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66-668: [REDACTED] Look up Ad5 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. AD-5 or variation , may refer to: AD 5 , the 5th year of the Common Era USS ; Prairie  (AD-5) , an auxiliary cruiser of the U.S. Navy Douglas AD-5 Skyraider , fighter-bomber airplane AD5 experiment "ALPHA" at the CERN Antiproton Decelerator ring; an antimatter physics experiment Ad5, adenovirus serotype 5,

132-662: A Science article reported that China had approved CanSino 's Ebola vaccine based on an Ad5 vector. It was tested in Sierra Leone , which had high HIV prevalence , making it more likely for such problems to be detected. CanSino's CEO said "we haven't seen anything with the Ebola vaccine" and speculated that HIV susceptibility might be limited to Ad5 vaccines which produced HIV proteins. In research reported in The Lancet in May,

198-460: A hawthorn tree, and migrates during the summer to its secondary host, a plant in the carrot family . The host range is the set of hosts that a parasite can use as a partner. In the case of human parasites, the host range influences the epidemiology of the parasitism or disease. For instance, the production of antigenic shifts in Influenza A virus can result from pigs being infected with

264-461: A host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism ; whether a parasitic , a mutualistic , or a commensalist guest ( symbiont ). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms (e.g. nematodes ), cells harbouring pathogenic (disease-causing) viruses , or a bean plant hosting mutualistic (helpful) nitrogen-fixing bacteria . More specifically in botany ,

330-615: A weakened immune system . This family contains the following genera : In humans, currently there are 88 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in seven species (Human adenovirus A to G): Different types/serotypes are associated with different conditions: All these types are called Human mastadenovirus A–G by the ICTV , because all are members of the genus Mastadenovirus . Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90–100 nm). The virions are composed of one linear piece of double-stranded DNA inside an icosahedral capsid . 240 hexon proteins make up

396-426: A decade, was shipped to basic training sites on 18 October 2011. Prevention of adenovirus, as well as other respiratory illnesses, involves frequent hand washing for more than 20 seconds, avoiding touching the eyes, face, and nose with unwashed hands, and avoiding close contact with people with symptomatic adenovirus infection. Those with symptomatic adenovirus infection are additionally advised to cough or sneeze into

462-403: A deep sea giant tubeworm, has an obligate mutualistic association with internal, sulfide-oxidizing, bacterial symbionts. The tubeworm extracts the chemicals that the bacteria need from the sediment, and the bacteria supply the tubeworm, which has no mouth, with nutrients. Some hermit crabs place pieces of sponge on the shell in which they are living. These grow over and eventually dissolve away

528-420: A host and only become parasitic when environmental conditions deteriorate. A parasite may have a long-term relationship with its host, as is the case with all endoparasites. The guest seeks out the host and obtains food or another service from it, but does not usually kill it. In contrast, a parasitoid spends a large part of its life within or on a single host, ultimately causing the host's death, with some of

594-424: A host plant supplies food resources to micropredators, which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism . The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner. Symbiosis spans a wide variety of possible relationships between organisms, differing in their permanence and their effects on the two parties. If one of the partners in an association

660-464: A limited host range is oligophagous, being restricted to a few closely related species, usually in the same plant family. The diamondback moth is an example of this, feeding exclusively on brassicas , and the larva of the potato tuber moth feeds on potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco, all members of the same plant family, Solanaceae . Herbivorous insects with a wide range of hosts in various different plant families are known as polyphagous . One example

726-454: A linear dsDNA genome and are able to replicate in the nucleus of vertebrate cells using the host's replication machinery. Entry of adenoviruses into the host cell involves two sets of interactions between the virus and the host cell. Most of the action occurs at the vertices. Entry into the host cell is initiated by the knob domain of the fiber protein binding to the cell receptor. The two currently established receptors are: CD46 for

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792-423: A major effort is made to limit hepatotoxicity and prevent multiple organ failure. Adenovirus dodecahedron can qualify as a potent delivery platform for foreign antigens to human myeloid dendritic cells (MDC), and that it is efficiently presented by MDC to M1-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. A safety issue with adenoviruses is that they can cause an immune response with a related inflammatory response as occurred in

