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33-921: During the 1970s, the ABNY helped create the Big Apple and I Love New York campaigns. The group also helped create the New York City Police Foundation to privately fund police initiatives and created "Operation Interlock", a network of private security in Midtown tied into the New York City Police Department 's radio system who patrolled the local streets. Between 1960 and 1975, the municipal spending on welfare programs had increased. As it outpaced economic growth and tax revenue, Mayor John Lindsay implemented austerity budgets in 1968. Lindsay attempted to reform

66-503: A claim that the term derived from a woman named Eve who ran a brothel in the city. This was subsequently exposed as a hoax. The earliest known usage of "big apple" appears in the book The Wayfarer in New York (1909), in which Edward Sandford Martin writes: Kansas is apt to see in New York a greedy city ... It inclines to think that the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap. William Safire considered this

99-568: A plaque which was installed in 1996, according to Popik, but it was removed during renovations to the building and was lost. Evidence can also be found in the Chicago Defender , an African-American newspaper that had a national circulation. Writing for the Defender on September 16, 1922, "Ragtime" Billy Tucker used the name "big apple" to refer to New York in a non-horse-racing context: I trust your trip to 'the big apple' (New York)

132-611: A sportswriter for the New York Morning Telegraph . Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities. Although the history of "Big Apple" was once thought a mystery, a clearer picture of the term's history has emerged due to the work of historian Barry Popik , and Gerald Cohen of the Missouri University of Science and Technology . A number of false theories had previously existed, including

165-617: Is regarded as the first major police foundation in the United States. The original idea for the foundation came from Eliot Lumbard in the early 1970s, who presented the idea to the police commissioner and received his support. It was established by the Association for a Better New York , a consortium of business interests headed by real-estate magnate Lewis Rudin , in 1971 during the Knapp Commission . The NYCPF

198-536: The Harvard Club of New York as well as a political consultant when he considered running for mayor. Bill Bratton reportedly got NYPD consulting jobs for his friends through the foundation. A 2014 report by ProPublica revealed several companies both donate and vend to the foundation, some also have large contracts with the police department, and the foundation had distributed over $ 120 million in grants since its creation without any government oversight. In 2015,

231-603: The NYPD Mounted Unit . In the mid 1980s it took over the Crime Stoppers Program and became increasingly involved in helping the NYPD. Between 1987 and 2005, the foundation published an annual print journal that generated revenue by selling advertising space to various transnational corporations. The NYCPF significantly funded the NYPD's initial development of COMPSTAT ; they also acquired and gifted

264-631: The Social Services Employees Union found that the Rudin Management Corporation received the most real estate tax reductions between 1970 and 1975 and concluded there was "a connection between the Rudins' political contributions, connections, and influence and the many reductions in assessments which the politically appointed tax commissioners have granted them". In the early 1970s, the ABNY launched

297-646: The "Big Apple" campaign, a collaboration between the city government and marketing and public relations CEOs in the ABNY. Rudin convinced New York's top advertising and PR agencies to aid the city at a reduced rate and give NY its first coordinated year-round marketing campaign and Big Apple brand logo, leading to a proliferation of 'Big Apple' iconography on apparel, items, and media. ABNY members held frequent Big Apple Media PR events covered by local and national news to address "grime and crime". To address grime, events included enlisting corporate employees in Midtown to sweep

330-539: The ABNY played a large role in revitalizing Times Square . In 1972, the ABNY began a program supported by police and municipal officials wherein policing in Midtown was supplemented by private security: it expanded the domain of private guards to the streets surrounding their buildings and paid for training for building staff in reporting crimes and suspicious behaviors to the police. Next year, ABNY announced it would extend its network of guards, some armed, from 50 to over 300 and expand its patrols to more streets and renamed

363-683: The I Love New York Campaign; the ABNY provided additional financial support and worked with the top public relationships experts in the city Bobby Zarem and Howard J. Rubenstein . The campaign became noted as the most influential in the nation and has led to worldwide parodies. ABNY officials helped form the Business/Labor Working Group in 1979, later renamed to the New York City Partnership (NYCP), an organization chaired by David Rockefeller and made up of major financial executives who would advocate for

