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117-634: The Adjutant General's Corps , formerly the Adjutant General's Department , is a branch of the United States Army first established in 1775. This branch provides personnel service support by manning the force, providing human resources services, coordinating personnel support, Army band operations, and recruiting and retention. The objective of the Adjutant General Corps is to "maximize operational effectiveness of

234-1287: A Branch Chief who is the Head of the Branch and usually serves as the respective branch school commandant or director. Special branches - contain those groupings of military occupational specialties (MOS) of the army in which officers are commissioned or appointed after completing advanced training and education and/or receiving professional certification in one of the classic professions (i.e., theology, law, or medicine), or other associated health care areas (e.g., dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, registered nurse, physician's assistant). Officers of most special branches are restricted to command of units and activities of their respective department/branch only, regardless of rank or seniority. This means, for example, that Army Medical Department (AMEDD) branch officers may only command AMEDD units and activities. Likewise, Chaplains are essentially "officers without command" and are ineligible to command operational units and activities. They do, however, supervise junior ranking chaplains and enlisted chaplain's assistants. As an exception to this general rule, JAG Corps officers are eligible to command and may be assigned (with permission from

351-531: A basic branch effective 16 October 2006 per General Order 29, on 12 January 2007. The Signal Corps was authorized as a separate branch of the army by act of Congress on 3 March 1863. However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June 1860, when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: "Signal Department – Assistant Surgeon Albert J. Myer to be Signal Officer, with

468-513: A blue chief 1 large and 12 small silver stars. The basic design—the shield from the coat of arms of the United States—was adopted in 1872 as a solid shield of silver, bearing thirteen stars. In 1924, this design was authorized to be made in gold metal with the colors red, white, and blue in enamel. In December 1964, the insignia was changed to silver base metal with silver stars and silver and red enamel stripes. Branch Plaque The plaque design has

585-509: A case, if need be, to perform inspections, assessments, and investigations. Army Commands (ACOMs) and Army Service Component Commands (ASCCs) serve different purposes. The ACOMs are: Forces Command, Futures Command, Materiel Command, and Training and Doctrine Command. Some of the Army Service Component Commands (ASCCs) are components of the six geographical Unified Combatant Commands (CCMDs). Other ASCCs serve

702-436: A chief Azure a mullet Argent between a pattern of twelve of the like (as on The Adjutant General's Corps insignia of branch), all within a bordure Argent and enclosed in base by two laurel leaves Or. Displayed above the eagle's head is the crest (On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure the numerals "1775" Gules.) Dark blue and scarlet are branch colors of The Adjutant General's Corps. The inner white border signifies unity and

819-465: A colonel of volunteers, and a brevet brigadier general. After the Civil War ended in 1865, the term Regular Army was used to denote an officer's permanent rank only when a brevet commission had also been received. Such was the case with George Custer who was a brevet major general of volunteers and a brevet Regular Army brigadier general while holding the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in

936-501: A month and two weeks a year for training, or as an Other Than Regular Army (OTRA) officer. RA and OTRA officers were those who came on active duty and were expected to serve their full commission service obligation or until retirement. At promotion to major, OTRA officers had the option of requesting integration into the RA or remaining OTRA. If not selected for promotion to lieutenant colonel, OTRA majors were required to retire at 20 years unless

1053-463: A permanent rank (called "full rank") in the Regular Army, a full rank in the volunteers, and brevet ranks in both as a result of battlefield promotion, meritorious service or congressional action. The officers typically would only refer to themselves by the highest rank they held. An example is Union Army officer James Henry Carleton who was a "full" captain, a brevet major in the regular army,

1170-743: A permanent rank in the Regular Army and a temporary rank in the Army of the United States . Promotions within the Army of the United States were also very rapid and some officers were known to hold the permanent Regular Army rank of captain while serving as a colonel in the Army of the United States. The Army of the United States rank could also be revoked (sometimes known as "loss of theater rank") meaning that an officer would revert to Regular Army rank and, in effect, be demoted. Enlisted personnel did not hold dual ranks; rather, they were soldiers either in

1287-496: A permanent rank. Enlisted ranks are all permanent RA ranks. After Vietnam, most Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and Officer Candidate School (OCS) graduates, and those receiving direct commissions were commissioned as RA, US Army Reserve (USAR), or into the Army National Guard of the United States (ARNG). USAR officers could be assessed into the basic USAR component; that is, officers who served one weekend

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1404-711: A resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775. However, the oldest Regular Army infantry regiment, the 3rd Infantry Regiment , was constituted on 3 June 1784, as the First American Regiment. The Armor Branch traces its origin to the Cavalry . A regiment of cavalry was authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December 1776. Although mounted units were raised at various times after

1521-975: Is a technical element attached to the Human Resources Company responsible for the Theater Gateway. The Human Resources Company (HR CO) provides mission command and operational planning, logistics, communications, and technical guidance to assigned platoons and teams. There are two variant's: Division Sustainment Brigade (DSB) Human Resources Company and non-divisional Human Resources Company. The DSB HR CO provides baseline HR support to their assigned division with an emphasis on personnel accountability and casualty liaison operations. Non-divisional HR CO's are modular task organized as needed to perform personnel accountability, casualty liaison, and/or postal operations to an assigned area or supported unit. Military Mail Terminal or Theater-Gateway Personnel Accountability Teams may be assigned or attached when

