give support to his idea after failing to garner support from the Aborigines' Friends' Association . His idea
3780-403: The Aboriginal members of the AALSA left to join the APA. O'Donaghue reported that she and others, including Gladys Elphick , joined the new group because they felt the need for an all-Aboriginal group, but without any ill-feeling towards the League or Duguid. Other members included Aileen Cooper's sister Nancy Brumby and several of her sisters and female friends, and other family friends. APA had
3885-681: The Aborigines Advancement League Inc. S.A. and often referred to as the Aboriginal Advancement League of South Australia) was deregistered as a company in 1995. It was revived by 1998 as the Aborigines Advancement League South Australia, which by 2001 had changed its name to Aboriginal Advancement League South Australia which was incorporated on 15 Apr. 2002.". One outcome of the meeting in
3990-792: The British Empire . Rather than using this chapel, the Order now holds its great services upstairs in the nave of the cathedral. In addition to the Chapel of the Order of the British Empire, St Paul's Cathedral also houses the Chapel of the Order of St Michael and St George . Religious services for the whole Order are held every four years; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir , and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame , to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when
4095-494: The British Empire for Gallantry. Any individual made a member of the order for gallantry after 14 January 1958 wears an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same ribbon as the badge, with a miniature version on the ribbon bar when worn alone. When the ribbon only is worn the emblem is worn in miniature. It could not be awarded posthumously , and was replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM). If recipients of
4200-738: The British proposal to test guided weapons over South Australia from a base to be built at Woomera in the Central Australian Desert. Concerned about the impact of the rocket range on the inhabitants of the Central Australian reserves, Duguid criticised the scheme at public meetings in Adelaide and, with Donald Thomson , in Melbourne led the 1947 campaign against the rocket-testing program. He worked hard to inform
4305-600: The League and a big boost in funds for the hostel. AALSA, led by the Duguids, was responsible organising a petition to change the SA Police Offences Act 1953 , resulting in a repeal of the "consorting clause", which made it an offence for a non-Aboriginal person to "habitually consort" with an Aboriginal person, in 1958. In the wake of the 1967 referendum , Aboriginal people increasingly took control of their own affairs. In Victoria, non-Aboriginal members of
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4410-824: The Military Division of the order from the UK and across the Empire. Recommendations for all appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the King's United Kingdom ministers (recommendations for overseas awards were made by the Foreign Office , the Colonial Office , the India Office and the Dominions Office ); but in the early 1940s the system was changed to enable
4515-436: The Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves; however, they used only the post-nominal letters of the higher grade. When the order was founded in 1917, badges, ribands and stars were appointed for wear by recipients. In 1929 mantles, hats and collars were added for recipients of
4620-456: The Order of the British Empire. In 2024 appointments to the order were made by the governments of: Most members of the order are citizens of the United Kingdom or Commonwealth realms that use the UK system of honours and awards. In addition, honorary awards may be made to citizens of nations where the monarch is not head of state ; these permit use of post-nominal letters, but not the title of Sir or Dame . Honorary appointees who later become
4725-404: The Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, only wives and children of male recipients are afforded privileges. Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to be granted heraldic supporters . They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of
4830-476: The Protection and Advancement of Aboriginal and Half-caste Women . When the Aborigines' Protection League disbanded in 1946, it donated its remaining funds to the women's organisation, which then opened membership to men and became known as the Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia (AALSA), or possibly just Aborigines' Advancement League (AAL), in 1950. Duguid was president from 1951 to 1961 (and Phyllis held this role from 1966 to 1971). Under his presidency
4935-446: The SLSA, and there is a typescript entitled History of the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia by Phyllis Duguid, dated 1969. The AALSA published a Newsletter from 1959 to at least 1978; from 1997 to 2008, the publication was given the name Advancement . The Libraries Australia authority record for the organisation gives this information: "Formed in 1953, the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia (also known as
5040-430: The Town Hall was the establishment of the Wiltja Hostel in November 1956, at 17 East Avenue in the Adelaide suburb of Millswood . ( Wiltja is a Pitjantjatjara word for a type of open shelter, built for protection from the sun.) Also known as the Aborigines Advancement League Hostel and the Millswood Girls' Home, it provided accommodation for Aboriginal girls who were attending secondary school in Adelaide, and often for
5145-432: The United Kingdom as well as Australia and New Zealand about the conditions of the Australian Aboriginal people. Duguid was active in several organisations concerned with the advancement of Aboriginal rights, such as the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights (CAR), which was founded at a meeting in Melbourne on 16 March 1951, addressed by Duguid, and also the Association for the Protection of Native Races , relating to
