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50-660: Founded in 1949, the ABAA is the benchmark for professionalism and ethics in the rare book trade in the US. The founding of the ABAA was the direct result of the founding of the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB) a year earlier: "It was quickly recognized in the United States that national and international cooperation among booksellers was an idea whose time had come and that an American association

100-521: A 5pm preview on April 4, and ran for 12 hours/day for five more days, from 10am–10 pm; admission was free. Describing the event many years later, Madeleine B. Stern (Rostenberg & Stern) writes: ABAA-sponsored antiquarian book fairs have prospered since 1960, as has the ABAA itself; the organization currently has more than 450 members. The non-profit organization's more than 450 members deal in rare books, autographs, historical documents, prints, and maps, and its members have provided guidance in building

150-504: A book is bowed (bent like a drawn bow ). Thick hardbound books also tend to have their pages sag downward in the middle even if they are sitting level on a shelf. New books are readily available from bookstores and online. Out-of-print , used , antiquarian, rare and collectible books are available in specialty bookstores both in person and online. Large online booksellers such as Abebooks , Alibris , Amazon , and Biblio , list inventory from other stores and collectors (charging them

200-581: A form of business increases later in seventeenth century, with 1693 being the date of the earliest printed catalogue of books in the American colonies. Events in Boston during the eighteenth century proved both difficult and advantageous for the antiquarian book trade. For example, a fire broke out in 1711 that consumed nearly every bookshop then in existence in Boston. In the next two decades antiquarian booksellers rebuilt and gradually began to thrive, with

250-485: A given copy. As with other collectibles, prices rise and fall with the popularity of a given author, title, or subject. Because of the huge number of books for sale and the constantly changing marketplace of editions available, there is no single comprehensive price guide for collectible books. The prices of the copies listed for sale at the online bookseller sites provide some indication of their current market values. The Rothschild Prayerbook sold for $ 13.6 million while

300-460: A growing popularity of book collecting with the increasingly literate public. With the advent of the Romantic era in the 18th century and its focus on the past, book collectors began to show an interest in old books, antiquarian editions and manuscripts. This new emphasis was nourished by the flood of old books onto the market following the dissolution of monastic and aristocratic libraries during

350-552: A later edition, is worth a fraction of the first edition, but still fetches in the thousands of dollars as an illustrated book from the era in which Milton lived. There were many editions of Alexander Pope 's translation of The Iliad and The Odyssey . The first edition of 1715-1720 is worth a small fortune whereas slightly later 18th-century editions are a lot less expensive but still garner premium prices. The John Ogilby 17th-century translations of Homer 's The Iliad and The Odyssey garner hefty prices, but not as much as

400-400: A monthly fee and commission charges). Smaller online rare book stores can be found by doing a general search engine inquiry using keywords such as: rare books, collectible books, rare collectibles, out of print books for sales. Antique and collectible stores may have books for sale as well. Major auction houses auction off rare and collectible books; some local auction houses sell rare books by

450-400: A prominent previous owner if the provenance is well documented. Books owned by well-known individuals that also have a connection with the author (often as a gift from the author with a written dedication to the recipient) are known as association copies . The American School Library is an example of a very rare multi-volume boxed set with works by many popular or famous authors. Apparently

500-535: A quarterly online newsletter. The association created the Elisabeth Woodburn Fund in honor of a past president of the association which periodically offers scholarships to members and non-members to further their education in the trade. The association's Benevolent Fund offers financial assistance to member and non-member booksellers in times of hardship. The ABAA is a sponsor, with FABS (Fellowship of American Bibliophilic Societies) and The Center for

550-800: Is bibliophilia , and someone who loves to read, admire, and a person who collects books is often called a bibliophile but can also be known as an bibliolater , meaning being overly devoted to books, or a bookman which is another term for a person who has a love of books. Book collecting can be easy and inexpensive: there are millions of new and used books which are available in brick and mortar bookstores as well as online bookstores. Large book sellers include AbeBooks , Alibris , Amazon , and Biblio.com , and there are independent booksellers that can be found online by searching key words such as: books, books for sale, bookseller, bookstore, rare books, collectibles, etc. Books traditionally were only printed on paper and then pages were bound together; however, in

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600-515: Is much more general in its outlook. In the ancient world, papyri and scrolls (the precursors of the book in codex form) were collected by both institutions and private individuals. In surviving accounts there are references to bibliophile book collectors in that era. Xenophon wrote disparagingly of a man who tried to collect more books than his friends. Seneca the Younger was skeptical of those who collect books they do not read, asking: "What