1638-642: Is an organic branch of the Support Operations section in Sustainment brigades and Division Sustainment Brigades , and Distribution management Center in Expeditionary Sustainment Commands . The branch is the primary planning element for external HR support at echelon. It is responsible for planning, coordinating, integrating, and synchronizing personnel accountability, casualty, and postal operations missions within

1755-584: Is assigned to an Army Service Component Command, Corps, or Division and provides critical HR strength management capacity, technical expertise, analysis, assessment, training and assistance, as well as casualty, replacement, and postal planning capabilities. HROC's are currently only assigned to the Active Component. ASCC HROC's establish the Theater Casualty Information Center. The Human Resources Operations Branch

1872-557: Is augmented by the Army Reserve and Army National Guard, has a similar system of organization: a permanent, professional core, and additional units which can be mobilized in emergencies or times of war. The United States Army traces its origin to the founding of the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, when the Continental Congress authorized a one-year enlistment of riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to join

1989-455: Is currently at Fort Jackson . As the principal human resources office of the U.S. Army, the G1 is responsible for development, management and execution of all manpower and personnel plans, programs and policies throughout the entire U.S. Army. The United States Army Human Resources Command (Army HRC or simply HRC) is a command of the United States Army established in 2003 from the merger of

2106-603: Is honored as the father of the Adjutant General's Corps. On 16 June 1775, the Continental Congress appointed him as the first Adjutant General to George Washington with the commission of a brigadier general. Historically, he was the second officer to receive a commission in the Continental Army , preceded only by George Washington. With that appointment, the second oldest existing branch of

2223-558: Is part of the sustainment enterprise. The Human Resources Sustainment Center is a multi-functional element assigned to a Theater Sustainment Command that plans, integrates, and sustains personnel accountability, postal, and personnel systems integration for a theater of operations. It establishes and ensures functionality of the theater personnel database and the Postal Directory Address Database, and provides theater-wide assistance for HR systems issues. It

2340-532: Is responsible for synchronizing replacement priorities within the sustainment enterprise and supports effective support relationships at echelon. It integrates and provides guidance and technical support for HR units executing personnel accountability and postal functions throughout the theater and monitors the execution of the theater gateway (TGPAT) and military mail terminal (MMT) missions. The HRSC will be reorganized into Theater Personnel Operations Center force design in 2024. The Human Resources Operations Center

2457-451: Is ultramarine blue rather than the branch color. 16 June 1775. The post of Adjutant General was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1813 and was redesignated The Adjutant General's Corps in 1950. Coordinate Personnel Support Personnel Information Management The United States Army Adjutant General School

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2574-692: The American Indians who were offering armed resistance to U.S. settler expansion into the Old Northwest . There was also a powerful motivation for the American government to uphold the United States' national honor in the face of what many Americans considered to be British insults (such as the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair in 1807). In January 1812, with the threat of war with Britain looming larger, Congress authorized

2691-496: The Army of the United States , has been inactive since the suspension of the draft in 1973 and the U.S. armed forces became an all-volunteer armed force. The American military system developed from a combination of the professional, national Continental Army, the state militias and volunteer regiments of the American Revolutionary War , and the similar post-Revolutionary War American military units under

2808-615: The Militia Act of 1792 . These provided a basis for the United States Army's organization, with only minor changes, until the creation of the modern National Guard in 1903. The Militia Act provided for the use of volunteers who could be used anywhere in time of war, in addition to the State militias who were restricted to local use within their States for short periods of time. Even today's professional United States Army, which

2925-631: The President of the United States and secretary of defense on military matters under the guidance of the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Inspector General of the Army (IG) maintains open channels of communication for extraordinary issues which might lie outside the purview of the chain of command; it lists points of contact for the 3 Army Commands (ACOMs), the 11 Army Service Component Commands (ASCCs), and 12 Direct Reporting Units (DRUs). IG teams might then be assigned to

3042-550: The Spanish–American War in 1898, the Adjutant General's Office had evolved as the central coordinating bureau in the Army (continuing the legacy it developed during the Civil War). Major General William Harding Carter , under the direction of visionary Secretary of War Elihu Root , continued modernization efforts by implementing the general staff concept based upon European models. The Adjutant General's Department and

3159-633: The Western Confederacy in the area south of the Ohio River . The overwhelmingly successful campaign was concluded with the decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. The training the Legion received at Legionville was seen as instrumental to this victory. However, after Wayne's death, Brigadier General James Wilkinson , who was once Wayne's second-in-command of

3276-464: The rank suffix "of volunteers"; if Regular Army, these officers were known by the rank suffix "USA". Thus, a state regiment colonel would be known as "colonel of volunteers" while a Regular Army captain would be known as "Captain, USA". Regular Army officers of the Civil War could accept commissions in volunteer forces and could also be granted brevet ranks (higher ranks than the permanent commission). In some cases, officers held as many as four ranks:

