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76-406: The earlier ABC notation was built on, standardized, and changed by Chris Walshaw to better fit the keyboard and an ASCII character set, with the help and input of others. Originally designed to encode folk and traditional Western European tunes ( e.g. , from England, Ireland, and Scotland) which are typically single-voice melodies that can be written in standard notation on a single staff line,

152-789: A LibreOffice extension provides support for calling LilyPond to embed scores into documents. Lilypond is available in MediaWiki via the Score extension code. This, for example, transforms the notation into The above is an excerpt from Ludwig van Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, commonly known as "Ode to Joy". More complex scores, including lyrics, are also possible within MediaWiki wikis. See Pastime with Good Company for an example of this. Integration of LilyPond musical elements into various document formats (both TeX -based systems such as LaTeX and Texinfo , and also DocBook and HTML pages)

228-529: A shift function (like in ITA2 ), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code . In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission , as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least

304-522: A BS (backspace). Instead, there was a key marked RUB OUT that sent code 127 (DEL). The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up, then type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored. Teletypes were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC); these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus

380-458: A character count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between

456-617: A few websites still serve ABC files as text/plain . In 1999, Chris Walshaw started work on a new version of the ABC specification to standardize the extensions that had been developed in various third-party tools. After much discussion on the ABC users mailing list, a draft standard (nominal version 1.7.6) was eventually produced in August ;2000, but was never officially released. Thereafter, Chris stepped away for several years from actively developing ABC. Guido Gonzato later compiled

532-461: A front-end for generating the TeX commands, which by 1993 evolved into the abc2mtex program. For more details see Chris Walshaw's short history of ABC and John Chambers's chronology of ABC notation and software. The most recent standard for ABC was released 21 December 2011. It is a textual description of ABC syntax, cleaning up many of the ambiguities of the 2.0 Draft Standard , which, in turn,

608-498: A line terminator. The tty driver would handle the LF to CRLF conversion on output so files can be directly printed to terminal, and NL (newline) is often used to refer to CRLF in UNIX documents. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original Macintosh OS , Apple DOS , and ProDOS used carriage return (CR) alone as

684-605: A line terminator; however, since Apple later replaced these obsolete operating systems with their Unix-based macOS (formerly named OS X) operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well. The Radio Shack TRS-80 also used a lone CR to terminate lines. Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as

760-614: A means of composing and editing music in collaborative environments. Some Wiki environments that have been adapted to use ABC are: ASCII ASCII ( / ˈ æ s k iː / ASS -kee ), an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange , is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment , and other devices. ASCII has just 128 code points , of which only 95 are printable characters , which severely limit its scope. The set of available punctuation had significant impact on

836-448: A much more complete set of facilities for notating various styles of music. LilyPond is mostly written in C++ and uses Scheme (interpreted by GNU Guile ) as its extension language, allowing for user customization. It has a relatively large codebase ; as of March 10, 2017, the source includes over 600,000 lines of C++, 140,000 lines of Scheme, and 120,000 lines of Python code . It uses

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912-462: A new version of the specification and published a draft of version 2.0. This specification is now maintained by Irwin Oppenheim. Henrik Norbeck has also published a corresponding BNF specification. After a surge of renewed interest in clarifying some ambiguities in the 2.0 draft and suggestions for new features, serious discussion of a new (and official) standard resumed in 2011, culminating in

988-600: A reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and acknowledge (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the Hamming distance between their bit patterns. ASCII-code order is also called ASCIIbetical order. Collation of data is sometimes done in this order rather than "standard" alphabetical order ( collating sequence ). The main deviations in ASCII order are: An intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values. ASCII reserves

1064-541: A reserved meaning. Over time this interpretation has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern usage, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, which can be used to address the cursor, scroll a region, set/query various terminal properties, and more. They are usually in the form of a so-called " ANSI escape code " (often starting with a " Control Sequence Introducer ", "CSI", " ESC [ ") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors. Some escape sequences do not have introducers, like

1140-404: A seven-bit code. The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits ( octets ) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal . However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at

1216-457: A simple text notation for music input, which LilyPond interprets and processes in a series of stages. In the final stage, music notation is output to PDF (via PostScript ) or other graphical formats, such as SVG or PNG . LilyPond can also generate MIDI files that correspond to the music notation output. LilyPond is a text-based application , so it does not contain its own graphical user interface to assist with score creation. (However,

