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59-551: A number of organizations representing a variety of political viewpoints have criticized the ABOR's aims and content. One of the first organizations to come out in opposition to the bill was the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). While agreeing with the underlying principles of freedom, equality, and pluralism in the university community, the association said that the bill "infringes academic freedom in

118-428: A framework of norms to guide adaptations to changing times and circumstances." The commentary iterates key points of the 1940 interpretations. The statement does not discourage controversy but emphasizes professionalism, believing that professors should be careful "not to introduce into their teaching controversial matter which has no relation to their subject." Based upon five principles, the statement on academic tenure

177-474: A number of reports on contingent faculty : in 2008, a report on accreditors' guidelines pertaining to part-time faculty and a report of an investigation involving alleged violations of the academic freedom and due process rights of a full-time contingent faculty member; and in 2006, an index providing data on the number of contingent faculty at various colleges. Also in 2006, the AAUP adopted a new policy dealing with

236-575: A proposed institution at Palo Alto. In November 1885, they created foundational plans for the Leland Stanford Junior University, which opened on October 1, 1891. After her husband's death on June 21, 1893, Jane Stanford effectively took control of the university. The university struggled financially in this period and the trustees advocated a temporary closure of the university until tax and legal issues could be resolved. From 1893 to 1898, she collected $ 10,000 per month from

295-494: A retired Stanford neurologist, recounted in The Mysterious Death of Jane Stanford what took place upon the arrival of Francis Howard Humphris, the hotel physician: As Humphris tried to administer a solution of bromine and chloral hydrate , Mrs. Stanford, now in anguish, exclaimed, 'My jaws are stiff. This is a horrible death to die.' Whereupon she was seized by a tetanic spasm that progressed relentlessly to

354-518: A secretary, later a general secretary, and most recently an executive director, and includes the following individuals: Jane Stanford Jane Elizabeth Lathrop Stanford (August 25, 1828 – February 28, 1905) was an American philanthropist and co-founder of Stanford University in 1885 (opened 1891), along with her husband, Leland Stanford , in memory of their only child, Leland Stanford Jr. , who died of typhoid fever at age 15 in 1884. After her husband's death in 1893, she funded and operated

413-461: A state of severe rigidity: her jaws clamped shut, her thighs opened widely, her feet twisted inwards, her fingers and thumbs clenched into tight fists, and her head drew back. Finally, her respiration ceased. Stanford was dead from strychnine poisoning. The San Francisco Evening Bulletin trumpeted the news with the March 1 headline "Mrs. Stanford Dies, Poisoned." Forensic chemical analysis revealed

472-543: A “ fascist .” The remark was in relation to Vance’s conduct during that year's presidential election , during which Vance was the vice presidential nominee. As the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) details the history of their policy on academic freedom and tenure , the association maintains that there "are still people who want to control what professors teach and write." The AAUP's "Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure"

531-418: Is equally simple and to the point. The first principle maintains that the terms of appointment are to be stated in writing. The second details the conditions and length of time professors are given to attain tenure. The third notes that during the probationary period before attaining tenure, the teacher "should have all the academic freedom that all other members of the faculty have." Detailing terms for appeal of

590-890: Is not a servicing parent organization. All of its affiliates (at least those that are not affiliated with any other labor union ) are independent organizations that completely provide for all their own services, such as staff, attorneys, consultants and organizers. Also, the AAUP does not have the power of receivership in its constitution and so it can not take over any of its affiliates, supplant any of its elected leaders, or dictate policy or bargaining proposals or agenda upon them. Several university chapters have been involved in labor strikes , including at Boston University in 1979, Wright State University and Oregon Tech in 2021, and Rutgers University in 2023. The AAUP censures institutions that violated standards of academic freedom and tenure and sanctions institutions that have infringed university governance standards through "serious departures by

649-420: Is the definitive articulation of the principles and practices and is widely accepted throughout the academic community. The association's procedures ensuring academic due process remain the model for professional employment practices on campuses throughout the country. The association suggests that "The principles of Academic Freedom and Tenure" date back to a 1925 conference. R. M. O'Neil's history suggests that