3393-661: The " Army of the United States " was founded to fight World War II. The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the United States Army Reserve . The Army of the United States was re-established for the Korean War and Vietnam War and was demobilized upon

3510-595: The 1960s, with a total of eighteen groups organized in the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. As a result of renewed emphasis on special operations in the 1980s, the Special Forces Branch was established as a basic branch of the army effective 9 April 1987, by General Order No. 35, 19 June 1987. Special forces are part of U.S. special operations forces Established as a basic branch effective 16 October 2006 per General Order 30, 12 January 2007. The Civil Affairs/Military Government Branch in

3627-601: The Adjutant Generals' caps were topped with white in 1851. The facings were listed in the specification for the Adjutant General's uniform in September 1915 as dark blue. In Circular number 70 dated 28 October 1936, the Adjutant General's Corps and the National Guard Bureau exchanged colors and the present colors were established for the Adjutant General's Corps. The blue used in the branch insignia

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3744-411: The American and French forces at Yorktown, the Continental Army had grown to sixty battalions. For varying short periods of time during the war, many state militia units and separate volunteer state regiments (usually organized only for local service) supported the Continental Army. Although training and equipping part-time or short-term soldiers and coordinating them with professionally trained regulars

3861-544: The Army Reserve Branch was established as a special branch on 17 August 1955. It was subsequently redesignated the Civil Affairs Branch on 2 October 1955, and it has continued its mission to provide guidance to commanders in a broad spectrum of activities ranging from host–guest relationships to the assumption of executive, legislative, and judicial processes in occupied or liberated areas. Became

3978-411: The Army was born. General Gates' primary duty was to serve as key advisor and principal assistant to General Washington. Through his skill and ability, he organized the state militias into what became the Continental Army. Horatio Gates proved himself an able assistant as well as a competent field commander. Under his leadership, the Continental Army won the Battle of Saratoga – considered by many to be

4095-707: The Army's 3 components (Active Duty, National Guard, Reserve). As of late 2022, the IPPS-A system is a total force system for 1.1 million Soldiers providing streamlined personnel and pay services. It will "improve access, timeliness and will provide auditability of personnel and pay information for the Total Army – integrating more than 30 current systems; eliminating more than 300 interfaces; ensuring secure, consistent processes and data; and meeting required standards." A silver metal and enamel shield 1 inch in height on which are thirteen vertical stripes, 7 silver and 6 red; on

4212-711: The Battalion/Brigade/Division/Corps levels are handled by the S/G/J1 staff section whose purpose is to plan, provide, and coordinate the delivery of HR support, services, or information to all assigned and attached personnel. The Officer in Charge is the principal staff advisor to the Commander for all matters concerning personnel services. Theater HR is focused on providing external personnel services to units and personnel in an area of operations and

4329-449: The Civil War and World War I, there was no regularly appointed Provost Marshal General or regularly constituted Military Police Corps, although a "Provost Marshal" can be found as early as January 1776, and a "Provost Corps" as early as 1778. The first special forces unit in the Army was formed on 11 June 1952, when the 10th Special Forces Group was activated at Fort Bragg , North Carolina. A major expansion of special forces occurred during

4446-533: The Congress established a regiment which was to be raised and officered by obtaining volunteers from the militia of four of the states. This unit, the First American Regiment was commanded until 1 January 1792 by Josiah Harmar of Pennsylvania, gradually turned into a Regular regiment known as the 1st Infantry in 1791, and in 1815 was it redesignated as the 3rd Infantry in the reorganization of

4563-571: The Finance Corps in 1950. The Army Medical Department and the Medical Corps trace their origins to 27 July 1775, when the Continental Congress established the army hospital headed by a "Director General and Chief Physician." Congress provided a medical organization of the army only in time of war or emergency until 1818, which marked the inception of a permanent and continuous Medical Department. The Army Organization Act of 1950 renamed

4680-674: The First World War. The Regular Army, as an actual U.S. Army component, was reorganized by the National Defense Act of 1920 (amending the National Defense Act of 1916 ), when the large draft force of the National Army was demobilized and disbanded. The remaining Army force was formed into the peacetime Regular Army (which included inactive units in the Regular Army Inactive [RAI]), augmented by

4797-466: The Global War on Terror shifted the paradigm to smaller scale engagements using asymmetric means and methods to attrite our forces, and our will, over longer duration conflicts. These new threats and perceived changes in the character of war drove the shift to “modularity” and to brigade combat teams (BCTs) vice Divisions as the combined arms building blocks. Before 2006, Human Resources (HR) operations

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4914-515: The HR CO performs those missions. Division Sustainment Brigade HR Companies Echelon-Above-Division (EAD) (Modular) HR Companies Prior to Personnel Services Delivery Redesign the Adjutant General Corps force structure included: The Adjutant General Corps is the proponent for the following Army publications: FM 1-0 Human Resources Support ATP 1-0.1 G1/AG and S1 Operations ATP 1-0.2 Theater Human Resources Support Structure of