5250-414: The United Kingdom; those who would formerly have met the criteria for the medal were instead made eligible for the MBE. In 2004, a report entitled A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System by a Commons select committee recommended phasing out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of
5355-523: The Victorian Aborigines Advancement League had to resign in 1969. A 1974 seminar run by the AALSA on the question "Do Aborigines need White help?" produced a range of views. In 1998, the AALSA Committee said in the newsletter that the society, dating back to the time of Duguid, had always had a strong commitment to education and human rights for Aboriginal people, and that it would continue in this tradition, focusing on land rights , language maintenance and for recognition and respect for Aboriginal culture as
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#17327913376855460-450: The addition of a vertical pearl grey stripe in the centre for awards in the military division). From time to time the order was expanded: there was an increase in the maximum permitted number of recipients in 1933, and a further increase in 1937. During the Second World War, as had been the case during and after World War I, the number of military awards was greatly increased; between 1939 and 1946 there were more than 33,000 appointments to
5565-402: The age of 102. He was buried at Ernabella. A plaque honouring Duguid was laid in the Jubilee 150 Walkway in North Terrace, Adelaide . Officer of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside
5670-413: The cathedral. That year, Commonwealth awards made up 40% of all OBEs and MBEs awarded (and 35% of all living recipients of the higher awards). Gradually that proportion reduced as independent states within the Commonwealth established their own systems of honours . The last Canadian recommendation for the Order of the British Empire was an MBE for gallantry gazetted in 1966, a year before the creation of
5775-418: The circlet. In 1929, to bring the order into line with the other orders of chivalry, members of the first class of the order (GBE) were provided with mantles, hats and collars. Only Knights/Dames Grand Cross wear these elaborate vestments; the hat is now rarely, if ever, worn. Use of the mantle is limited to important occasions (such as quadrennial services and coronations ). The mantle is always worn with
5880-444: The collar. Although the mantle was introduced in 1929, very few mantles would have been produced prior to the 1937 design changes, as there were few occasions for wearing them in the intervening years. On certain days designated by the sovereign, known as " collar days ", members attending formal events may wear the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, evening wear or robes of office. Collars are returned upon
5985-479: The country's population". The committee further suggested changing the name of the award to the Order of British Excellence, and changing the rank of Commander to Companion (as the former was said to have a "militaristic ring"), as well as advocating for the abolition of knighthoods and damehoods; the government, however, was not of the opinion that a case for change had been made, and the aforementioned suggestions and recommendations were not, therefore, pursued. In
6090-403: The death of their owners, but other insignia may be retained. The six office-holders of the order wear pearl-grey mantles lined with rose-pink, having on the right side a purple shield charged with the roundel from the badge. Each of these office-holders wears a unique badge of office, suspended from a gold chain worn around the neck. The British Empire Medal is made of silver. On the obverse
6195-445: The distinction between ranks in military operational gallantry awards will cease'. The reforms affected the order at various levels: for example the automatic award each year of a GBE to the Lord Mayor of London ceased; the OBE replaced the Imperial Service Order as an award for civil servants and the number of MBEs awarded each year was significantly increased. As part of these reforms the British Empire Medal stopped being awarded by
6300-403: The former was to be responsible for recording all proceedings connected with the order, issuing warrants under the seal of the order and making arrangements for investitures, while the latter (at that time the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury ) was responsible for collecting and tabulating the names of those who were to receive an award. The office of Dean was added in 1957. The King of Arms
6405-401: The governments of overseas dominions to make their own nominations; Canada and South Africa began doing so in 1942, followed by Australia, New Zealand and other Commonwealth realms. In May 1957, forty years after the foundation of the order, it was announced that St Paul's Cathedral was to serve as the church of the order, and in 1960 a chapel was dedicated for its use within the crypt of
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#17327913376856510-450: The highest class of the order (GBE). The designs of all these items underwent major changes in 1937. The badge is worn by all members of the order; the size, colour and design depends on the class of award. The badge for all classes is in the form of a cross patonce (having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end) with a medallion in the centre, the obverse of which bears a crowned image of George V and Queen Mary within
6615-536: The honours system, calling it "a preposterous charade". The order has attracted some criticism for its naming having connection with the idea of the now-extinct British Empire . Benjamin Zephaniah , a British poet of Jamaican and Barbadian descent, publicly rejected appointment as an Officer in 2003 because, he asserted, it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality". He also said that "it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised". Kent Town, South Australia Kent Town