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708-417: Is to advance academic freedom and shared governance, to define fundamental professional values and standards for higher education , and to ensure higher education's contribution to the common good . Founded in 1915 by Arthur O. Lovejoy and John Dewey , the AAUP has helped to shape American higher education by developing the standards and procedures that maintain quality in education and academic freedom in

767-604: The 1915 Declaration of Principles on Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure —the AAUP's foundational statement on the rights and corresponding obligations of members of the academic profession. Since 2010 the AAUP has published the Journal of Academic Freedom , an online-only open-access annual journal. In June 2022, the AAUP affiliated with the American Federation of Teachers . In 2024, AAUP president Todd Wolfson referred to United States Senator JD Vance as

826-656: The AFL–CIO , expressed concern and criticism of the Bill, particularly warning against the regulatory oversight that the bill would place upon academic institutions, if passed. American Association of University Professors The American Association of University Professors ( AAUP ) is an organization of professors and other academics in the United States . AAUP membership includes over 500 local campus chapters and 39 state organizations. The AAUP's stated mission

885-630: The American Council on Education (ACE), and the Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges (AGB). The statement clarifies the respective roles of governing boards, faculties, and administrations. The document does not provide for a "blueprint" to the governance of higher education . Also, the purpose of the statement was not to provide principles for relations with industry and government although it establishes direction on "the correction of existing weaknesses." Rather,

944-738: The California Gold Rush , and Jane remained in Albany with her family. He returned in 1855, and the following year, they moved to San Francisco , where he engaged in mercantile pursuits on a large scale. Leland Stanford was a co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad and served as its president from 1861 until his death in 1893. Leland Stanford was president of the Southern Pacific Railroad , served as governor of California from 1862 to 1863, and

1003-551: The Perspectives magazine of the American Historical Association warned that the ABOR "could snuff out all controversial discussion in the classroom. A campus governed by the ABOR would present professors with an impossible dilemma: either play it safe or risk administrative censure by saying something that might offend an overly sensitive student." The American Library Association also opposed

1062-428: The 1940 interpretations of the statement and a 1970 interpretation, which codified evaluation of the principles since the time they were adopted. The statement is straightforward, based on three principles of academic freedom. Briefly summarized, the first principle states that teachers are entitled to "full freedom in research and in publication of the results" and that the issue of financial gains from research depends on

1121-657: The 1940 statement and a later documents on standards for faculty dismissal. In Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957), the Supreme Court of the United States acknowledged the essential role of academic freedom as a protected right under the First Amendment . This case set a precedent that significantly influenced university policies across the United States, affirming the importance of academic discourse and inquiry without governmental interference. However, "at

1180-592: The AAUP formed as the "Association of University Professors" after a series of meetings held at the Chemists' Club in New York City. John Dewey would serve as President of the organization, with Lovejoy, who had by then moved on to Johns Hopkins , serving as Secretary. In February 1915, the dismissals of two professors and two instructors at the University of Utah by President Joseph T. Kingsbury —and

1239-434: The AAUP offered up another interpretation, stating that the "1970 de-endorsement clause" requires a religious institution to forfeit its "right to represent itself as an 'authentic seat of higher learning.'" But the AAUP's Committee A did not endorse it, thus the issue on whether a religious institution can place limits on academic freedom if those limitations are clearly stated appears to be unresolved. The AAUP has released

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1298-410: The AAUP's stance regarding academic freedom in religious institutions as contradicting its 1940 statement on academic freedom, which permits religious institutions to place limits on academic freedom if those limitations are clearly stated. In 1970, the AAUP criticized its 1940 statement, positing that most religious institutions "no longer need or desire" to place limits on academic freedom. In 1988,

1357-566: The ABOR, with members approving a resolution stating that the Bill "would impose extra-academic standards on academic institutions, directly interfering in course content, the classroom, the research process, and hiring and tenure decisions." A number of other groups have also opposed the ABOR, including the American Federation of Teachers , the National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC), and others. Some left-leaning groups, including Refuse and Resist , and

1416-537: The Jewel Fund continues to add to the university's library collections . The endowment, originally $ 500,000, is now worth about $ 20 million. Items purchased through the Jewel Fund display a distinctive bookplate that depicts a romanticized Jane Stanford offering her jewels to Athena , the Greek goddess of wisdom. Since 2007, benefactors who provide endowments for library acquisitions are referred to as members of