858-432: A potentially fatal disease involving vasculitis and hepatitis . Type 1 infection can also cause respiratory and eye infections. CAdV-1 also affects foxes ( Vulpes vulpes and Vulpes lagopus ) and may cause hepatitis and encephalitis. Canine adenovirus 2 (CAdV-2) is one of the potential causes of kennel cough . Core vaccines for dogs include attenuated live CAdV-2, which produces immunity to CAdV-1 and CAdV-2. CAdV-1

924-428: A small predator lives parasitically on a much larger host plant, eating parts of it. The range of plants on which a herbivorous insect feeds is known as its host range. This can be wide or narrow, but it never includes all plants. A small number of insects are monophagous , feeding on a single plant. The silkworm larva is one of these, with mulberry leaves being the only food consumed. More often, an insect with

990-419: A vehicle to administer targeted therapy , in the form of recombinant DNA or protein. This therapy has been found especially useful in treating monogenic disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis , X-linked SCID , alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency) and cancer. In China, oncolytic adenovirus is an approved cancer treatment. Specific modifications on fiber proteins are used to target Adenovirus to certain cell types;

1056-511: A virus commonly used as a recombinant virus therapy vector (rAd5) Alzheimer's disease , stage 5 Alzheimer's Disease 5, a familial variant of Alzhemier's; see List of OMIM disorder codes See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "ad5"  or "ad-5" on Misplaced Pages. 5AD (radio station) , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Ad5-nCoV , COVID-19 vaccine Ad5-EBOV , Ebola vaccine 5 (disambiguation) AD (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

1122-561: A wide range of responses, from no symptoms at all to the severe infections typical of Adenovirus serotype 14 . Bat adenovirus TJM (Bt-AdV-TJM) is a novel species of the Mastadenovirus genus isolated from Myotis and Scotophilus kuhlii in China. It is most closely related to the tree shrew and canine AdVs. Two types of canine adenoviruses are well known, type 1 and 2. Type 1 (CAdV-1) causes infectious canine hepatitis ,

1188-406: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ad5 They have a broad range of vertebrate hosts; in humans, more than 50 distinct adenoviral serotypes have been found to cause a wide range of illnesses , from mild respiratory infections in young children (known as the common cold ) to life-threatening multi-organ disease in people with

1254-564: Is found to be present, it may not be the cause of any symptoms. Some immunocompromised individuals can shed the virus for weeks and show no symptoms. Most infections with adenovirus result in infections of the upper respiratory tract. Adenovirus infections often present as conjunctivitis , tonsillitis (which may look exactly like strep throat and cannot be distinguished from strep except by throat culture), an ear infection , or croup . Adenoviruses types 40 and 41 can also cause gastroenteritis . A combination of conjunctivitis and tonsillitis

1320-419: Is innovative because an Ad26 based vaccine is used on the first day and an Ad5 vaccine is used on day 21. Another one is ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S ; the vaccine reportedly prevented mice that were genetically modified to have human ACE2 (hACE2) receptors, presumably receptors that allow virus-entry into the cells, from being infected with SARS-CoV-2. Possible issues with using Adenovirus as vaccine vectors include:

1386-511: Is largely directed at the symptoms (such as acetaminophen for fever). The antiviral drug cidofovir has helped certain of those patients who had severe cases of illness; the number helped and to what degree, and the particular complications or symptoms it helped with, and when and where this happened, were not given in the source. A doctor may give antibiotic eyedrops for conjunctivitis, while awaiting results of bacterial cultures, and to help prevent secondary bacterial infections. Currently, there

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1452-656: Is linear, non-segmented double-stranded (ds) DNA that is between 26 and 48 k bp . This allows the virus to theoretically carry 22 to 40 genes . Although this is significantly larger than other viruses in its Baltimore group , it is still a very simple virus and is heavily reliant on the host cell for survival and replication. The genes of adenoviruses can generally be divided into well-conserved sets of transcription units with six early transcription units (E1A, E1B, E2A, E2B, E3 and E4) and one late transcription unit ranging from L1-L5. In addition, adenoviruses also contain two intermediate transcription units named XI and IVa2. To increase

1518-499: Is much larger than the other, it is generally known as the host. In parasitism , the parasite benefits at the host's expense. In commensalism , the two live together without harming each other, while in mutualism , both parties benefit. Most parasites are only parasitic for part of their life cycle. By comparing parasites with their closest free-living relatives, parasitism has been shown to have evolved on at least 233 separate occasions. Some organisms live in close association with