6720-446: The insignia to Buckingham Palace and by ceasing to make reference to their honour, but they still hold the honour unless and until annulled by the monarch. In 2003, The Sunday Times published a list of the people who had rejected the Order of the British Empire, including David Bowie , John Cleese , Nigella Lawson , Elgar Howarth , L. S. Lowry , George Melly , and J. G. Ballard . In addition, Ballard voiced his opposition to
6825-468: The junior post-nominal letters. The British sovereign is the sovereign of the order and appoints all other officers of the order (by convention, on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms ). The second-most senior officer is the Grand Master (a 'Prince of the Blood Royal, or other exalted personage' appointed by the sovereign, who, by virtue of their appointment, becomes 'the First or Principal Knight Grand Cross of
6930-457: The latter. Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. See List of current honorary knights and dames of the Order of the British Empire Only the monarch can annul an honour. The Honours Forfeiture Committee considers cases and makes recommendations for forfeiture. An individual can renounce their honour by returning
7035-463: The left breast, by Knights and Dames Grand Cross; Knights and Dames Commander wear a smaller star composed of 'four equal points and four lesser'. The star is not worn by the more junior classes. Prior to 1937 each star had in the centre a gold medallion with a figure of Britannia, surrounded by a crimson circlet inscribed with the motto of the order ('For God and the Empire'); since 1937 the effigies of King George V and Queen Mary have been shown within
7140-405: The medal 'for gallantry', which had come to be known as the Empire Gallantry Medal , were given permission to use the postnominal letters EGM (and at the same time to add a laurel branch emblem to the ribbon of the medal); however, in 1940, awards of the EGM ceased and all holders of the medal were instructed to exchange it for a new and more prestigious gallantry award: the George Cross . In 1941,
7245-439: The medal of the order 'for meritorious service' was renamed the British Empire Medal , and the following year its recipients were granted the right to use the postnominal letters BEM. During the war, the BEM came to be used to recognise acts of bravery which did not merit the award of a George Cross or George Medal , a use which continued until the introduction of the Queen's Gallantry Medal in 1974. The designs of insignia of
7350-449: The medal. The colour of the riband was also changed: twenty years earlier, prior to the order's establishment, Queen Mary had made it known that pink would be her preferred colour for the riband of the proposed new order, but, in the event, purple was chosen. Following her appointment as Grand Master of the order in 1936 a change was duly made and since 9 March 1937 the riband of the order has been 'rose pink edged with pearl grey’ (with
7455-421: The names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Male clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir (unless they were knighted before being ordained) as they do not receive the accolade (they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters ; dames do not receive the accolade, and therefore female clergy are free to use
7560-399: The numbers restricted to the order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British orders of chivalry, with more than 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders. From time to time, individuals may be promoted to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of
7665-620: The order alongside its own honours until the establishment of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 1996. Other Commonwealth realms have continued to use the Order of the British Empire alongside their own honours. In 1993 the Prime Minister, John Major , instituted a reform of the honours system with the aim 'that exceptional service or achievement will be more widely recognised; that greater importance will be given to voluntary service; that automatic honours will end; that
7770-408: The order and medal were altered in 1937, prior to the coronation of King George VI , 'in commemoration of the reign of King George V and Queen Mary, during which the Order was founded'. The figure of Britannia at the centre of the badge of the order was replaced with an image of the crowned heads of the late King and Queen Mary, and the words 'Instituted by King George V' were added to the reverse of
7875-409: The order was celebrated with a service at St Paul's Cathedral. The order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 officers and 1,464 members may be appointed per year. Foreign appointees, as honorary members, do not contribute to
7980-426: The order, to which serving personnel would in future be appointed. The classes were the same as for the Civil Division (as it was now termed), but military awards were distinguished by the addition of a central vertical red stripe to the purple riband of the civil awards. In 1920 appointment as an MBE 'for an act of gallantry' was granted for the first time, to Sydney Frank Blanck Esq, who had rescued an injured man from
8085-630: The other " Colebrook girls", including Lowitja O'Donoghue and Faith Coulthard, and Ruby Hammond from the Coorong, were actively involved with the Council. CAWSA worked closely with and received substantial support from the Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Working out of an office in Pirie Street , Adelaide, the did a lot of work to support Aboriginal women and children, running programs such as