5031-1025: The Human Resources Sustainment Center at the Theater Sustainment Command; Human Resources Operations Branches within the Expeditionary Sustainment Command and Sustainment Brigade; Human Resources Company providing mission command for multifunction HR and Postal platoons; Theater Gateway Personnel Accountability Team at the APOD/SPOD; and Military Mail Terminal at the APOD/SPOD. These units plans, integrated, and executed HR services primarily needed only when deployed: casualty liaison, personnel accountability, and postal support. The AG Corps has been impacted by several rounds of reductions in personnel authorizations over time with each corresponding reduction in overall force size. However,

5148-560: The Judge Advocate General) to non-legal command positions, although ordinarily, like other Special branch officers, a JAG officer will only lead JAG Corps units and activities during their career. Each branch of the army has a different branch insignia . Per US Army Pamphlet 600-3, dated 1 February 2010, the three functional categories and associated functional groups for the branches and associated functional areas are: Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by

5265-635: The Legion with the rank of major general . The Legion, which was recruited and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , was formed around elements of the 1st and 2nd Regiments from the disbanded Continental Army . These units then became the First and Second Sub-Legions . The Third and Fourth Sub-Legions were raised from additional recruits. From June 1792 to November 1792, the Legion remained cantoned at Fort LaFayette in Pittsburgh. The new command

5382-608: The Legion, began disbanding his former superior's organization in December 1796. His policy was to re-establish a military model based on a regimental system. Wilkinson, who was later found to be a paid agent for the Spanish Crown , tried to rid the US Army of everything Wayne had created. This resulted in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Sub-Legions becoming the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Regiments of the United States Army. Nevertheless,

5499-683: The Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit, they may concern the creation of JROTC units and structural changes to the Army. These are listed by year on the Army Publishing Directorate's website. This page aims to portray the current overall structure of the US Army. Prior to 1903, members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 , all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under

5616-779: The Medical Department as the Army Medical Service. In June 1968, the Army Medical Service was re-designated the Army Medical Department. The Medical Department has the following branches: Regular Army (United States) In contemporary use, the term Regular Army refers to the full-time active component of the United States Army, as distinguished from the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard . A fourth component,

5733-589: The Mexican War were disbanded when the war was over. By contrast to the army of mainly militiamen who fought the War of 1812, in the Mexican War, one of every ten soldiers was a militiaman, three were Regulars and six were war volunteers. During the Mexican War, some 73,260 volunteers enlisted, although fewer than 30,000 actually served in Mexico. Congress added two new regiments to the Regular Army in 1855 because of

5850-414: The National Guard as appropriate. After the abolition of the draft, the Regular Army became the primary component of the United States Army, augmented by the Army Reserve and Army National Guard of the United States . In the early 1980s, the use of temporary Regular Army ranks was suspended. Since passage of the 2005 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), all active duty officers are commissioned in

5967-536: The New England militia army besieging Boston. Late in 1776, Congress called for the Continental Army to serve for the duration of the war. The army was to consist of 88 battalions raised and equipped by the states, with officers appointed by the states. Appointment of officers actually continued to be a collaboration between Congress, the Commander in Chief, George Washington, and the states. The number of battalions

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6084-637: The Office of the Adjutant General. By the end of the war, the Adjutant General's Corps processed more than six million soldiers back into civilian life. In what has been described as one of the most successful administrative tasks ever carried out, the AG Corps processed nearly one-half million discharges a month in accomplishing this difficult mission. Since World War II, the Adjutant General's Corps has been combat tested on several far-flung battlefields such as Korea, Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, and, most recently, in

6201-404: The Organized Reserve (created by combining the Officer Reserve Corps (ORC) and the Enlisted Reserve Corps (ERC) authorized by the 1916 act), predecessor to the United States Army Reserve. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Regular Army was badly underfunded and ranked 16th in the world. Promotions within the Regular Army were also very slow. Commissioned officers could easily spend 10 to 15 years in

6318-422: The Persian Gulf War (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm ). AG soldiers mobilized 139,207 reserve component soldiers (equating to 1,045 Reserve and National Guard units of all types), recalled 1,386 retirees to active duty, deployed 1,600 Army civilians to Southwest Asia, processed over 10,000 individual and unit replacements, and delivered more than 27,000 tons of mail to deployed Army forces. The onset of

6435-407: The Regiment of Artillery" on 17 November 1775. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776. The Air Defense Artillery branch descended from the Anti-Aircraft Artillery (part of the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps) into a separate branch on 20 June 1968. Continental Congress authority for a " Chief Engineer for the Army " dates from 16 June 1775. A corps of engineers for the United States

6552-412: The Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code . The National Guard is organized under Title 32 . While the Army National Guard is organized, trained, and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, individual units are under the command of individual states' governors. However, units of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against

6669-640: The Regular Army or the Army of the United States. To be a Regular Army soldier was also seen as a point of honor because they had voluntarily enlisted rather than being drafted . After the demobilization of the Army of the United States in 1946, the United States Army was divided into the Regular Army (RA) and the Army Reserve (USAR). During the Korean War , the Army of the United States was reinstated but had only enlisted draftees. Officers after this point held Regular Army rank only, but could hold an additional "temporary" rank in addition to their permanent rank. Temporary Regular Army ranks were not as easily revoked as