1292-399: A terminal. Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks, and used control-Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For these reasons, EOF, or end-of-file , was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text character ( ETX ), also known as control-C , was inappropriate for

1368-594: A text-editor based "LilyPad" GUI for Windows and MacOS is included by default on these systems.) It does, however, have a flexible input language that strives to be simple, easing the learning curve for new users. LilyPond adheres to the WYSIWYM paradigm ; the workflow for typesetting music notation with LilyPond is similar to that of preparing documents with LaTeX . LilyPond supports experimental musical notation . Its guitar facilities support alternative tunings , such as major-thirds tuning . LilyPond's primary goal

1444-449: A variety of reasons, while using control-Z as the control character to end a file is analogous to the letter Z's position at the end of the alphabet, and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid . A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX character convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard. The Unix terminal driver uses

1520-737: Is 0101 in binary). Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the de facto standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$ %_&'()  – early typewriters omitted 0 and 1 , using O (capital letter o ) and l (lowercase letter L ) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$ % were placed in

1596-549: Is cross-platform , and is available for several common operating systems ; released under the terms of the GNU General Public License , LilyPond is free software and part of the GNU Project . The LilyPond project was started in 1996 by Han-Wen Nienhuys and Jan Nieuwenhuizen, after they decided to abandon work on MPP ( MusiXTeX PreProcessor), a project they began collaborating on in 1995. Its name

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1672-587: Is natively supported through the companion program lilypond-book , developed and maintained by the LilyPond community. This allows users to embed musical elements within texts, such as musicology, song booklets, work sheets for teaching, and school examinations. For integration into the LaTeX document preparation system, lyLuaTeX has been developed as a LuaLaTeX package to embed musical elements within texts. It includes features for matching layout and appearance of

1748-453: Is readily available for most computer systems, including Microsoft Windows , Unix / Linux , Macintosh , Palm OS , and web-based. Later third-party software packages have provided direct output, bypassing the TeX typesetter, and have extended the syntax to support lyrics aligned with notes, multi-voice and multi-staff notation, tablature , and MIDI . ABC notation was in widespread use in

1824-427: Is replaced by a second control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ control-R (DC2) and control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively. The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send

1900-402: Is similar to that of TeX . The ability to embed Scheme code within a LilyPond source file permits arbitrary extensions to the input language and assists with algorithmic composition . Some general syntactic features are listed below. LilyPond's interface with Pango requires the input character encoding to be UTF-8 . One benefit of this is that more than one language can be included in

1976-404: Is the newline problem on various operating systems . Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "carriage return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "line feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "carriage return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moves while

2052-420: Is to produce output comparable to professionally engraved scores instead of output that looks mechanical and computer-generated. An essay from the LilyPond website, written by LilyPond developers, explains some typographical issues addressed by LilyPond: The native input language for LilyPond is comprehensive, and consists of many commands needed for expressing any sort of articulation, dynamic, meter, etc. It

2128-503: The Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard of 1932, FIELDATA (1956 ), and early EBCDIC (1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII. ITA2 was in turn based on Baudot code , the 5-bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874. The committee debated the possibility of

2204-636: The Teletype Model 33 , which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become de facto standard on computers – following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984) – and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to

2280-730: The United States Federal Government support ASCII, stating: I have also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce [ Luther H. Hodges ] regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations. All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have

2356-667: The carriage return , line feed , and tab codes. For example, lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 ( i is the ninth letter) = decimal 105. Despite being an American standard, ASCII does not have a code point for the cent (¢). It also does not support English terms with diacritical marks such as résumé and jalapeño , or proper nouns with diacritical marks such as Beyoncé (although on certain devices characters could be combined with punctuation such as Tilde (~) and Backtick (`) to approximate such characters.) The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

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2432-645: The "Reset to Initial State", "RIS" command " ESC c ". In contrast, an ESC read from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation or special mode, as in the TECO and vi text editors . In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether. The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this

2508-582: The "help" prefix command in GNU Emacs . Many more of the control characters have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning, an "escape sequence". This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have

2584-401: The "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents " backspace ". RFC   2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing

2660-422: The ABC conversion tools. For example, the Score extension (using LilyPond 's abc2ly ) code for the MediaWiki software renders this as: While abcm2ps software produces output that looks like: [REDACTED] More examples can be found on Chris Walshaw's ABC examples page, extensively displaying most ABC basic features, except rests, which would be denoted with z . Recently, ABC has been implemented as

2736-419: The ASCII chart in this article. Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9 , lowercase letters a to z , uppercase letters A to Z , and punctuation symbols . In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype models ; most of these are now obsolete, although a few are still commonly used, such as

2812-679: The ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+ ) to :* ;+ -= . Some then-common typewriter characters were not included, notably ½ ¼ ¢ , while ^ ` ~ were included as diacritics for international use, and < > for mathematical use, together with

2888-470: The DEL character was assigned to erase the previous character. Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL character for the key marked "Backspace" while the separate key marked "Delete" sent an escape sequence ; many other competing terminals sent a BS character for the backspace key. The early Unix tty drivers, unlike some modern implementations, allowed only one character to be set to erase

2964-534: The LilyPondTool plugin for jEdit . Denemo integrates the PDF output of LilyPond in its display, allowing some editing operations on the final typeset score. The Mutopia Project , which distributes free content sheet music, uses LilyPond to typeset its music, as does Musipedia, a collaborative music encyclopedia. Emacs ' org-mode contains support for embedding LilyPond scores into documents. OOoLilyPond,

3040-469: The Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 ( delete ) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of control-G (code 7, BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally, as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because

3116-430: The capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used. LilyPond LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving . One of LilyPond's major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules, reflecting the era when scores were engraved by hand. LilyPond

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3192-585: The change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in sticks 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers. The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the brace and vertical bar characters), renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU

3268-493: The concept of "carriage return" was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M, and Windows in turn inherited it from MS-DOS. Requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and ambiguity as to how to interpret each character when encountered by itself. To simplify matters, plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as

3344-527: The convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing to follow it. When Gary Kildall created CP/M , he was inspired by some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating system. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no influence in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which

3420-663: The earlier five-bit ITA2 , which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence . His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work – according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer–Ross Code in Europe". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII". On March 11, 1968, US President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by

3496-576: The earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings , ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters ). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits , and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with

3572-548: The end-of-transmission character ( EOT ), also known as control-D, to indicate the end of a data stream. In the C programming language , and in Unix conventions, the null character is used to terminate text strings ; such null-terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for "zero". Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers. Codes 20 hex to 7E hex , known as

3648-489: The extensions by Walshaw and others has opened this up with an increased list of characters and headers in a syntax that can also support metadata for each tune. ABC notation being ASCII -based, any text editor can be used to create and edit the encoding. Even so, there are now many ABC notation software packages available that offer a wide variety of features, including the ability to read and process ABC notation into MIDI files and as standard "dotted" notation. Such software

3724-627: The first 32 code points (numbers 0–31 decimal) and the last one (number 127 decimal) for control characters . These are codes intended to control peripheral devices (such as printers ), or to provide meta-information about data streams, such as those stored on magnetic tape. Despite their name, these code points do not represent printable characters (i.e. they are not characters at all, but signals). For debugging purposes, "placeholder" symbols (such as those given in ISO 2047 and its predecessors) are assigned to them. For example, character 0x0A represents

3800-448: The keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore ), a noncompliant use of code 15 (control-O, shift in) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected. When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused

3876-800: The local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention. The PDP-6 monitor, and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10, used control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from

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3952-474: The musical elements with the surrounding text document. Music elements may consist of music symbols, song lyrics, guitar chords diagrams, lead sheets, music excerpts, guitar tablatures, or multi-page scores. Finale and Sibelius are two proprietary scorewriters often compared to LilyPond. Andrew Hawryluk, a LilyPond user, wrote a series of articles comparing output quality between Finale and LilyPond. Another scorewriter with comparable features to LilyPond

4028-452: The previous character in canonical input processing (where a very simple line editor is available); this could be set to BS or DEL, but not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to decide depending on what terminal they were using ( shells that allow line editing, such as ksh , bash , and zsh , understand both). The assumption that no key sent a BS character allowed Ctrl+H to be used for other purposes, such as

4104-515: The previous section. Code 7F hex corresponds to the non-printable "delete" (DEL) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section's chart. Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the caret (5E hex ) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5F hex ). ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph 's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used

