Misplaced Pages

#520479

63-639: AAPI may refer to: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (Asian Pacific Americans) , an ethnic classification in the United States American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin Nazma Aapi (born 1999), the stage name of Indian comedian Saloni Gaur See also [ edit ] Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium (AAPIPRC) All pages with titles containing AAPI Topics referred to by

126-561: A ^ The data for 2000 is generated by adding the Asian and Pacific Islander populations from two different sources both by the U.S. Census Bureau . Native Hawaiians Native Hawaiians (also known as Indigenous Hawaiians , Kānaka Maoli , Aboriginal Hawaiians , or simply Hawaiians ; Hawaiian : kānaka , kānaka ʻōiwi , Kānaka Maoli , and Hawaiʻi maoli ) are the Indigenous Polynesian people of

189-563: A joint resolution in the United States Congress . The commemorative week was expanded to a month ( Asian Pacific American Heritage Month ) by Congress in 1992. The month of May was chosen to celebrate the first immigration of Japanese Americans on May 7, 1843, and to honor the Chinese Americans who contributed to the transcontinental railroad which was completed on May 10, 1869. The federal government defines

252-588: A Hawaiian language department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . Ever since, Hawaiian language fluency has climbed among all races. In 2006, the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo established a masters program in Hawaiian, and in 2006, a Ph.D program. It was the first doctoral program established for the study of any pre-contact language in the United States . Hawaiian is the primary language of

315-634: A different set of struggles than Asian Americans when it comes to land sovereignty and colonization. These struggles have not been included in APA discourses. The term further perpetuates the lack of accurate information about Pacific Islander communities. In "Where are Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders in Higher Education?" Kaunanui argues the term has prevented Pacific Islanders at higher institutions from receiving economic and social resources at higher institutions. Higher institutions address

378-399: A local religion and cultural practices. This new worship centered on the ideas of land ( aina ) and family ( ohana ). Land became a sacred part of life and family. Hawaiian religion is polytheistic , but mostly focuses on the gods Wākea and Papahānaumoku , the mother and father of the Hawaiian islands. Their stillborn child formed the deep roots of Hawaii, and whose second child, Hāloa ,

441-474: A policy of preference for Hawaiian place and street names. For example, with the closure of Barbers Point Naval Air Station in the 1990s, the region formerly occupied by the base was renamed Kalaeloa . While Native Hawaiian protest has a long history, beginning just after the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom , many notable protests came during or after the Hawaiian cultural revival. These include

504-598: A race-based government), libertarian activists, (who challenged the accuracy of claims of injustice), and other Native Hawaiian sovereignty activists , (who claimed that the legislation would prevent complete independence from the United States). A Ward Research poll commissioned in 2003 by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs reported that "Eighty-six percent of the 303 Hawaiian residents polled by Ward Research said 'yes.' Only 7 percent said 'no,' with 6 percent unsure ... Of

567-528: A social media presence and provides law students with summer fellowships. Law school graduates are eligible to apply for post-J.D. fellowships. In 2016, the Department of Interior (DOI), under the direction of Secretary Sally Jewell , started the process of recognizing the Hawaiians' right to self governance and the ability for nation-to-nation negotiation status and rights. This created opposition from

630-594: A steady growth trend over the century. Some Hawaiians left the islands during the period of the Hawaiian Kingdom . For example, Harry Maitey became the first Hawaiian in Prussia . The Native Hawaiian population has increased outside the state of Hawaii , with states such as California and Washington experiencing dramatic increases in total population. Due to a notable Hawaiian presence in Las Vegas ,

693-409: A story via its movements and gestures. Hula Kahiko is a traditional style. Its interpretive dance is known for its grace and romantic feel. Dances are accompanied by percussion instruments and traditional chanting . The traditional instruments include the pahu hula , kilu or puniu , ipu , hano or ʻphe hano ihu , ka , pu , oeoe , pahupahu kaʻekeʻeke , hokio , and wi . Dancers add to