1584-501: Is no adenovirus vaccine available to the general public, but a vaccine is available for the United States military for Types 4 and 7. Adenoviruses have long been a popular viral vector for gene therapy due to their ability to affect both replicating and non-replicating cells, accommodate large transgenes , and code for proteins without integrating genetic material into the host cell genome. More specifically, they are used as

1650-445: Is not always easy or even possible to identify which host is definitive and which secondary. The life cycles of many parasites are not well understood, and the subjectively or economically more important organism may initially be designated incorrectly as primary. Mislabelling may continue even after the error becomes known. For example trout and salmon are sometimes said to be "primary hosts" for salmonid whirling disease , even though

1716-412: Is particularly common with adenovirus infections. Some children (especially the youngest) can develop adenovirus bronchiolitis or pneumonia , both of which can be severe. In babies, adenoviruses can also cause coughing fits that look almost exactly like whooping cough . Adenoviruses can also cause viral meningitis or encephalitis . Rarely, adenovirus can cause hemorrhagic cystitis (inflammation of

1782-466: Is separated by the DNA replication process into two phases: an early and a late phase. In both phases, a primary transcript that is alternatively spliced to generate monocistronic mRNAs compatible with the host's ribosome is generated, allowing for the products to be translated . The early genes are responsible for expressing mainly non-structural, regulatory proteins . The goal of these proteins

1848-465: Is subsequently released, which can enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore . After this the DNA associates with histone molecules already present in the nucleus, which allows it to interact with the host cell transcription machinery. Then, viral gene expression can occur, without integrating the viral genome into host cell chromosomes, and new virus particles can be generated. The adenovirus life cycle

1914-561: Is the buff ermine moth whose larvae feed on alder , mint , plantain , oak , rhubarb , currant , blackberry , dock , ragwort , nettle and honeysuckle . Plants often produce toxic or unpalatable secondary metabolites to deter herbivores from feeding on them. Monophagous insects have developed specific adaptations to overcome those in their specialist hosts, giving them an advantage over polyphagous species. However, this puts them at greater risk of extinction if their chosen hosts suffer setbacks. Monophagous species are able to feed on

1980-658: Is threefold: to alter the expression of host proteins that are necessary for DNA synthesis ; to activate other virus genes (such as the virus-encoded DNA polymerase ); and to avoid premature death of the infected cell by the host-immune defenses (blockage of apoptosis , blockage of interferon activity, and blockage of MHC class I translocation and expression). Some adenoviruses under specialized conditions can transform cells using their early gene products. E1A (binds Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein ) has been found to immortalize primary cells in vitro allowing E1B (binds p53 tumor suppressor) to assist and stably transform

2046-643: The Hippocratic Corpus describes human bladder worm . The medieval Persian physician Avicenna recorded human and animal parasites including roundworms, threadworms, the Guinea worm and tapeworms. In Early Modern times, Francesco Redi recorded animal parasites, while the microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed and illustrated the protozoan Giardia lamblia from "his own loose stools". Hosts to mutualistic symbionts were recognised more recently, when in 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank described

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2112-407: The brood parasitism of the cuckoo . Parasites follow a wide variety of evolutionary strategies, placing their hosts in an equally wide range of relationships. Parasitism implies host–parasite coevolution , including the maintenance of gene polymorphisms in the host, where there is a trade-off between the advantage of resistance to a parasite and a cost such as disease caused by the gene. It

2178-464: The myxosporean parasite reproduces sexually inside the sludge worm . And where the host harbors the different parasite's phases at different sites within its body, the host is both intermediate and definitive: for example trichinosis , a disease caused by roundworms , where the host has immature juveniles in its muscles and reproductive adults in its digestive tract. Micropredation is an evolutionarily stable strategy within parasitism, in which

2244-648: The 'vector' to transport the surface protein gene of SARS-CoV-2". The goal is to genetically express the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). A replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine vector (ChAdOx1) is used by the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine that has been approved for use. The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine uses modified recombinant adenovirus type-26 (Ad26). Recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) are being used by Ad5-nCoV , ImmunityBio and UQ-CSL V451 . The Gam-COVID-Vac (aka Sputnik-V) product