4180-413: The printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks , and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in total. Code 20 hex , the "space" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control character) it is listed in the table below instead of in

4256-444: The proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters. The use of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969. That document was formally elevated to an Internet Standard in 2015. Originally based on the (modern) English alphabet , ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by

4332-400: The release of ABC 2.1 as a new standard in late December 2011. Chris Walshaw has become involved again and is coordinating the effort to further improve and clarify the language, with plans for topics to be addressed in future versions to be known as ABC 2.2 and ABC 2.3 . The following is an example of the use of ABC notation in MediaWiki . Lines in the first part of

4408-522: The same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets , and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes, as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code (1963). Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase . To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics,

4484-438: The same source file. [REDACTED] Lilypond can also create extensively customised output. An example is the short extract of a Karlheinz Stockhausen piano piece below. [REDACTED] Several graphical scorewriters —such as Rosegarden , NoteEdit , Canorus, Denemo , and TuxGuitar —can export files directly to LilyPond format. Other graphical applications serve as front ends to LilyPond, including Frescobaldi and

4560-494: The second stick, positions 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent stick. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0 , however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9 . This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards , notably

4636-538: The simple line characters \ | (in addition to common / ). The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation, so the @ was placed in position 40 hex , right before the letter A. The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), end of address (EOA), end of message (EOM), end of transmission (EOT), "who are you?" (WRU), "are you?" (RU),

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4712-402: The special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41 hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard. The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward (for example, 5 in encoded to 011 0101 , where 5

4788-425: The standard is unclear about the meaning of "delete". Probably the most influential single device affecting the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular,

4864-440: The structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages , address page and document layout and formatting. The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream , and sometimes accidental, for example

4940-515: The syntax of computer languages and text markup. ASCII hugely influenced the design of character sets used by modern computers, including Unicode which has over a million code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as ASCII. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding. ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones . ASCII was developed in part from telegraph code . Its first commercial use

5016-441: The tape reader to stop; receiving control-Q (XON, transmit on) caused the tape reader to resume. This so-called flow control technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending buffer overflow ; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems, control-S retains its meaning, but control-Q

5092-455: The teaching of Irish traditional music in the late 1970s and most probably much earlier than that. In the 1980s Chris Walshaw began writing out fragments of folk / traditional tunes using letters to represent the notes before he learned standard Western music notation. Later he began using MusicTeX to notate French bagpipe music. To reduce the tedium of writing the MusicTeX code, he wrote

5168-600: The time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired. Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0. The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two so-called ASCII sticks (32 positions) were reserved for control characters. The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20 hex ; for

5244-435: The tune notation, beginning with a letter followed by a colon, indicate various aspects of the tune such as the index, when there is more than one tune in a file ( X: ), the title ( T: ), the time signature ( M: ), the default note length ( L: ), the type of tune ( R: ) and the key ( K: ). Lines following the key designation represent the tune. This example can be translated into traditional music notation using one of

5320-447: The typebars that strike the ribbon remain stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the paper for the next line. DEC operating systems ( OS/8 , RT-11 , RSX-11 , RSTS , TOPS-10 , etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or "dumb terminals") came along,

5396-741: Was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now INCITS ). The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) and ultimately became the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII

5472-531: Was grown from the 1996 User Guide of version 1.6 of Chris Walshaw's original "abc2mtex" . program. In 1997, Henrik Norbeck published a Backus–Naur form (BNF). In 1997, Steve Allen registered the text/vnd.abc MIME media type with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), but registration as a top level MIME type would require a formal Request for Comments (RFC). In 2006 Phil Taylor reported that quite

5548-557: Was in the Teletype Model 33 and the Teletype Model 35 as a seven- bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes,

5624-528: Was inspired both by the Rosegarden project and an acquaintance of Nienhuys and Nieuwenhuizen named Suzanne, a name that means lily in Hebrew ( שׁוֹשַׁנָּה ). LilyPond 1.0 was released on July 31, 1998, highlighting the development of a custom music font, Feta, and the complete separation of LilyPond from MusiXTeX. LilyPond 2.0 was released on September 24, 2003, announcing a simplified syntax model and

5700-695: Was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code. There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate

5776-450: Was removed). ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967, then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986. In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted ( least significant bit first) and recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape and attempted to deal with some punched card formats. The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on

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