1475-642: The Jewel Society. In 1905, she died in Hawaii , where she had traveled after a failed poisoning attempt in San Francisco. The verdict in Hawaii was that she had died of strychnine poisoning. However, David Starr Jordan , the then-president of Stanford, immediately went to Hawaii, where he suppressed the report of poisoning and insisted that she had died of natural causes. His coverup was accepted as

1534-789: The San Francisco Police likely suspected Berner but covered up the murder to suit their own interests. The source of the strychnine was never identified. Stanford was buried alongside her husband, Leland, and their son at the Stanford family mausoleum on the Stanford campus. Jane Lathrop Stanford Middle School in the Palo Alto Unified School District was named after her in 1985. The town of Lathrop, California in San Joaquin County

1593-624: The United States in such institutions as University of Connecticut , Portland State University , University of Alaska , the California State University system , Rutgers , University of Oregon , Eastern Michigan University , University of Illinois Chicago , University of Rhode Island , State University of New York , and many others in both the public and private sector. Unlike the American Federation of Teachers and other more traditional labor unions, AAUP

1652-523: The administration and/or governing board from generally accepted standards of college and university government". In 1930, the University of Mississippi , Mississippi State University and Mississippi University for Women , were placed on a list of "non-recommended" institutions, after Mississippi Governor Theodore Bilbo and member of the Ku Klux Klan fired the presidents of all three institutions as well as 179 faculty members. The censure list

1711-601: The bottle in question had been purchased in California (after Richmond had been let go), had been accessible to anyone in Stanford's residence during the period when her party was packing, and had not been used until the night of her death. The jury's quick verdict was to prove controversial. A March 11, 1905, dispatch in The New York Times stated that the verdict was "written out with the knowledge and assistance of Deputy High Sheriff Rawlins" and implied that

1770-541: The conviction that an unknown party had tried to kill her and suffering from a cold, Stanford soon decided to sail to Hawaii, with plans to continue on to Japan. The Stanford party left San Francisco for Honolulu on February 15, 1905. At the Moana Hotel on the island of Oahu on the evening of February 28, Stanford asked for bicarbonate of soda to settle her stomach while in her room. Her personal secretary, Bertha Berner (a trusted employee of 20 years' standing and

1829-463: The country's colleges and universities . In the 1890s and early 1900s, there were a number of attempts to dismiss college faculty members from their academic posts, including a failed attempt to dismiss Richard Ely at the University of Wisconsin in 1894. The following year Edward Bemis was dismissed from a post at the University of Chicago and George D. Herron from one at Grinnell College in 1899. Perhaps most prominent of these incidents

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1888-435: The decision to deny tenure, the fourth point notes that both faculty and the institution's governing board should judge whether tenure is to be granted or denied. The final point suggests that if the faculty member is not granted tenure appointment for reasons of financial restraint upon the university, the "financial exigency should be demonstrably bona fide." The interpretive statement also maintains that while professors have

1947-414: The declaration, but that today the statement remains "almost as nearly inviolate as the U.S. Constitution." The AAUP notes that following a series of conferences beginning in 1934, the association officially adopted the "1925 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure," which started to become institutionalized in universities only in the 1940s. The AAUP offers the original principles, including

2006-413: The dramatic and highly distinctive symptoms of strychnine poisoning that she had displayed. In his book, Cutler concluded, "There is ample evidence that Mrs. Stanford was poisoned, that she was given good care, and that Jordan went over there to hush it up." Stanford had long had a difficult relationship with Jordan. At the time of her death, she was president of the university's board of trustees and

2065-486: The formal origins of the statement of academic freedom in the United States begins with an earlier 1915 "declaration of principles," when the "fledgling" AAUP first convened. While it seems common sense that academic freedom aligns with the values of democratic rights and free speech, O'Neil also notes the ideas of academic freedom at the time were not entirely well received, and even the New York Times criticized

2124-400: The importance of faculty involvement in personnel decisions, selection of administrators, preparation of the budget, and determination of educational policies. Refinements to the statement were introduced in subsequent years, culminating in the 1966 "Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities." The statement was jointly formulated by the American Association of University Professors,