650-412: Is no established date of when this business of book collecting actually begins, however Stern attributes the beginnings to John Dunton ’s visit to Boston in 1686, in which he brought along numerous books from his native England. Printed materials and books however were already available in Boston, the first book shop having been opened in 1647 by Hezekiah Usher . The act of collecting and selling books as

700-558: Is the use of possessing numberless books and libraries, whose titles their owner can hardly read through in a lifetime?" Book collectors in western antiquity prized accurate transcription and high-quality materials. In 1344 the English bishop Richard de Bury wrote The Philobiblon , in which he praised the love and appreciation of books. Philip the Good brought together a collection of "about six hundred manuscripts in his possession at

750-640: The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . The British Whig politician George John, 2nd Earl Spencer (1758-1834) collected tens of thousands of volumes. Strengths of his collection included first editions of the classics; works produced by important early presses, and notably an almost complete collection of Aldine editions ; and many Bibles. In 1812 he founded the bibliophilic Roxburghe Club . Sir Thomas Phillipps (1792-1872) collected 40,000 printed books and 60,000 manuscripts. He

800-483: The Gutenberg Bible and Shakespeare's First Folio , books which are both famous and extremely valuable. Collectors of lesser means may collect works by a favorite author, first editions of modern authors, or books of a certain genre. Book prices generally depend on the demand for a given edition which is based on factors such as the number of copies available, the book's condition, and if they were signed by

850-495: The St Cuthbert Gospel sold for $ 14.7 million. Both of these religious texts were sold in 2012. The Northumberland Bestiary sold for $ 20 million in 2007. The New Book of Tang sold for $ 17.1 million in 2018. William Shakespeare ’s First Folio , printed in 1623, sold for $ 9.978 million in 2020. An Action Comics #1 issue sold for a record $ 3.2 million in 2014 with a cover price of 10 cents. As with other collectibles,

900-1044: The Book and Rare Book and Manuscript Division in the Library of Congress, of the National Collegiate Book Collecting Contest. The ABAA currently hosts three antiquarian book fairs per year: California in February (Los Angeles and San Francisco in alternating years), New York in April, and Boston in November. Exhibitors must be members of the ABAA or of an ILAB association. The ABAA has an e-commerce website hosted by Bibliopolis and Biblio.com which exhibits members' books for sale. The site, launched in 2009, features over 2 million rare books from 200 of its members and has full search, browse and e-commerce capabilities. Applicants must have been in

950-726: The Making, the Selling, and the Collecting of Books in the United States (1939). The antiquarian book trade has roots in Colonial America, and may be considered in the study of American history and literature, print culture, and book history. Antiquarian book fairs have long been an important aspect of the trade. Today, the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America (ABAA) is the primary organization of

1000-591: The U.S. antiquarian book trade specifically are Leona Rostenberg (1908–2005) and Madeleine B. Stern (1912–2007), both of whom were also in the business of collecting and selling rare books . Other histories having covered the topic include Isaiah Thomas , writing in 1810 his History of printing in America ; Henry Walcott Boynton’s Annals of American Bookselling, 1638-1850 , first published in 1932; Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt’s The Book in America: A History of

1050-408: The United States is an aspect of book collecting and publishing . The term antiquarian , in general, refers to antiquities and collectible items usually considered old and rare, usually in reference to books, but is not limited to books. The word antiquarian could also be used to describe a person who collects rare books or other antique items. Two key figures who have written a great deal on

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1100-424: The author (and/or editor or illustrator, if applicable) or by a famous previous owner. For example, a first edition “And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street” can reach the price of $ 12,000 in the best condition. Some collectors join associations such as The Fine Press Book Association, which is aimed at collectors of modern fine printing . The Private Libraries Association also covers modern fine printing, but

1150-407: The binding, or missing entirely. A book in good condition should be a rectangular solid when at rest, whether upright or on its back, with the covers at right angles to the spine. If a book is out of square, usually from resting crooked on a shelf, or leans to the right or left when on its back, it is cocked , or shelf-cocked . If the covers bend in or flare out, usually from rapid humidity changes,

1200-403: The book trade. The trade spread to Richmond and New Orleans, then to Texas, St. Louis, Chicago, and eventually, following the gold rush, to California. Book collecting Book collecting is the collecting of books , including seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing, and maintaining whatever books are of interest to a given collector. The love of books