SECTION 10

#1732781133521

756-508: A voyage between Hawaii and the island of "Kahiki" (Tahiti) and introduced many customs. Early historians, such as Abraham Fornander and Martha Beckwith , subscribed to this Tahitian invasion theory, but later historians, such as Patrick Kirch , do not mention it. King Kalākaua claimed that Paʻao was from Samoa . Some writers claim that earlier settlers in Hawaiʻi were forced into remote valleys by newer arrivals. They claim that stories about

819-512: Is a creole that developed during the plantation era in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mixing words and diction from the various ethnic groups living in Hawaii then. ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi later became an official language of the State of Hawaii, alongside English . The state enacted a program of cultural preservation in 1978. Programs included Hawaiian language immersion schools, and

882-461: Is a self-governing corporate body of the State of Hawaii created by the 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention . OHA's mandate is to advance the education, health, housing and economics ( Kānaka Maoli ) Native Hawaiians. It relies on ʻohana , moʻomeheu and ʻāina to effect change. OHA conducts research and advocacy to shape public policies. OHA works with communities to share information and build public support for Hawaiian issues. OHA

945-755: Is because Pacific Islanders experience a different set of struggles than Asian Americans. While Asian Americans suffer from immigration issues, Pacific Islanders are fighting for decolonization and sovereignty. The term Asian Pacific Islander often focuses on issues facing the Asian American community while ignoring issues facing the Pacific Islander community. In "Remapping a Theoretical Space for Hawaiian Women and Indigenous Women," Hall argues that Asian Pacific Islander movements, as well as mainstream feminist movements, have failed to address issues specific to just Pacific Islanders. Pacific Islanders face

1008-555: Is celebrated with canoe races and luaus across the islands. Every June 11 Kānaka Maoli celebrate King Kamehameha day . Kamehameha I was the king who unified the islands and established the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He was known as a fearless warrior, wise diplomat, and the most respected leader in the history of the Hawaiian monarchy. The holiday is celebrated with parades and lei draping ceremonies, where Kānaka Maoli bring lei (flower necklaces) to King Kamehameha statues located across

1071-619: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Asian Pacific American The U.S. Department of Labor Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs defined Asian-Pacific Islander as "A person with origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East (i.e. East and Southeast Asia ), Indian subcontinent , or the Pacific Islands . This area includes, for example, China , Japan , Ryukyus , Taiwan , Korea , Indonesia ,

1134-480: Is reinforced by the cultivation of taro , a plant that is said to be the manifestation of Hāloa. The represents the deep roots that tether Hawaiians to the islands, as well as symbolizing the branching networks that Hawaiian people created. Hula is one of Hawai'is best-known indigenous artforms. Traditionally, hula was a ritualistic dance performed to honor the gods and goddesses. Hula is typically categorized as either Hula Kahiko or Hula ʻAuana . Each hula tells

1197-517: Is that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawaii in the 3rd century from the Marquesas by travelling in groups of waka , and were followed by Tahitians in AD 1300, who conquered the original inhabitants. Another is that a single, extended period of settlement populated the islands. Evidence for Tahitian conquest include the legends of Hawaiʻiloa and the navigator-priest Paʻao , who is said to have made

1260-520: Is the Lūʻau . A lūʻau is a traditional Hawaiian banquet, commonly featuring foods such as poi , poke , lomi-lomi salmon , kalua pig , haupia , and entertainment such as ukulele music and hula. One of the most important holidays is Prince Kuhio Day . Celebrated every year since 1949 on his birthday (March 26), the holiday honors Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole , a Congressman who succeeded in helping Native Hawaiian families become landowners. It

1323-423: Is the god from whom all Hawaiians originate. Hawaiian culture is caste -oriented, with specific roles based on social standing. Caste roles are reflected in how land was controlled. Each island was divided into moku , which were given to people of high standing and kept within the family. Each moku was split into smaller ahupua'a , each of which extended from the sea to the top of the nearest mountain. This