2183-505: The issue of academic freedom when she sought and ultimately succeeded in having Stanford University economist Edward A. Ross fired. Ross had made speeches favoring the Democrat William Jennings Bryan , had collectivist economic teachings, favored racism against Chinese American "coolies", and outlined eugenics policies directed against Chinese people and other racial groups. She traveled to London in 1897,

2242-696: The job protections that should be afforded to part-time faculty members. In 2003, it had released its major policy statement Contingent Appointments and the Academic Profession. The statement makes new recommendations in two areas: increasing the proportion of faculty appointments that are on the tenure line as well as improving job security and due process protections for those with contingent appointments. In 2009, AAUP began its reorganization amongst its thinktank, its non-organized advocacy chapters and its support for collective bargaining chapters. AAUP currently represents approximately 70 affiliates across

2301-401: The jurors had been coached on the conclusion to reach. The controversy was largely stoked by Stanford University President David Starr Jordan , who had sailed to Hawaii himself and hired a local doctor, Ernest Coniston Waterhouse, to dispute poisoning as the cause of death. He then reported to the press that Stanford had in fact died of heart failure, a "medically preposterous" diagnosis given

2360-480: The longest-running girls' day school in the country. She was the second of six siblings: She married Leland Stanford on September 30, 1850. The Stanfords lived in Port Washington, Wisconsin until 1852, when Leland Stanford's law library and other property were lost to fire; they then returned to Albany, New York. Leland Stanford went to California to join his brothers in mercantile businesses related to

2419-401: The only other person present who had also been at the scene of the previous incident), prepared the solution, which Stanford drank. At 11:15 p.m., Stanford cried out for her servants and hotel staff to call for a physician, declared that she had lost control of her body, and believed that she had been poisoned again. This time, attempts to induce vomiting were unsuccessful. Robert Cutler,

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2478-414: The presence of a pure form of strychnine in samples from the bicarbonate she had taken, as well as traces of the poison in her tissues. After hearing three days of testimony, the coroner's jury concluded in less than two minutes that she had died of strychnine "introduced into a bottle of bicarbonate of soda with felonious intent by some person or persons to this jury unknown." The testimony revealed that

2537-412: The relationship with the institution. The second principle of academic freedom is that teachers should have the same freedom in the classroom. The third asserts that college and university professors are citizens and should be free to speak and write as citizens "free from institutional censorship." The 1970 interpretation believes that the statement is not a "static code but a fundamental document to set

2596-478: The rights of citizens, both scholars and educational officers "should remember that the public may judge their profession and their institution by their utterances," noting that every effort should be made "to indicate they are not speaking for the institution." The comments provide for further insights into the evaluation for tenure appointment and direct to the "1968 Recommended Institutional Regulations on Academic Freedom and Tenure," which recommends policy based upon

2655-505: The statement aimed to establish a shared vision for the internal governance of institutions. Student involvement is not addressed in detail. The statement concerns general education policy and internal operations with an overview of the formal roles for governing structures in the organization and management of higher education. The AAUP has censured numerous religious institutions, including The Catholic University of America in 1990 and Brigham Young University in 1998. Some have criticized

2714-578: The subsequent resignations of 14 faculty members in protest—launched the AAUP's first institutional academic freedom inquest. An earlier 1911 controversy at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, had involved some of these same professors. The AAUP published, in December 1915, its inaugural volume of the Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors , including the document now known as

2773-619: The time of the Sweezy decision, the AAUP was deeply ambivalent about the constitutionalization of academic freedom, because some members feared the long-term consequences of having judges rather than professors elaborate and apply the protective rules of academic life." In Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967), the constitutionality and legal basis for AAUP's principles of academic freedom were established. The American Association of University Professors published its first "Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities" in 1920, "emphasizing

2832-421: The truth for decades. On January 14, 1905, at her Nob Hill mansion in San Francisco, Stanford consumed mineral water that tasted bitter. She quickly forced herself to vomit the water with prompting from and assistance by her maid, and when both the maid and her secretary agreed that the bottled water tasted strange, she sent it to a pharmacy to be analyzed. The findings, returned a few weeks later, showed that