2310-455: The adenovirus genome can occur. A terminal protein that is covalently bound to the 5' end of the adenovirus genome acts as a primer for replication. The viral DNA polymerase then uses a strand displacement mechanism, as opposed to the conventional Okazaki fragments used in mammalian DNA replication, to replicate the genome. The late phase of the adenovirus lifecycle is focused on producing sufficient quantities of structural protein to pack all

2376-423: The adenovirus. This co-receptor molecule is αV integrin . Binding to αV integrin results in endocytosis of the virus particle via clathrin-coated pits. Attachment to αV integrin stimulates cell signaling and thus induces actin polymerization, which facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and results in virion's entry into the host cell within an endosome . Once the virus has successfully gained entry into

2442-548: The arm or elbow instead of the hand, to avoid sharing cups and eating utensils, and to refrain from kissing others. Chlorination of swimming pools can prevent outbreaks of conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus. Diagnosis is from symptoms and history. Tests are only necessary in very serious cases. Tests include blood tests, eyes, nose or throat swabs, stool sample tests, and chest x-rays. In the laboratory, adenovirus can be identified with antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation and serology. Even if adenovirus

2508-472: The binding of protein VI to the endsomal membrane leading to a severe membrane curvature that ultimately disrupts the endosome. These changes, as well as the toxic nature of the pentons, destroy the endosome, resulting in the movement of the virion into the cytoplasm. With the help of cellular microtubules , the virus is transported to the nuclear pore complex, whereby the adenovirus particle disassembles. Viral DNA

2574-478: The body and water. Adenoviruses are spread primarily via respiratory droplets, however they can also be spread by fecal routes and via aerosols ( airborne transmission ). Research into the molecular mechanisms underlying adenoviral transmission provide empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that coxsackievirus/adenovirus receptors (CARs) are needed to transport adenoviruses into certain naive/progenitor cell types. Humans infected with adenoviruses display

2640-466: The bulk of the capsid, while twelve penton bases cap the icosahedron's corners. The penton bases are associated with protruding fibers that aid in attachment to the host cell via the receptor on its surface. In 2010, the structure of the human adenovirus was solved at the atomic level, making it the largest high-resolution model ever. The virus is composed of around 1 million amino acid residues and weighs around 150 MDa . The adenovirus genome

2706-420: The cells. Nevertheless, they are reliant upon each other to successfully transform the host cell and form tumors . E1A is mostly intrinsically disordered protein and contains CR3 domain which is critical for transcriptional activation. DNA replication separates the early and late phases. Once the early genes have liberated adequate virus proteins, replication machinery, and replication substrates, replication of

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2772-449: The cleaner. Remoras (also called suckerfish) can swim freely but have evolved suckers that enable them to adhere to smooth surfaces, gaining a free ride ( phoresis ), and they spend most of their lives clinging to a host animal such as a whale, turtle or shark. However, the relationship may be mutualistic, as remoras, though not generally considered to be cleaner fish , often consume parasitic copepods : for example, these are found in

2838-721: The company's researchers acknowledged the possibility, called it "controversial" and said they would watch for it in the company's COVID-19 vaccine candidate's trials. It is not known to what extent LGBT discrimination in Sierra Leone could have contributed to masking a possible causal link in the Ebola vaccine trial; while the Step trial enrolled mainly homosexual and bisexual men, the Phambili trial enrolled mainly heterosexual men and women and still found an apparent connection. Host (biology) In biology and medicine ,

2904-666: The death of Jesse Gelsinger in 1999. To address this risk, the genome of the viral genes have been modified to remove some viral genes. One such modification is the gutless vector that removes almost all the viral genome. Adenovirus has been used for delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems, but high immune reactivity to viral infection has posed challenges in use for patients. Modified ( recombinant ) adenovirus vectors, including replication incompetent types, can deliver DNA coding for specific antigens . Adenovirus have been used to produce viral vector COVID-19 vaccines . "In four candidate COVID-19 vaccines... Ad5... serves as

2970-543: The fungus from the soil. Over 95% of plant families have been shown to have mycorrhizal associations. Another such relationship is between leguminous plants and certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia that form nodules on the roots of the plant. The host supplies the bacteria with the energy needed for nitrogen fixation and the bacteria provide much of the nitrogen needed by the host. Such crops as beans , peas , chickpeas and alfalfa are able to fix nitrogen in this way, and mixing clover with grasses increases