SECTION 20

#1732781133521

1386-670: Is wrong with this country." In the 1980s, the term Asian Pacific American began to be used in Asian American Studies and Asian American pan-racial social movements. It is also believed by some authors that Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders had shared experiences with colonialism and had been connected historically through trade and cultures. The term Asian Pacific Islander has resulted in mixed reactions in academia. Scholars, such as Stacy Nguyen, Dr. J. Kehaulani Kauanui, and Lisa Kahaleole Hall have argued that Asian American should be separate from Pacific Islander. This

1449-645: The Americas . The current 293,000 include dual lineage Native Hawaiian and mixed lineage/multi-racial people. This was the highest number of any Kānaka Maoli living on the island until 2014, a period of almost 226 years. This long spread was marked by an initial die-off of 1-in-17, which would gradually increase to almost 8–10 dying from contact to the low point in 1950. The 1900 U.S. census identified 37,656 residents of full or partial Native Hawaiian ancestry. The 2000 U.S. census identified 283,430 residents of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ancestry, showing

1512-788: The Apology Resolution , which had previously passed Congress. This resolution "apologizes to Kānaka Maoli on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii". In the early 2000s, the Congressional delegation of the State of Hawaiʻi introduced the Native Hawaiian Federal Recognition Bill (Akaka bill), an attempt to recognize and form a Native Hawaiian government entity to negotiate with state and federal governments. The bill would establish, for

1575-537: The Hawaiian Islands . Hawaii was settled at least 800 years ago by Polynesians who sailed from the Society Islands . The settlers gradually became detached from their homeland and developed a distinct Hawaiian culture and identity in their new home. They created new religious and cultural structures, in response to their new circumstances and to pass knowledge from one generation to the next. Hence,

1638-562: The Hawaiian religion focuses on ways to live and relate to the land and instills a sense of community. The Hawaiian Kingdom was formed in 1795, when Kamehameha the Great , of the then-independent island of Hawaiʻi , conquered the independent islands of Oʻahu , Maui , Molokaʻi , and Lānaʻi to form the kingdom. In 1810, Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the Kingdom, the last inhabited islands to do so. The Kingdom received many immigrants from

1701-678: The Kalama Valley protests , the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle , the Kahoolawe island protests, and protests over the presence and management of astronomical observatories atop Hawaii's mountains, most notably the Thirty Meter Telescope protests . The Hawaiian language (or ʻ Ōlelo Hawaiʻi ) was once the language of native Hawaiian people; today, Kānaka Maoli predominantly speak English . A major factor for this change

1764-854: The Menehune , little people who built heiau and fishponds , prove the existence of ancient peoples who settled the islands before the Hawaiians, although similar stories exist throughout Polynesia. At the time of Captain Cook 's arrival in 1778, the population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. This was the peak of the Native Hawaiian population. During the first century after contact, Kānaka Maoli were nearly wiped out by diseases brought by immigrants and visitors. Kānaka Maoli had no resistance to influenza , smallpox , measles , or whooping cough , among others. These diseases were similarly catastrophic to indigenous populations in

1827-631: The Philippines , Singapore , Samoa , Thailand , and Vietnam ; and in South Asia , including India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , and Bhutan ." "Asian or Pacific Islander" was an option to indicate race and ethnicity in the United States censuses in the 1990 and 2000 censuses as well as in several Census Bureau studies in between, including Current Population Surveys reports and updates between 1994 and 2002. A 1997 Office of Management and Budget directive separated

1890-430: The United States and Asia . The Hawaiian sovereignty movement seeks autonomy or independence for Hawaii. In the 2010 U.S. census , people with Native Hawaiian ancestry were reported to be residents in all 50 of the U.S. states, as well as Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico. Within the U.S. in 2010, 540,013 residents reported Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ancestry alone, of which 135,422 lived in Hawaii. In