1250-514: The book, and can increase the risk of inadvertent damage. However, the theatrical effect of showing a rare book being handled with gloved hands may increase its selling price. Common defects include general wear; dust jacket or cover edge wear, scratches, and tears; the previous owner's written name, bookplate , or label; soil and stains; dogeared pages; underlining, highlighting, and marginalia; water damage; torn hinges, endpapers and pages; and pages, illustrations, or whole signatures free of

1300-500: The business of rare books or printed matter a minimum of four years, be sponsored by three current members, and provide three references as basic requirements for membership. The ABAA has a comprehensive code of ethics by which all of its members must abide, requiring authentication and accurate description of all items offered for sale. Antiquarian book trade in the United States The antiquarian book trade in

1350-526: The carton. Other sources can include estate , yard, garage , or rummage sales ; and charity fund-raisers. Antiquarian book collecting may be roughly defined as an interest in books printed prior to 1900 and can encompass interest in 19th, 18th, 17th, 16th, and 15th-century books. Antiquarian book collectors are not exclusively interested in first editions and first printings, although they can be. European books created before 1455 are all hand-written and are therefore one-of-a-kind historical artifacts in which

1400-533: The collected works of William Shakespeare ) garnered a record-breaking $ 9,978,000 at Christie's in October 2020. Later 17th-century folios of William Shakespeare 's works can still fetch about the price of a small house but are more readily available and relatively obtainable, whereas almost all extant copies of the First Folio are owned by libraries, museums or universities and thus are unlikely to appear on

1450-477: The differences but also to advance book-buying, to promote book-collecting, so that all would benefit from such increased activity in the book field." The first general meeting of the new association took place in March, with 81 dealers in attendance; annual dues were set at $ 10/year. The first president of the ABAA was Laurence Gomme (Brentano's). "Book fairs are such a major element in the activities and functions of

1500-467: The establishment of a genuine national association of antiquarian booksellers was taken" at this meeting, though "it was recognized that there were a great many differences, a long backlog of personal disputes and dissensions and an enormous field of individual views and prejudices" to deal with. "It was also recognized that all the above were some of the very reasons why a national association of antiquarian booksellers had to be formed: not merely to reconcile

1550-415: The first edition is not always obtainable, either because of price and/or availability. Later editions/printings from an era of interest are still often desirable to the antiquarian collector as they are also artifacts. For example, a first edition of Paradise Lost (1667) by John Milton can fetch equivalent to a down payment on a house. However, the first illustrated folio edition of 1688, technically

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1600-644: The first edition of the Pope translation. This may be in part due to a significant number of copies of Ogilby's first edition that probably perished in the Great Fire of London of 1666. The first English movable-type printer was Caxton in the late 15th century. Editions of his books from the 15th century are very rare. Occasionally, 16th-century editions similar to Caxton's books appear among antiquarian book dealers and auctions, often fetching very high prices. The last Shakespeare First Folio of 1623 (first edition of

1650-534: The height of his reign", which was the largest private collection of his day. With the advent of the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, which resulted in cheaper and more abundant books, and with the contemporaneous economic, social and political changes of the Renaissance , book collecting received a great impetus. Jean Grolier , the Treasurer-General of France,

1700-405: The idea of "edition" and "printing" is irrelevant. Any book printed up to the year 1501 is known as an incunable or incunabulum. Such books command a premium and are particularly sought after by collectors interested in the history of printing. There is also an interest among antiquarians for books beautifully made with fine bindings and high quality paper. For many books printed before about 1770,

1750-582: The invention of block printing during the early Tang dynasty , with both imperial and private collections blooming throughout the country. However, the systematic study of book collecting began only during the Qing dynasty . Virtual book collecting can be described as collecting books in a digital format (virtually) on a computer or other electronic device. A bibliophile may acquire ebooks by downloading them or copying from borrowed media, such as CDs and DVDs. However, this may violate copyright law, depending on

1800-540: The license under which the ebook was released. Ebooks acquired from Project Gutenberg and many similar free collections cause no violation as they have gone out of copyright, have been released under a Creative Commons license , or else are in the public domain. For more modern accounts, see the series of books on book-collectors, book-collecting and "bibliomania" by Nicholas A. Basbanes : Follow husband and wife team Lawrence & Nancy Goldstone as they search for rare and collectible volumes, and explore real mysteries in

1850-448: The market. For the antiquarian collector, how a particular book's production fits into a larger historical context can be as important as the edition, even if it may not be a first edition. Also of interest are books previously owned by famous persons, or personages of high stature, such as someone from royalty or the nobility. Tracing the history of an antiquarian book's possession history, referred to as " provenance ", can markedly affect