3036-451: The general population or on people with weakened immune systems. In the past, US military recruits were vaccinated against two serotypes of adenovirus, with a corresponding decrease in illnesses caused by those serotypes. That vaccine is no longer manufactured. The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command announced on 31 October 2011 that a new adenovirus vaccine, which replaces the older version that has been out of production for over

3102-417: The genetic material produced by DNA replication. Once the viral components have successfully been replicated, the virus is assembled into its protein shells and released from the cell as a result of virally induced cell lysis . Adenovirus is capable of multiplicity reactivation (MR) (Yamamoto and Shimojo, 1971). MR is the process by which two, or more, virus genomes containing lethal damage interact within

3168-432: The group B human adenovirus serotypes and the coxsackievirus/adenovirus receptor (CAR) for all other serotypes. There are some reports suggesting MHC molecules and sialic acid residues functioning in this capacity as well. This is followed by a secondary interaction, where a motif in the penton base protein (see capsomere ) interacts with an integrin molecule. It is the co-receptor interaction that stimulates entry of

3234-404: The host cell, the endosome acidifies, which alters virus topology by causing capsid components to disband. The capsid is destabilized and protein VI, which is one of the capsid constituents (see Adenovirus genome ) is released from it. Protein VI contains an N-terminal amphiphatic alpha-helix, a helical domain that exhibits both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. This amphipathic helix enables

3300-465: The human body develops immunity to the vector itself, making subsequent booster shots difficult or impossible. In some cases, people have pre-existing immunity to Adenoviruses, making vector delivery ineffective. The use of Ad5 vaccines for COVID-19 worried researchers who had experience with two failed trials of an Ad5 vaccine, Phambili and STEP, due to the increased risk for uncircumcised male patients of contracting HIV-1 via unprotected anal sex. At

3366-561: The infected cell to form a viable virus genome. Such MR was demonstrated for adenovirus 12 after virions were irradiated with UV light and allowed to undergo multiple infection of host cells. In a review, numerous examples of MR in different viruses were described, and it was suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction that provides the survival advantage of recombinational repair of genome damages. Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical or physical agents and adverse pH conditions, allowing for prolonged survival outside of

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3432-401: The mollusc shell; the crab may not ever need to replace its abode again and is well-camouflaged by the overgrowth of sponge. An important hosting relationship is mycorrhiza , a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant. The fungus receives carbohydrates, the products of photosynthesis, while the plant receives phosphates and nitrogenous compounds acquired by

3498-496: The other. For example, termites are hosts to the protozoa that live in their gut and which digest cellulose , and the human gut flora is essential for efficient digestion . Many corals and other marine invertebrates house zooxanthellae , single-celled algae, in their tissues. The host provides a protected environment in a well-lit position for the algae, while benefiting itself from the nutrients produced by photosynthesis which supplement its diet. Lamellibrachia luymesi ,

3564-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title AD-5 . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD-5&oldid=1047813286 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3630-428: The sea and on land, making use of smaller animals to clean them of parasites. Cleaners include fish, shrimps and birds; hosts or clients include a much wider range of fish, marine reptiles including turtles and iguanas, octopus, whales, and terrestrial mammals. The host appears to benefit from the interaction, but biologists have disputed whether this is a truly mutualistic relationship or something closer to parasitism by

3696-532: The stomach contents of 70% of the common remora . Many molluscs , barnacles and polychaete worms attach themselves to the carapace of the Atlantic horseshoe crab ; for some this is a convenient arrangement, but for others it is an obligate form of commensalism and they live nowhere else. The first host to be noticed in ancient times was human: human parasites such as hookworm are recorded from ancient Egypt from 3000 BC onwards, while in ancient Greece ,

3762-455: The strategies involved verging on predation . Generally, the host is kept alive until the parasitoid is fully grown and ready to pass on to its next life stage. A guest's relationship with its host may be intermittent or temporary, perhaps associated with multiple hosts, making the relationship equivalent to the herbivory of a wild-living animal. Another possibility is that the host–guest relationship may have no permanent physical contact, as in

3828-534: The tender young foliage with high concentrations of damaging chemicals on which polyphagous species cannot feed, having to make do with older leaves. There is a trade off between offspring quality and quantity; the specialist maximises the chances of its young thriving by paying great attention to the choice of host, while the generalist produces larger numbers of eggs in sub-optimal conditions. Some insect micropredators migrate regularly from one host to another. The hawthorn-carrot aphid overwinters on its primary host,