6786-409: The Regular Army. If no brevet rank was held, the officer was simply referred to by his permanent rank and the suffix "USA". Enlisted personnel could not hold brevet ranks and were all considered simply as United States Army personnel. The Confederate Army had its own approximate of the Regular Army, this known as the "Army of the Confederate States of America" or the "ACSA". The ACSA was considered

6903-518: The Revolution, the first in continuous service was the United States Regiment of Dragoons , organized in 1833. The Tank Service was formed on 5 March 1918. The Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940. Armor became a permanent branch of the army in 1950. Following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, the army began to develop further its own aviation assets (light planes and rotary wing aircraft) in support of ground operations. The Korean War gave this drive impetus, and

7020-401: The Secretary of the Army authorized further service as part of the Voluntary Indefinite (VOLINDEF) program. In the late 1990s, as part of a series of officer management regulatory changes, upon promotion to major all OTRA officers were required to integrate into the RA or exit service within 90 days. Recently, OTRA is rarely used with virtually all new officers being commissioned RA, USAR, or into

7137-455: The Seminole Wars in Florida, which began in December 1835 and lasted until 1842. After the war, the companies were reduced to minimum size but the second regiment of dragoons which had been added to the army was turned into a regiment of riflemen. When they were reconverted to dragoons after a year, the rifle corps disappeared. At the start of the Mexican War , Congress tried to get along with just eight infantry regiments of Regulars, but gave

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7254-447: The US Army has reorganized several BCTs, which would bring the totals to 11 ABCTs, 6 SBCTs, and 14 IBCTs. Combat formations of the US Army at below brigade level include the United States Army Special Forces groups and several reserve separate battalions (100–442 Inf (USAR), 3-172 Inf (Mtn) ( Vermont Army National Guard ) etc.). Personnel in the Army work in various branches, which is their area of training or expertise. Traditionally,

7371-417: The United States and confirmed by the United States Senate . In many ways, these regiments resembled and might be analogized to the modern day National Guard . Due to their pre-war experience, they were considered by many to be the elite of the Union Army, and during battles regular army units were often held in reserve in case of emergencies. Officers during the Civil War from the state forces were known by

7488-399: The United States Army#Branches and functional areas The structure of the United States Army is complex, and can be interpreted in several different ways: active/reserve, operational/administrative, and branches/functional areas. From time to time the Department of the Army issues Department of the Army General Orders. In addition to base closures, unit citations, certain awards such as

7605-531: The United States Total Army Personnel Command (PERSCOM) in Alexandria, Virginia and the United States Army Reserve Personnel Command (AR-PERSCOM) in St. Louis , Missouri. HRC is a direct reporting unit supervised by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel (DCS), G-1, focused on improving the career management potential of Army Soldiers by having a single agency manage Soldier schooling, promotions, awards, records, transfers, appointments, benefits, and retirement. Internal human resources functions at

7722-402: The War of 1812 were militiamen. At the end of the war, by an act of March 1815, Congress set the peace establishment of the Regular Army at 10,000 men, divided among 8 infantry regiments, 1 rifle regiment; and a corps of artillery, but no cavalry regiments. In effect, most of the new regiments raised for the War of 1812 were treated as if they were volunteer regiments raised for the duration of

7839-468: The War of 1812. Two men in particular who served as the Adjutant General during this period rose to prominence. General Alexander Macomb gained fame by repulsing the British in the Battle of Plattsburgh , and later becoming the Commanding General of the Army. The other, Brigadier General Zebulon Pike , the famous explorer, died in battle while leading the attack on York, Canada. With the appointment of Brevet Brigadier General Roger Jones in 1825,

7956-424: The area of operations. Military Mail Terminal team coordinates, receives, and processes mail for a theater of operations. It is a technical element attached to the Human Resources Company responsible for the MMT mission. Theater Gateway - Personnel Accountability Team coordinates and provides personnel accountability operations and database inputs as personnel enter, transit, and depart a theater of operations. It

8073-536: The army following the War of 1812 . Congress gradually increased the military establishment from 700 men in 1784 to 5,104 in 1793. The United States military realized it needed a well-trained standing army following St. Clair's Defeat on November 4, 1791, when a force led by General Arthur St. Clair was almost entirely wiped out by the Northwestern Confederacy near modern Fort Recovery, Ohio . The plans, which were supported by U.S. President George Washington and Henry Knox , Secretary of War , would lead to

8190-431: The army to add ten more regiments of infantry, which were to be larger than the existing regiments and authorized the president to call 50,000 militiamen into service, but in June 1812 Congress authorized a total of 25 infantry regiments of equal strength for the Regular Army. All the while the States competed with the Federal government for soldiers with shorter terms of enlistment for their regiments. Congress then directed

8307-553: The army's increased requirement for national and tactical intelligence, an Intelligence and Security Branch was established effective 1 July 1962, by General Order No. 38, on 3 July 1962. On 1 July 1967, the branch was re-designated as Military Intelligence . The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June 1775. While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence. The Ordnance Department

8424-578: The authority of the governors of their states and as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President. Since the adoption of the total force policy , in the aftermath of the Vietnam War , reserve component soldiers have taken a more active role in U.S. military operations. Reserve and Guard units took part in the Gulf War , peacekeeping in Kosovo , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Although