8190-592: The population of Kent Town at 1,210 persons. By the 2021 Census, there were 1,443 persons recorded. They are predominantly male (56.7%), with a median age of 36. There were 303 families, with an average of 1.5 children per family. Around 43% of people aged 15 and above were tertiary-educated. People born in Australia accounted for 58.3%, with the next largest group (5.6%) born in England. More people (42.6%) had both parents born overseas than both in Australia (41.5%). Prince Alfred College , an independent school for boys
8295-662: The proposal, supporting instead the establishment of an Aboriginal reserve in Arnhem Land , in the north-eastern corner of the Northern Territory. By the early 1930s, few supported the Aboriginal State proposal, and in 1935 Duguid was elected president of the League, remaining in the position until 1946. The League under Duguid's leadership continued to emphasise the ability and rights of Aboriginal people to govern themselves and retain their culture, and it
8400-529: The public of the harmful effect that this program would have on those people still living traditionally nearby. Duguid resigned from the Aborigines Protection Board when it approved the proposal, but as a result of the protests a patrol officer, Walter MacDougall, was appointed at Woomera. His resignation made world headlines. The Aborigines Protection Board promoted assimilation, but by the 1950s, human rights ideas had changed, and in 1963
8505-512: The role of legal guardianship of all Aboriginal children". Other board members included J. B. Cleland and Constance Cooke . As part of his duties, Duguid inspected Aboriginal reserves throughout the State, noting abuses against Aboriginal people on pastoral properties and discrimination in education. He and Phyllis, with their two children and their fostered Aboriginal son, Sydney James Cook, visited Ernabella in 1946. Soon afterwards they heard of
8610-603: The same Order'). The position of Grand Master has been held by the following people: In addition to the sovereign and the grand master , the order has six further officers: At its foundation the order was served by three officers: the King of Arms, the Registrar & Secretary and the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod. In 1922 the Prelate was added, and the office of Registrar was separated from that of Secretary:
8715-475: The second in 1981. The medium-density complex includes a warehouse conversion of a former John Martin's warehouse built in 1912. According to a report by the SA Heritage Council released in 2022, the complex "is widely acknowledged as one of the best medium-density, cluster-housing urban infill developments built in South Australia during the late twentieth century". It is still owned by
8820-461: The standard of the George Medal (even though, as appointments to an order of chivalry, they were listed before it on the Order of Wear . In contrast to awards for meritorious service, which usually appear without a citation, there were often citations for gallantry awards, some detailed and graphic. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of
8925-505: The state government housing authority, now renamed Housing SA . The Australian Institute of Architects regards it as a good model of social housing, "designed with consideration of community, environmental performance, privacy and access to landscaped space". In early November 2023, after receiving 38 written submissions during the consultation period, the Heritage Council provisionally listed Dr Kent's Paddock Housing Complex in
9030-506: The title Dame . Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal GBE; Knights Commander, KBE; Dames Commander, DBE; Commanders, CBE; Officers, OBE; and Members, MBE. The post-nominal for the British Empire Medal is BEM. Members of all classes of the order are assigned positions in the order of precedence . Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of
9135-589: The titles Sir for men and Dame for women before their forenames, except with honorary awards. King George V founded the order to fill gaps in the British honours system : In particular, George V wished to create an order to honour the many thousands of individuals from across the Empire who had served in a variety of non-combat roles during the First World War . From its foundation the order consisted of five classes (GBE, KBE/DBE, CBE, OBE and MBE) and
9240-643: The very poor in mining villages, before emigrating to Australia in 1912, working his passage as medical officer once more. He and Irene married in Melbourne on 23 October 1912, then moved to Minyip , a small town in the Wimmera region of Victoria , where they lived before moving to Adelaide in 1914. In February 1917, during World War I , Duguid sailed for Egypt as a captain in the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps , as part of
9345-409: Was a breakaway group from AALSA, assisted in its formation by Laurie Bryan, a non-Aboriginal man who wanted to form an "all-Aboriginal" group, in 1964. Malcolm Cooper was a founding member, along with his wife Aileen, and also became president, while co-founder John Moriarty became vice-president of the organisation. Other founding members were Winnie Branson and her brother Vince Copley . Most of
9450-418: Was a kangaroo hunter, who went to live at the township of Yalata (now Fowlers Bay) on the west coast, and created a cluster of cottages named "Kent Town", which no longer exist. Kent established a flour mill and farm which failed financially and he was obliged to return to his profession to support his family. He sold his property at a handsome profit, repaid all his creditors and returned to England. He
9555-413: Was a significant milestone to bring together the disparate groups under an umbrella organisation; however, AALSA sought to disaffiliate from about 1959, achieving this in 1966, because it thought the federal organisation too focused on the state of Victoria . So most of the work continued to be undertaken by South Australian groups, many of them led by the Duguids. The Aborigines Progress Association (APA)