1953-651: The "Asian or Pacific Islander" racial category into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander." Following this change, the U.S. Census Bureau defined Asian as "a person having origins in any of the original people of the Far East, for example, Indonesia, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan , Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam." The U.S. Census Bureau defined Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander as "a person having origins in any of

AAPI - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-480: The 301 non-Hawaiians polled, almost eight in 10 (78 percent) supported federal recognition, 16 percent opposed it, with 6 percent unsure." A Zogby International poll commissioned in 2009 by the Grassroot Institute of Hawaii indicated that a plurality (39%) of Hawaiʻi residents opposed it and that 76% indicated that they were unwilling to pay higher taxes to offset any resulting tax revenue loss due to

2079-632: The A|P|A History Collective, Center for Asian Pacific American Women , Asian & Pacific Islander American Scholarship Fund, and National Coalition for Asian Pacific American Community Development. Asian Pacific Americans are listed as a group on the United States Army website. Previous to the 1960s, the only term used to refer to Americans with ancestry in Asia was " orientals ." The pan-racial identity Asian American

2142-572: The Hawaiian Sovereignty movement who believed that Kānaka Maoli should not have to navigate US structures to regain sovereignty and viewed the process as incomplete. The outcome ultimately allowed nation-to-nation relationships if Kānaka Maoli created their own government and sought that relationship. The government formation process was stopped by Justice Anthony Kennedy , using his earlier precedent in Rice v. Cayetano that "ancestry

2205-479: The Hawaiian language and incorporate Hawaiian subject matter. These schools are not exclusive to native Hawaiians. Kānaka Maoli are eligible for an education from Kamehameha Schools (KS), established through the last will and testament of Bernice Pauahi Bishop of the Kamehameha Dynasty . The largest and wealthiest private school system in the United States, KS was intended to benefit orphans and

2268-663: The Native American Programs Act was amended to include Kānaka Maoli . This paved the way for Kānaka Maoli to become eligible for some federal assistance programs originally intended for continental Native Americans . Today, Title 45 CFR Part 1336.62 defines a Native Hawaiian as "an individual any of whose ancestors were natives of the area which consists of the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778". On November 23, 1993, U.S. President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103–150, also known as

2331-558: The Pacific Islands is not a reason to separate the term API. He asserts that colonization has occurred in many Asian nations, such as the Philippines, Vietnam, and Japan, as well. What all of these groups have in common is struggles with colonialism, orientalism, and racial hierarchies. Asian Pacific American movements should work to include the struggles facing all groups under the pan-racial umbrella of Asian Pacific American.

2394-403: The United States overall, 1.2 million people identified as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, either alone or in combination with one or more other races. The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population was one of the fastest-growing groups between 2000 and 2010. The history of Kānaka Maoli , like the history of Hawaii, is commonly broken into four major periods: One theory

2457-648: The act. The bill did not pass. In 2005, with the support of U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye , federal funding through the Native Hawaiian Education Act created the Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law at UH Mānoa William S. Richardson School of Law . The program became known as Ka Huli Ao: Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law. Ka Huli Ao focuses on research, scholarship, and community outreach. Ka Huli Ao maintains

2520-589: The amended Treaty of Reciprocity that would have damaged Hawaiian trade, and opened up part of 'Oahu for the Pearl Harbor military base. The event was challenged by Grover Cleveland , but was eventually supported by President William McKinley in his Manifest Destiny plan, which harmed indigenous peoples in the continental United States and Hawai'i. The change left Kānaka Maoli as the only major indigenous group with no "nation-to-nation" negotiation status and without any degree of self determination. In 1974,

2583-539: The ascension of Queen Liliuokalani to the Hawaiian Throne in 1891, Sanford Dole created the "Committee of Safety" overthrew the monarchy . This was in part due to the Queen's rejection of the 1887 Constitution, which severely limited her authority. This diminished traditional governance and installed a US-backed, plantation-led government. One reason for the overthrow was over Kalākaua 's unwillingness to sign