2891-456: The university almost single-handedly until her unsolved murder by strychnine poisoning in 1905. She was the eighth First Lady of California. Her husband served as governor from January 10, 1862 to December 10, 1863. Born Jane Elizabeth Lathrop in Albany, New York , she was the daughter of shopkeeper Dyer Lathrop and Jane Anne (Shields) Lathrop. She attended The Albany Academy for Girls ,

2950-400: The university, as its co-founder. The estate left probate in 1898. As the remaining founder, she wielded a great deal of legal control over the university until her death. It was at her direction that Stanford University gained an early focus on the arts. She also advocated for the admission of women; the university had been co-educational since its founding. She took a strong position on

3009-561: The very act of purporting to protect it." Some individual academics regard the ABOR, along with the Santorum Amendment , as a threat to academic freedom . Others have suggested that the ABOR may allow students to claim discrimination when tested on evolution . Moderate, libertarian, and conservative critics of the ABOR have asserted that it would open the door to a right wing version of the campus speech code . An article by David T. Beito , Ralph E. Luker and KC Johnson in

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3068-456: The water had been poisoned with a lethal dose of strychnine . Stanford moved out of her mansion and vowed never to return. Elizabeth Richmond, the maid, fell under suspicion and was dismissed. (Richmond had worked in Britain and had reportedly regaled Stanford's domestic staff with tales of English aristocrats being poisoned by their servants. ) The Harry Morse Detective and Patrol Agency

3127-491: The year of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee , in hopes of selling her rubies and other jewels to raise funds for the university, but was disappointed in the prices offered and returned home with most of her jewelry intact. In 1905, Jane Stanford directed the university trustees to sell her jewels after her death and use the funds as a permanent endowment "to be used exclusively for the purchase of books and other publications". The board of trustees confirmed that arrangement, and

3186-568: Was a United States senator from California from 1885 until his death in 1893. On May 14, 1868, Jane Stanford gave birth to a son, Leland Stanford, Jr. , at age 39. He died at age 15 on March 13, 1884, of typhoid fever while the family was in Florence , Italy. Following their son's death, Jane and Leland Stanford sought ways to memorialize him. Before they left Europe in April 1884, with his remains, they changed their wills to give everything to

3245-460: Was of overriding importance. The coverup succeeded so well that the likelihood that she was murdered was largely overlooked by historians and commentators until the 1980s. In 2022, Stanford University historian Richard White concluded that Stanford was likely poisoned by her employee Bertha Berner, who was the only person present at both poisonings. White concludes that the first poisoning may have been intended to be non fatal and that Jordan and

3304-461: Was officially created in 1938. Between that year and 2002, 183 colleges and universities were placed on the list at various times. As of 2024, there are 59 institutions on AAUP's censure list. Fourteen colleges in the United States are currently on AAUP's list of sanctioned institutions for violations of shared governance. Apart from the elected leadership, the AAUP has been led in its day to day operations by what has been at various times called

3363-401: Was reportedly planning to remove him from his position. Jordan's motives for involvement in the case are uncertain, but he had written to the new president of Stanford's board of trustees, offered several alternate explanations for Jane Stanford's death, and suggested to select whichever would be most suitable. The university leadership may have believed that avoiding the appearance of scandal

3422-426: Was retained for a discreet investigation of the incident. Its detectives put Richmond under surveillance and scoured records of Bay Area pharmacies for possibly-suspicious purchases of strychnine but found none. The agency learned that the mansion was a hothouse of petty staff jealousies, graft, and intrigue, but it could not come up with evidence pointing to a culprit or a motive for an attempted murder. Depressed by

3481-550: Was the 1900 dismissal of eugenicist , economics professor, and sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross from Stanford University . Ross's work criticizing the employment of Chinese laborers by the Southern Pacific Railroad , run by Stanford's founder Leland Stanford , led Leland's widow, Jane Stanford , to intervene and, over the objections of the president and the faculty, to succeed in getting Ross eventually dismissed. A number of faculty colleagues resigned in protest, including Arthur O. Lovejoy . Fifteen years later, In January 1915,

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