9660-484: Was during this time that he established Ernabella mission on the edge of the Central Aborigines Reserve. The mission stressed respect for Indigenous culture, and the League supported it through the 1930s. However, by 1939, the League's original members had reduced in number, mostly due to old age and death, and Duguid and honorary secretary E.R. Edwards carried on alone. Despite a surge of support at
9765-639: Was elected a fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons . He had two children, Andrew and Rosemary, with Phyllis. In 1944, Phyllis fostered a six-year-old Aboriginal boy, Sydney James Cook, who had been enrolled at King's College, Adelaide . He lived with the family until 1950 when he was sent to Roper River in the Northern Territory in order to benefit by growing up in an Aboriginal community. Duguid retired from his surgical and general medical practice in 1956, but later developed an interest in geriatric medicine. The murder of
9870-523: Was elected as the first president. Only groups which had "earned themselves the right to be considered seriously as organisations fighting on behalf of Aborigines" and some newer groups which had proven worthy were invited. Different lobby groups focused on different aspects of Aboriginal welfare or rights and members varied in composition, but they all desired to effect change. It was hard to measure success, but all contributed to changing public opinion to an acceptance that Aboriginal people deserved rights. It
9975-613: Was elected first lay Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of South Australia. In December 1935, the Duguids hosted 34 children over 6 weeks from the Colebrook Home in Quorn , at their home. From 1943 Duguid was a member, along with K. S. Isles , G. V. Portus and others, of Common Cause , a think tank contemplating the shape of a post-war society. He acted as president from c.1946–1948. From 1944 to 1960, he
10080-473: Was first announced at the end of December 2006, and is available to recipients of all levels of the order, as well as to holders of the British Empire Medal . The pin design is not unique to any level. The pin features the badge of the order, enclosed in a circle of ribbon of its colours of pink and grey. Lapel pins must be purchased separately by a member of the order. The creation of such a pin
10185-469: Was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as Sir Terry Wogan). Although initially intended to recognise meritorious service, the order began to also be awarded for gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant navy, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach
10290-458: Was open to both women and men; provision was also made for conferring honorary awards on foreign recipients. At the same time, alongside the order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. The first investiture took place at Ibrox Stadium , as part of a royal visit to the Glasgow shipyards, with the appointment of Alexander Ure, 1st Baron Strathclyde as
10395-414: Was outraged, and this and the need for a hostel to house Aboriginal people in the city drove the public meeting which he arranged in the Adelaide Town Hall on 31 August 1953, which was addressed by five Aboriginal people (George Rankin, Mona Paul, Peter Tilmouth, Ivy Mitchell, and Geoff Barnes) speaking of their personal experiences of discrimination. The meeting resulted in a great increase in membership of
10500-543: Was president of the District and Bush Nursing Society of South Australia . In 1948, he helped care for the sick during a measles epidemic at Ernabella in 1948. He was also involved in some way with the following organisations at different times: In April 1984, on his 100th birthday, the Ernabella choir made a special trip to come and sing for him in Adelaide. Duguid died on 5 December 1986 at Kent Town, Adelaide, at
10605-645: Was recommended in Sir Hayden Phillips ' review of the honours system in 2004. The Chapel of the Order of the British Empire is in St Paul's Cathedral . It occupies the far eastern end of the cathedral crypt and was dedicated in 1960. The only heraldic banners normally on display in the chapel are those of the Sovereign of the Order of the British Empire and of the Grand Master of the Order of
10710-462: Was sparked by his dismay at seeing the poor conditions in which Aboriginal people lived at Point McLeay , a small community south of Adelaide not far from the mouth of the River Murray . He garnered some support and submitted a petition to Prime Minister Stanley Melbourne Bruce , who delegated an investigation by Queensland 's Protector of Aboriginals, John William Bleakley . Bleakley rejected
10815-546: Was the attendant physician when Edwin Thomas Smith was born in 1830. Smith later built his Kent Town Brewery on the site of the doctor's cottage. The Wesley Uniting Church was founded as the Jubilee Wesleyan Methodist church in 1864 by George P. Harris , John Colton , F. H. Faulding , and others. It has had a significant place in the life of South Australians for over 150 years. Kent Town
10920-476: Was the location of two successive sites of the Kent Town Brewery , the second of which in 1888 became the malthouse for SA Brewing , now redeveloped into apartments. In the latter half of the 19th century, a tram network serviced Kent Town, with one branch running eastwards to Kensington Gardens . They transitioned from horse-drawn trams around 1909, and were all removed in the 1950s. There
11025-526: Was to be given for services rendered in the UK and overseas. Today the majority of recipients are UK citizens, though a number of Commonwealth realms outside the UK continue to make appointments to the order. Honorary awards may be made to citizens of other nations of which the order's sovereign is not the head of state. The five classes of appointment to the Order are, from highest grade to lowest grade: The senior two ranks of Knight or Dame Grand Cross and Knight or Dame Commander entitle their members to use
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