AAPI - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-641: The city is sometimes called the "Ninth Island" in reference to the eight islands of Hawaii. Several cultural preservation societies and organizations were established. The largest is the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum , established in 1889 and designated as the Hawaiʻi State Museum of Natural and Cultural History. The museum houses the largest collection of native Hawaiian artifacts, documents, and other information. The museum has links with major colleges and universities throughout

2709-457: The effect using ʻuli , puʻili , ʻiliʻili , papahehi , and kalaʻau . Hula ʻAuana was influenced by later Western factors. It is accompanied by non-traditional musical instruments and colorful outfits. It became popularized with tourists and it is this form that is most widely practiced beyond the islands. Ukuleles and guitars are common. The Hawaiian people celebrate traditions and holidays. The most popular form of celebration in Hawaii

2772-462: The first time, a formal political and legal relationship between a Native Hawaiian entity and the US government. Proponents consider the legislation to be an acknowledgement and partial correction of past injustices. They included Hawaiʻi's Congressional delegation, as well as former Governor Linda Lingle . Opponents include the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights , (who doubted the constitutionality of creating

2835-463: The island chief. In contrast to the European system of feudalism , Hawaiian peasants were never bound to the land and were free to move as they chose. Kānaka Maoli refer to themselves as kama'aina , a word meaning "people of the land", because of their connection to and stewardship of the land. It was also part of the spiritual belief system that attributes their origin to the land itself. This

2898-467: The islands and drape them from his cast bronze arms and neck to honor his contributions to the people of Hawaiʻi. Native Hawaiian culture underwent a renaissance beginning in the 1970s. It was in part triggered by the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention , held 200 years after the arrival of Captain Cook. At the convention, state government committed itself to the study and preservation of Hawaiian culture, history, and language. Hawaiian culture

2961-441: The light penalty the two assailants were perceived to have been given, furthered the pan-racial movement for Asian American rights, bringing awareness of the shared struggles amongst the various pan-ethnic Asian American groups. Lily Chin stated: "What kind of law is this? What kind of justice? This happened because my son is Chinese. If two Chinese killed a white person, they must go to jail, maybe for their whole lives... Something

3024-633: The needy, with preference given to Kānaka Maoli . The schools educate thousands of children of native Hawaiian children ancestry and offers summer and off-campus programs not restricted by ancestry. KS practice of accepting primarily gifted students , has been controversial in the native Hawaiian community. Many families feel that gifted students could excel anywhere, and that the Hawaiian community would be better served by educating disadvantaged children to help them become responsible community contributors. Many Kānaka Maoli attend public schools or other private schools. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)

3087-403: The original people of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands." The map of Micronesian, Polynesian, and Melanesian groups, courtesy of L.A-based organization Empowering Pacific Islander Communities (EPIC), reflects who is considered Pacific Islander per federal guidelines. The term is used in reference to Asian/Pacific American Heritage Week, the first ten days of May, established in 1978 by

3150-429: The poverty line. Pacific Islanders are much more educationally disadvantaged than Asian Americans. Other scholars believe that Asian Pacific Islander movements should include both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. In "Pan-Pacific Identity: A Skeptical Asian American Response," Young argues that Pacific Islanders experience a different set of struggles than Asian Americans, but are ultimately racialized by society in

3213-476: The racial oppression that Asian Americans face, such as the "whiz kid" stereotypes, but fail to address that Pacific Islanders are stereotyped as lazy and not hard-working. Kaunanui continues to argue higher institutions should specifically target "Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander" students in recruitment efforts because the students of that category are underrepresented in higher institutions. In order to target "Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander" students,

SECTION 50

#1732781133521

3276-525: The residents of Niʻihau . Alongside 'Ōlelo Hawai'i , some Maoli spoke the little studied Hawai'i Sign Language. In Hawaii, the public school system is operated by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Education rather than local school districts. Under the administration of Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano from 1994 to 2002, the state's educational system established Hawaiian language immersion schools. In these schools, all courses are taught in