8541-497: The branch insignia in proper colors on a white background and the branch designation in silver letters. The rim is gold. A silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure (dark blue) within a border Gules, an inescutcheon paly of thirteen Argent and Gules, on a chief Azure a mullet Argent between a pattern of twelve of the like (as on The Adjutant General's insignia of branch), and enclosed in base by two laurel branches Or. Attached above

8658-422: The branches were divided into three groups combat arms , combat support , and combat service support . Currently, the Army classifies its branches as maneuver, fires, and effects; operations support; and force sustainment. Basic branches - contain groupings of military occupational specialties (MOS) in various functional categories, groups, and areas of the army in which officers are commissioned or appointed (in

8775-650: The case of warrant officers) and indicate an officer's broad specialty area. (For example, Infantry, Signal Corps, and Adjutant General's Corps.) Generally, officers are assigned to sequential positions of increasing responsibility and authority within one of the three functional categories of the army branches (Maneuver, Fires and Effects; Operations Support; Force Sustainment) to develop their leadership and managerial skills to prepare them for higher levels of command. The branches themselves are administrative vice operational command structures that are primarily involved with training, doctrine, and manpower concerns. Each branch has

8892-453: The combatant commands, and for the nation. Surface Deployment and Distribution Command provides transport. [REDACTED] Headquarters, United States Department of the Army (HQDA): Most U.S. Army units can be operationally divided into the following components from largest to smallest: Regular Army Divisions Army National Guard Divisions US Army Combat Brigades after the current round of deactivations / re-organizations: 31 Recently

9009-533: The creation of the Legion of the United States . The command would be based on the 18th-century military works of Henry Bouquet , a professional Swiss soldier who served as a colonel in the British Army , and French Marshal Maurice de Saxe . In 1792 Anthony Wayne , a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , was encouraged to leave retirement and return to active service as Commander-in-Chief of

9126-570: The creation, in January 1813, of twenty new infantry regiments enlisted for just one year. Nineteen of them were raised. Early in 1814 four more infantry regiments and three more regiments of riflemen were constituted. These 48 regiments of infantry and 4 rifle regiments were the greatest number of infantry units included in the Regular Army until the First World War . Despite this increase in Regular Army units, nine out of ten infantrymen in

9243-738: The early 1900s. The first two graduates so appointed, Samuel Cooper and Lorenzo Thomas , served with distinction as Adjutants General during the Civil War . Cooper served the Confederacy , while Thomas served the Union . In 1861, two assistant Adjutants General, Major McDowell and Captain Franklin, drew up the plans to organize the more than 500,000 men who volunteered to fight for the Union. Their efforts, and others like them on both sides, built

9360-664: The economies of scale, promised consolidated efficiencies, and technical expert support from higher echelons have not kept pace to meet the sustained demand. Since FY2005 the AG Corp has experienced 4x reduction in personnel/structure compared to the Army overall. In 2005 there was 1 AG Corp soldier per 26 Soldiers and as of FY2022 that was down to 1 to 36 Soldiers. By the 2010s the Army's myriad legacy personnel systems posed enterprise-level and operational challenges. Many of these systems relied on outdated technology and were stove-piped (could not share data) with many specific to only one of

9477-507: The former AUS ranks. Since the Vietnam War , officers' permanent rank is their RA rank. Active duty officers can hold an RA commission and rank and may also hold a higher rank with a USAR commission. Reserve officers hold only a USAR commission, but may serve in either the reserve component or on active duty. That is, all non-permanent ranks (including theater rank, temporary rank, battlefield promotions, etc.) are handled through USAR commissions. Those officers without RA commissions do not have

9594-723: The functional CCMDs. Army Cyber Command is a component of United States Cyber Command . The commander of Army Cyber used to serve as commander of Second Army. Up until 2017, Second Army was a direct reporting unit to the Army CIO/G-6 , with the CIO reporting to the Secretary of the Army, while the G-6 reports to the Army Chief of Staff. A 2017 reorganization eliminated the need for Second Army's network operations coordinating function, and

9711-530: The good conscience of those who have done their duty. The inner red, white and blue shield is the insignia of The Adjutant General's Corps and the gold laurel wreath around its base stands for excellence in accomplishing the mission. The "1775" in the crest is the year The Adjutant General's Corps was created. The color red symbolizes valor and the blood shed in our war for independence. Dark blue piped with Scarlet. Dark Blue - 65012 cloth; 67126 yarn; PMS 539. Scarlet - 65006 cloth; 67111 yarn; PMS 200. The pompons on

9828-583: The governor's wishes. The U.S. Army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army , who reports to the secretary of defense , and serves as civilian oversight for the Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA). The CSA is assisted by the Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army . The CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , a body composed of the service chiefs from each service who advise

9945-512: The headquarters was inactivated on 31 March 2017. Army Network Enterprise Technology Command formerly reporting directly to the CIO/G-6, was a component of Second Army. The numerical designation 9th Army Signal Command has now been removed from NETCOM. In addition, the Army's Special Operations Command administers its Joint Operations units; Space and Missile Defense Command provides global satellite-related infrastructure, and missile defense for