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396-658: The L. T. Bauer string, is scheduled to start for "the big apple" to-morrow after a most prosperous Spring campaign at Bowie and Havre de Grace. Fitz Gerald referred to the "big apple" frequently thereafter. He explained his use in a column dated February 18, 1924, under the headline "Around the Big Apple": The Big Apple. The dream of every lad that ever threw a leg over a thoroughbred and the goal of all horsemen. There's only one Big Apple. That's New York. Fitz Gerald reportedly first heard "The Big Apple" used to describe New York's racetracks by two African American stable hands at

429-525: The New Orleans Fair Grounds. Using racing records, Popik traced that conversation to January 1920. In recognition of Fitz Gerald's role in promulgating "The Big Apple" as a nickname for New York City, in 1997 Mayor Rudy Giuliani signed legislation designating as "Big Apple Corner" the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway, the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963. The Hotel Ameritania also once had

462-416: The business and real estate sectors. The NYCP's use of VIP breakfasts was influenced by ABNY but the organization focused on discrete lobbying. During his mayoralty beginning in 1993, Giuliani coordinated with the ABNY and NYCP to pressure the city council into reducing the hotel tax, making the city more competitive with lucrative conventions in other parts of the country. Having become relatively dormant for

495-458: The city as business-friendly in the media and gain a greater influence for business interests in government decision making. Mayor John Lindsay supported the integration, referred to by Miriam Greenberg in 2008 as the first public-private partnership in the United States. The ABNY began to host "power breakfasts", where prominent business and political leaders were paid thousands to give speeches to ABNY members; this allowed members to speak with

528-409: The city in mainstream media. Large firms began to move from NYC to surrounding suburbs and other parts of the country. Between 1969 and 1972, only 3 firms moved into NYC as 94 left, frequently citing worries about crime. Economist Wolfgang Quante wrote about the "bad publicity" NYC was receiving and the negative effects it was having on the city's finances. The Association for a Better New York (ABNY)

561-508: The coinage, but because the phrase is not quoted in the text, it is likely that it was used as a metaphor, and not as a nickname for the city. "The Big Apple" was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in a number of horse-racing articles for the New York Morning Telegraph in the 1920s. The earliest of these was a casual reference on 3 May 1921: J. P. Smith, with Tippity Witchet and others of

594-471: The department the first COMPSTAT system. Since its inception, it has helped establish other police foundations, though it was not until the late 1990s that cities became increasingly interested in them and began to copy the foundations model. In 2004, they published the Starting a Police Foundation Guidebook detailing how to form one and began distributing them freely on request. In 2013, Pamela Delaney ,

627-550: The foundation's president between 1983 and 2009, started the National Police Foundation Network to further the growth of police foundations. According to the foundation's website, in July 2001 Police Commissioner Bernie Kerik granted them the right to license and use the NYPD's trademarks and logos to raise funds. The foundation licenses the NYPD logo through NYC & Company , with a portion of

660-443: The late 1950s, if it was known at all, it had come to be considered an outdated nickname for New York. In the early 1970s, however, during the city's fiscal crisis , "People were looking around desperately and some of them seized that old phrase the Big Apple to remind people of when New York had been a strong and powerful city and might become that again," according to the official Manhattan Borough Historian, Dr. Robert Snyder. It

693-468: The leaders privately afterward and avoided crossing campaign finance laws. From 1971-1972, the ABNY spent approximately $ 20,000 a week to resell it to their sponsors at $ 10,000 to write testimonials on companies who stayed in the city. In 1972, shortly after the founding of the association, a New York Magazine piece described it as "basically a grouping of Manhattan's biggest landlords", identifying Marshall as its "dominant influence". A report by members of