3339-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title AAPI . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AAPI&oldid=1091288588 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3402-521: The same ways, such as being seen as "foreigners." She believes that the term Pan-Pacific should continue to be used, but should be more inclusive of Pacific Islanders in social movements. Pan-pacific movements should include the decolonization of the Pacific Islands in its platforms. In "Whither the Asian American Coalition," Spickard argues that the histories and of both Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are linked. Colonization in

3465-490: The term AAPI to include "all people of Asian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander ancestry who trace their origins to the countries, states, jurisdictions and/or the diasporic communities of these geographic regions." The term is also used by several state boards and commissions , including in Washington , Michigan , Maryland , and Connecticut . The term is also used in the names of several non-profit groups, such as

3528-512: The term Asian American in Berkeley, California, at UC Berkeley, to unify their efforts for political and social recognition—and command respect. The murder of Chinese American Vincent Chin in 1982 by two White Chrysler workers who apparently mistook him for a person of Japanese descent and attacked him as a representative of the rising dominance of the Japanese auto sector in the U.S., and

3591-457: The term Pacific Islander should be separated from the term Asian. Lucy Hu argues Pacific Islanders and Asian Americans face a completely different set of racial and economic issues. The term Asian Pacific Islander, or Asian-Pacific American erases the struggles Pacific Islanders face separately from Asian Americans. While the Asian American community has a higher median annual income than the national average, many Pacific Islanders are living below

3654-567: The world to facilitate research. The Polynesian Voyaging Society reignited interest in Polynesian sailing techniques, both in ship construction and in instrument-free navigation. The Society built multiple double-hulled canoes, beginning with Hōkūleʻa and followed by Makali'i, Alingano Maisu, and Mo‘okiha O Pi‘ilani. The canoes and their worldwide voyages contributed to the renewal and appreciation of Hawaiian culture. Native Hawaiian culture grew from their Polynesian roots, creating

3717-415: Was an 1896 law that required that English "be the only medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools". This law excluded the Hawaiian language from schools. In spite of this, some Kānaka Maoli (as well as non- Kānaka Maoli ) learned ʻŌlelo Hawaii . As with other Hawaii locals, Kānaka Maoli typically speak Hawaiian Creole English (referred to locally as Pidgin ) in daily life. Pidgin

3780-648: Was created in the 1960s. Chinese American , Filipino American , and Japanese American college students in the San Francisco Bay Area were concerned with the living conditions in primarily Asian American residential areas, and took inspiration from the advances made by the Black Civil Rights Movement . Asian American college students also fought for the inclusion of their stories in college curriculum. In 1968, students of Asian heritage, Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee, first coined

3843-427: Was given control over certain public lands, and acquired other land-holdings for the provision of housing, supporting agriculture, and supporting cultural institutions. The lands initially given to OHA were originally crown lands of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, which had gone through various forms of public ownership since the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. In 1893, during the Hawaiian rebellions of 1887–1895 and after

SECTION 60

#1732781133521

3906-653: Was introduced into Hawaiʻi's public schools, teaching Hawaiian art, lifestyle, geography, hula, and Hawaiian language. Intermediate and high schools were mandated to teach Hawaiian history to all their students. Many aspects of Hawaiian culture were commercialized to appeal to visitors from around the world. This includes hula, use of the word "Aloha", lei , and the assimilation of Hawaiian culture into non-native lifestyles. This has provided significant financial support for cultural practices, while emphasizing aspects that have popular appeal over those that respect tradition. Statutes and charter amendments were passed acknowledging

3969-408: Was to ensure that each ahupua'a provided all necessary resources for survival, including hardwoods and food sources. Each ahupua'a was managed by managers, who were charged by the island chief to collect tributes from the residents. Splits of the ahupua'a were based on the level of tribute. The major subdivisions were 'Ili . Each 'Ili gave a tribute to the chief of the ahupua'a and another to

#520479