3894-761: The time, it was concluded that heightened risk of HIV reception may be observed for any Ad5-based vector vaccine. In October 2020, these researchers wrote in The Lancet : "On the basis of these findings, we are concerned that use of an Ad5 vector for immunisation against SARS-CoV-2 could similarly increase the risk of HIV-1 acquisition among men who receive the vaccine." Vaccines using other technologies would not be affected, but Sputnik V , Convidecia and ImmunityBio's hAd5 would. Two studies found that Ad5-specific CD4 T cells are more susceptible to HIV infection than CD4 T cells specific to certain other vectors, such as Cytomegalovirus and Canarypox . By comparison,

3960-778: The urinary bladder—a form of urinary tract infection —with blood in the urine). Most people recover from adenovirus infections by themselves, but people with immunodeficiency sometimes die of adenovirus infections, and—rarely—even previously healthy people can die of these infections. This may be because sometimes adenoviral infection can lead to cardiac disorders. For example, in one study, some cardiac samples of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were positive for presence of adenovirus type 8. Adenoviruses are often transmitted by expectoration (e.g. aerosols), but they can also be transmitted by contact with an infected person, or by virus particles left on objects such as towels and faucet handles. Some people with adenovirus gastroenteritis may shed

4026-444: The viral gene economy, adenoviruses accommodate genes on both strands of its dsDNA meaning that most of its genome is utilized for coding proteins. An interesting feature of this viral genome is that it has a terminal 55 kDa protein associated with each of the 5' ends of the linear dsDNA. These are used as primers in viral replication and ensure that the ends of the virus' linear genome are adequately replicated. Adenoviruses possess

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4092-528: The virus from several different hosts (such as human and bird). This co-infection provides an opportunity for mixing of the viral genes between existing strains, thereby producing a new viral strain. An influenza vaccine produced against an existing viral strain might not be effective against this new strain, which then requires a new influenza vaccine to be prepared for the protection of the human population. Some hosts participate in fully mutualistic interactions with both organisms being completely dependent on

4158-432: The virus in their stools for months after getting over the symptoms. The virus can be passed through water in swimming pools that are not sufficiently chlorinated. As with many other illnesses, good handwashing practice is one way to inhibit the person-to-person transmission of adenoviruses. Heat and bleach will kill adenoviruses on objects. There are no proven antiviral drugs to treat adenoviral infections, so treatment

4224-443: The yield of pastures. Neurotransmitter tyramine produced by commensal Providencia bacteria, which colonize the gut of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , bypasses the requirement for its host to biosynthesise tyramine. This product is then probably converted to octopamine by the host enzyme tyramine β-hydroxylase and manipulates a host sensory decision. Hosts of many species are involved in cleaning symbiosis , both in

4290-1237: Was initially used in a vaccine for dogs, but corneal edema was a common complication. Squirrel adenovirus (SqAdV) is reported to cause enteritis in red squirrels in Europe, while gray squirrels seem to be resistant. SqAdV is most closely related to the adenovirus of guinea pigs (GpAdV). Adenovirus in reptiles is poorly understood, but research is currently in progress. Adenoviruses are also known to cause respiratory infections in horses , cattle , pigs , sheep , and goats . Equine adenovirus 1 can also cause fatal disease in immunocompromised Arabian foals , involving pneumonia and destruction of pancreatic and salivary gland tissue. Tupaia adenovirus (TAV) (tree shrew adenovirus 1) has been isolated from tree shrews. Otarine adenovirus 1 has been isolated from sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ). The fowl adenoviruses are associated with many disease conditions in domestic fowl like inclusion body hepatitis , hydropericardium syndrome , Egg drop syndrome , Quail bronchitis , Gizzard erosions and many respiratory conditions. They have also been isolated from wild black kites (Milvus migrans). Titi monkey adenovirus

4356-428: Was isolated from a colony of monkeys. Currently there is a vaccine for adenovirus type 4 and 7 for US military personnel only. US military personnel are the recipients of this vaccine because they may be at a higher risk of infection. The vaccine contains a live virus, which may be shed in stool and lead to transmission. The vaccine is not approved for use outside of the military, as it has not been tested in studied in

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