1900-657: The only extant full set is owned by the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History . The history of book collecting in China dates back over two millennia. An important effort to collect books in China was made during the early Han dynasty by the government, as many important books were burned during the Qin dynasty . From then on, book collecting began to flourish in China, particularly after

1950-411: The past decade or so, books are also available in audio format through websites such as Audible, Google Audiobooks, Librivox, Kobo Audiobooks, and Downpour. Users of these sites can purchase a large library of books that they can access at any time using a phone, tablet, or computer. Just like hard copy books, audio books can be accumulated over many years. Wealthy book collectors pursue rarities such as

2000-454: The presence of Harvard College , as well as a certain literary and educational milieu in Boston allowing the development of the antiquarian book trade. In the later eighteenth century, the heart of the antiquarian trade shifted to Philadelphia and New York City, growing with an increasingly educated public and independence from Britain. With the movement of people westward bookselling spread, and soon, small cities like Cincinnati become known in

2050-535: The present-day ABAA," writes Edwin Glaser (President of ABAA, 1986–88) "that it still comes as a surprise to be reminded that the first American antiquarian book fair did not take place until April of 1960." Encouraged by the success of the first British fair the previous year, the New York fair, held in the un-air-conditioned Steinway Hall on West 57th Street, featured 23 dealers occupying 20 booths. The fair opened with

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2100-402: The railroad magnate Henry Huntington and the financier and banker J. Pierpont Morgan . Well-known book collectors of the 20th century included Eric Quayle ( children's books ), Henry Wellcome ( history of medicine ) and Michael Sadleir ( Victorian fiction ). Book prices generally depend on the demand for a given book, the number of copies available for purchase, and the condition of

2150-663: The trade in the United States. Other organizations include the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing (SHARP). The Rare Book School at the University of Virginia is the premier institution for those seeking an advanced education in the field. The beginnings of the antiquarian book trade can be traced to British North America, specifically Boston of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . There

2200-528: The value of a book ultimately depends on its physical condition. Years of handling, moving, and storage take their toll on the dust jacket , cover, pages, and binding. Books are subject to damage from sunlight, moisture, and insects. Acid from the paper making process can cause the pages to develop brown spots, called foxing ; gradually turn brown, called tanning ; and ultimately crumble. Despite appearing in many films and other popular culture, wearing cotton gloves while handling old or rare books does not protect

2250-456: The value of a copy, even if it is not desirable per se . For example, a copy of a less-important 18th-century book known to have been owned by Voltaire would achieve a value many times its stand-alone market value, simply because it was once in Voltaire's possession. Previous owners of books often signed their copies or labelled them with bookplates , and it is often not difficult to identify

2300-452: The world's foremost private and institutional collections. In addition to sales and guidance, many members offer appraisals. The association maintains a website featuring educational articles and resources about the rare book trade, as well as a searchable membership database. The website's database of books for sale lists approximately two million fine and rare books for sale by members. The ABAA also publishes an annual membership directory and

2350-416: Was "the greatest collector of manuscript material the world has ever known". His zealous collecting efforts, which were termed bibliomania by Thomas Frognall Dibdin , resulted in the preservation of much historical material, particularly manuscripts, that would otherwise have been destroyed. The increasingly wealthy United States during the 19th century saw the appearance of "titan" book collectors such as

2400-639: Was an English antiquarian reaction to Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries . The commissioners of Edward VI plundered and stripped university , college , and monastic libraries; so to save books from being destroyed, those who could, such as Archbishop Matthew Parker and Sir Robert Cotton , began to collect them. By the late 17th century, millions of printed books were in circulation and auctions devoted to books began to occur and printed catalogues devoted to books began to be issued by book dealers and by auction houses in Europe and America, leading to

2450-688: Was an important bibliophile and book collector of this period. Grolier owned a library of 3,000 volumes and was known for his love of the Latin classics and of richly decorated bookbindings . He was a patron of the Aldine Press that had been founded by the prominent Renaissance printer, typographer, editor and publisher Aldus Manutius the Elder . During the Reformation many monastic libraries were broken up, and their contents often destroyed. There

2500-481: Was vital for the interests of professional booksellers." An organizational meeting was held in New York City in 1949 to discuss the advisability of forming a national organization, with about 50 dealers in attendance, with Marston Drake (James F. Drake, Inc.) acting as informal chairman. The Antiquarian Bookman (later AB Bookman's Weekly ) reported in its issue of 5 March 1949 that "A great step forward towards

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