10062-472: The junior grades. Enlisted personnel routinely served nine years (three full three-year enlistments) before reaching the rank of corporal . Dwight Eisenhower , for instance, spent sixteen years as a major before being promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1936. During World War II , the Regular Army served as a corps of professionals who helped form the initial leadership of the Army of the United States . Regular Army officers would sometimes hold two ranks:

10179-505: The massive armies of our Civil War years. Following the Civil War, Brigadier General Edward D. Townsend took on the mission of compiling all the records of the war, both North and South. The Adjutant General's Department's " War of the Rebellion: Official Records " became an invaluable contribution to American military history. The department also discharged more than 800,000 men and enlisted 36,000 new recruits for

10296-418: The need for a more permanent military establishment and provided for a national regular army and navy and a militia under state control, subject to civilian control through congressional control of appropriations and presidential leadership as commander in chief of the regular forces and of the militia when called into federal service. On June 3, 1784, the day after the Continental Army was reduced to 80 men,

10413-578: The need to protect the large additional territory obtained from Mexico. During the American Civil War , the Union Army consisted of a very small contingent of pre-war U.S. Army or "Regular Army" personnel combined with vast numbers of soldiers in state volunteer regiments raised and equipped by the States before being "federalized" and led by general officers appointed by the president of

10530-487: The new regiments honored their foundations: In 1808, Congress agreed to the expansion of the Regular Army. This led to the establishment of the 5th, 6th and 7th Regular infantry regiments, and a Regiment of Riflemen . The decision was undertaken partly due to rising tensions with Britain due to British impressment of American sailors. But it was also motivated by the fact that the British were offering military support to

10647-634: The newly organized general staff evolved over the years as some functions were transferred and others modified. Several functions, formally part of the Adjutant General's Office, now evolved into independent staff agencies after World War I. The Inspector General , the Provost Marshal , the Assistant Chief for Intelligence, and the Chief of Military History all owe their beginnings to The Adjutant's General Office. During World War II, more than 15,000 officers, soldiers, and civilians served in

10764-474: The office grew in importance. During his tenure, General Jones molded the office of the Adjutant General into the central bureau of the War Department . Adjutants General became the only officers invested with the authority to speak and sign official correspondence "for the commander". Recognizing this, the Army almost exclusively appointed West Point graduates to be Adjutants General from 1839 through

10881-573: The permanent rank of major of artillery in the ACSA. The ACSA concept was also used to ensure that none of the senior Confederate officers could ever be outranked by militia officers, considered subordinate to the PACS. During World War I , with the founding of the National Army , the term Regular Army was used to describe a person's peacetime rank in contrast to the commissions offered to fight in

10998-404: The post Civil War Regular Army . On 14 December 1872, the Adjutant General's Department adopted the old topographic engineer shield as its own branch insignia. The shield symbolized the Adjutant General's role of speaking "for the commander". Thirteen embossed stars replaced the "T.E." on the upper shield, creating the crest worn by all Adjutant General's Corps officers of today. By the onset of

11115-407: The present-day Army exists as an all-volunteer force, augmented by Reserve and National Guard forces, measures exist for emergency expansion in the event of a catastrophic occurrence, such as a large scale attack against the U.S. or the outbreak of a major global war. The final stage of Army mobilization, known as "activation of the unorganized militia" would effectively place all able-bodied males in

11232-495: The president power to expand their companies to one hundred enlisted men during the war. After hostilities commenced, Congress had to add nine new regiments with the same organization as the old ones to the Regular infantry. The cavalry of the U.S. Regular Army consisted of two light regiments trained to fight mounted or dismounted and designated as dragoons. Although raised as Regulars, the nine new infantry regiments created during

11349-540: The professional military while, as in the Union Army, the Confederacy mustered massive numbers of state volunteers into the "Provisional Army of the Confederate States" or the "PACS". Nearly all Confederate enlisted personnel were PACS while most senior general officers held dual commissions in the ACSA and PACS. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson , for instance, was a lieutenant general in the PACS while holding

11466-493: The rank of Major, 27 June 1860, to fill an original vacancy." Intelligence has been an essential element of army operations during war as well as during periods of peace. In the past, requirements were met by personnel from the Army Intelligence and Army Security Reserve branches, two-year obligated tour officers, one-tour levies on the various branches, and Regular Army officers in the specialization programs. To meet

11583-567: The responsibility of the Quartermaster General. The Transportation Corps, essentially in its present form, was organized on 31 July 1942. The Transportation Corps is headquartered at Fort Lee , Virginia . Established by General Order 6, 27 November 2007. Consists of multifunctional logistics officers in the rank of captain and above, drawn from the Ordnance, Quartermaster and Transportation Corps. The post of Adjutant General

11700-617: The service of the U.S. Army. During World War I , the "National Army" was organized to fight the conflict. It was demobilized at the end of World War I . After World War I, former units were replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps, and the State Militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the " Regular Army " with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed. In 1941,