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726-564: The name is used exclusively to refer to New York City, and is used with regularity by journalists and news headline writers across the English-speaking world. New York City Police Foundation The New York City Police Foundation ( NYCPF ) is a non-profit established in 1971 by the Association for a Better New York to privately fund New York City Police Department initiatives. The organization has been criticized for lacking transparency in its fundraising and donations. It

759-538: The past two decades, following the September 11th Attacks the ABNY along with other organizations "re-branded" the World Trade Center site: some marketed the site as a space for pilgrimages while others minimized the tragedy to focus on New York's spirit. Big Apple#Popularity " The Big Apple " is a nickname for New York City . It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald ,

792-432: The police department and provide greater oversight but was met by the resignation of the police commissioner and senior officers in 1966. Many communities, particularly those of color, felt growing distrust of the police force and its ability to handle rising crime. In the late 1960s, the value of NYC's bonds, credit rating, and real estate was decreasing - a trend that was worsened by increasingly negative representations of

825-580: The private security of over 300 buildings. The ABNY would also fund the Urban Park Rangers Program to privately supplement the City Park Department and provide "a highly visible presence" in high-profile parks for "tourists and visitors" such as Central Park , Prospect Park , and Flushing Meadow . In 1977 New York increased its tourism budget from $ 400,000 to $ 4,300,000 and hired Wells, Rich, Greene to advertise

858-420: The profits going directly to the foundation. After the September 11th attacks supported upgrades to the NYPD's surveillance and technological infrastructure and supported their counterterrorism initiatives. The foundation finances the travel, lodging, and other expenses of the NYPD's international liaison officers. From 2002 to 2010, the foundation paid for Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly 's membership at

891-555: The program "Operation Interlock" as it included a radio network connecting the guards to the police. In 1973 the ABNY funded the city's first CCTV system in Times Square. The Association also installed an antenna on the Exxon Building to link the guards in Midtown with private guards across the city to spread the network, however it remained in Midtown. By the early 1980s Operation Interlock operated non-stop and connected

924-450: The streets outside their buildings and ABNY CEOs handwashing the backs of taxis at the Taxi and Limousine Commission 's headquarters. In 1972, ABNY sponsored an advertising campaign celebrating public safety agencies, donated bulletproof vests to the NYPD, and partnered with City Hall to create the New York City Police Foundation to privately fund police initiatives. Over the next few years,

957-531: Was a huge success and only wish that I had been able to make it with you. Tucker had also earlier used "big apple" as a reference to Los Angeles . It is possible that he simply used "big apple" as a nickname for any large city: Dear Pal, Tony: No, Ragtime Billy Tucker hasn't dropped completely out of existence, but is still in the 'Big Apple', Los Angeles. By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use "Big Apple", and were using it in contexts other than horse racing. "The Big Apple"

990-413: Was a popular song and dance in the 1930s. Jazz musicians in the 1930s also contributed to the use of the phrase to refer to New York City, specifically to the city and Harlem as the jazz capital of the world. Beside the song and the dance, two nightclubs in the city used "Big Apple" in their names. Walter Winchell and other writers continued to use the term in the 1940s and early 1950s, but by

1023-561: Was formed in late 1970 by Lewis Rudin , heir to a real-estate empire, and led by him, ABNY vice president and president of the Rockefeller Center Alton Marshall , and president of the Real Estate Board of New York Rexford Thompkins . The ABNY represented over 300 CEOs in finance, real estate, and hospitality and was funded by the individual donations of its members. Its two goals were to promote

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1056-444: Was the first major police foundation in the United States and has been frequently described as the first police foundation despite being preceded by two smaller ones. As a private entity, the foundation is not required to provide information on the amounts donated or where the funds were directed. In its early years, the foundation granted scholarships to officers, gifted the NYPD their first bulletproof vests, and donated horses to

1089-553: Was then that the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau – now NYC & Company , New York City's official marketing and tourism organization – with the help of the Ogilvy & Mather advertising firm, began to promote the city's "Big Apple" nickname to tourists, under the leadership of its president, Charles Gillett. The campaign was a success, and the nickname has remained popular since then. Today,

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