11817-451: The shield a silver scroll inscribed with the numerals "1775" in red and attached below the shield a silver triparted scroll inscribed "DEFEND AND SERVE" in dark blue. The Regimental Insignia was approved on 23 December 1986. The coat of arms appears on the breast of a displayed eagle on the regimental flag. The coat of arms is: Azure (dark blue) within a bordure per bordure Argent and Gules, an inescutcheon paly of thirteen Argent and Gules; on

11934-563: The suspension of the Draft . The United States Army is made up of three components: one active—the Regular Army ; and two reserve components—the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve . Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as Battle Assembly , Unit Training Assemblies (UTAs), or simply "drills", while typically conducting two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both

12051-652: The then non-hostile Royal Navy , Congress disbanded the Continental Army after the Treaty of Paris , the peace treaty with Great Britain , became effective. Congress retained 80 caretaker soldiers to protect arms and equipment at West Point , New York and Fort Pitt and called on the States to furnish 700 men from their militias for one year of service on the frontier. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 recognized

12168-406: The total force by anticipating, manning, and sustaining military operations. HR support operations accomplish this by building, generating, and sustaining the force providing combatant commanders the required forces for missions and supporting leaders and Soldiers at all levels." The Adjutant General's Corps dates back to the formation of the U.S. Army. Horatio Gates , a former British Army officer,

12285-593: The turning point of the Revolutionary War . Following this important strategic victory over the British, the Continental Congress awarded what was then our nation's highest honor, the congressional gold medal. The use of the Horatio Gates bronze and gold medals, which recognize superior achievement and service to the Regiment, dates from this important event. Adjutant General Corps officers served in

12402-732: The war and disbanded at its end. In 1821 Congress felt safe enough to cut expenses by disbanding the Rifle Regiment and the 8th Infantry and reducing the size of companies to fifty-one enlisted men, the smallest ever. This arrangement endured for fifteen years when the Indians forced an enlargement. A mostly militia force won the Black Hawk War of 1831–1832. However, the Regular Army needed to be increased by 39 men per company plus one infantry regiment and volunteer and militia units had to be used, at least at first, in order to win

12519-512: The war in Vietnam saw its fruition, as army aviation units performed a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, transport, and fire support. After the war in Vietnam, the role of armed helicopters as tank destroyers received new emphasis. In recognition of the growing importance of aviation in army doctrine and operations, aviation became a separate branch on 12 April 1983. The Continental Congress unanimously elected Henry Knox "Colonel of

12636-468: Was Personnel Services Delivery Redesign. Personnel Detachments, Personnel Service Battalions, Personnel Groups, Personnel Commands, and Replacement Battalions/Companies were deactivated as HR structure focused on empowering brigade and battalion commanders with robust S1 sections possessing organic assets and systems. Remaining HR force structure (SRC 12) was designed to be modular and operate within broader sustainment operations. The new HR force consisted of

12753-442: Was achieved through habitual relationships with supporting Personnel Service Battalions and subordinate detachments. Execution of the modular force concept divested the division structure of its organic or assigned functional battalions and the corps of its separate brigades. The Army used these reductions as the bill payers to increase the organic capability of modular brigades. The Army HR community's response to this transformation

12870-401: Was authorized by the Congress on 11 March 1789. The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy." A Corps of Topographical Engineers , authorized on 4 July 1838,

12987-457: Was conducted primarily by Personnel Detachments, Personnel Service Battalions (PSBs) and Personnel Groups under Personnel Commands (PERSCOMs) that coordinated with G1s at echelon. Replacement Battalions and Companies provided critical replacement management and oversight, as well as care and feeding, to individual replacements in addition to operating CONUS replacement centers if/when mobilized. Human Resources support to Divisional maneuver brigades

13104-580: Was especially difficult, this approach also enabled the Americans to prevail without having had to establish a large or permanent army. As the war waned, General Washington sent his plans for a standing army and organized militia to Congress. But due to the inability of Congress to raise much revenue under the Articles of Confederation, suspicion of standing armies, and perceived safety from foreign enemies provided by large oceans effectively controlled by

13221-453: Was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1812, and was re-designated the Adjutant General's Corps in 1950. The Finance Corps is the successor to the old Pay Department, which was created in June 1775. The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July 1920. It became

13338-762: Was established by act of Congress on 14 May 1812. During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the Board of War and Ordnance . Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present designation in 1950. Ordnance soldiers and officers provide maintenance and ammunition support. The history of the Transportation Corps starts with World War I. Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly

13455-723: Was merged with the Corps of Engineers in March 1863. The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was re-designated the Chemical Corps. A Provost Marshal General 's Office and Corps of Military Police were established in 1941. Prior to that time, except during

13572-476: Was to be apportioned to the states according to their populations. While the initial number of battalions approached the authorized strength, by 1 January 1787 the Continental infantry was only able to maintain enough regiments for fifty battalions. During the Revolutionary War, battalions and regiments were essentially the same. By October 19, 1781, when a British army under General Cornwallis surrendered to

13689-482: Was trained at Legionville , near present-day Baden , Pennsylvania . The base was the first formal basic training facility for the United States military. Throughout the winter of 1792–93, existing troops along with new recruits were drilled in military skills, tactics and discipline. The Legion then went on to fight the Northwest Indian War , a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with

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