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28-480: AIDES is a French community-based non-profit organisation that was founded in 1984 by Daniel Defert , following the death, from HIV/AIDS , of his partner Michel Foucault . The name is a play on "aides" (French for "help") and the English acronym " AIDS ". Its aim is to bring people living with HIV/AIDS, together with their loved ones and peers, into an organised entity dedicated to fighting HIV/AIDS, and to defend

56-755: A cat named "Smutley" and ends with the message, "He has nine lives. You only have one. Protect yourself." Posted on AIDES' YouTube channel on 16 March 2011, it has logged over 1.3 million views as of 3 June 2012. AIDES released the album Message in February 2010 with the participation of 33 artists covering various songs as well as 15 radio personalities. Collectif Artistes performs "If" credited to Collectif Artistes , namely Daniel Powter , M. Pokora , Caroline Costa , Natasha St. Pier , Justin Nozuka , Sofia Essaidi , Lara Fabian , Anggun , Tom Frager , Christophe Willem , Jenifer , Bob Sinclar , Joachim Garraud . On

84-460: A first account. But the denial is still very strong. The first French association, Vaincre le sida, was created by homosexual activists in 1983. In 1984, the sociologist Daniel Defert, following the death of his companion Michel Foucault, took the initiative to found an association linked to the fight against AIDS. In January 2021, 15 employees testify in the press about what they have suffered and denounce what they call "a real culture of rape" within

112-428: A lesson appropriate for the second, third, or even fourth years of specialized courses at the university level. One reason is that the agrégés should be able to teach in preparatory classes , very similar in nature to grammar schools , or in universities. Points obtained at the admissibility and admission phases are ultimately totaled and used to rank candidates in accordance with the yearly quota: for instance, for

140-399: A letter indicating his intention to bequeath his apartment and all its contents, which included his archive and corrected proofs for an unpublished manuscript, to Defert. Other family members deferred to Foucault's wishes, but without government recognition, Defert, like other surviving partners in a similar position, was still subject to much higher inheritance taxes than he would have been as

168-429: A quota of 60 positions, the first 60 candidates will pass the exam and are pronounced admis by the jury. The agrégation is therefore used as an unofficial national ranking system for students, giving a fair comparison between candidates of different universities. That is especially true in the humanities and social sciences, for which the agrégation is highly selective and supposedly demonstrates erudition of

196-403: A recognized family member. Defert co-edited, with François Ewald , volume 4 of Dits et Ecrits of Michel Foucault (1994), a posthumous collection of Foucault's writing. In 2013, Defert sold for €3.8m ($ 4.0m, May 2022) Foucault's archives to France's national library , making the material available to researchers; subsequently the family, which owns the literary rights, elected to publish

224-405: A written part ( admissibility ), then an oral part ( admission ). The jury is composed of university professors. The admissibility phase is composed of numerous writing tests, which consist of essays and analyses of documents. Each test takes up to 7 hours in duration, and the admissibility phase usually runs over an entire week. Points obtained at each test are totaled, and candidates that meet

252-496: Is a significant overlap. In addition to the vast majority of agrégés teaching in sixth-form colleges and secondary schools, some agrégés teach in the preparatory classes for the grandes écoles , or at the university level, through a faculty position known as PRAG and focused on teaching, which does not require to undertake scientific research , as other university academics do. A few positions that include research activities, called agrégé préparateur , or AGPR, exist in

280-564: Is typically open only to holders of a five-year university diploma (master's degree) or above. There is also an internal agrégation for professeurs certifiés . The examination requires usually more than a year of preparation. Students of the écoles normales supérieures as well as graduate students who have just completed their master's degree often dedicate an entire year of their curriculum to prepare this examination, enrolling into specific graduate programs. Candidates are called agrégatifs . The competitive exam generally consists first of

308-513: The écoles normales supérieures . Although both Agrégations are labeled as Agrégation of economics, the Agrégation of economics and social sciences is more oriented towards political economy whereas the Agrégation of economics and management is more oriented towards business economics. In some disciplines of higher education such as law , legal history , political science , economics , management , there exists an agrégation for

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336-804: The English acronym for the disease (the French acronym is SIDA). Defert served as president of AIDES from 1984 to 1991. Defert was a member of the scientific committee for human sciences of the International Conference on AIDS (1986–94); member of the World Commission for AIDS ( World Health Organization ) (1988–93); member of the National Committee for AIDS (1989–98), of the Global AIDS Policy Coalition of Harvard University (1994–1997), and of

364-488: The French Ministry of National Education determines and publishes a list of annual quotas for each discipline. There are about 300 to 400 positions open each year for mathematics , but usually fewer positions for humanities and social sciences (for example, 85 positions for philosophy were offered in 2024 ) and perhaps only one seat in some rarely taught foreign languages such as Japanese . The agrégation

392-709: The French Haut Comité de la Santé Publique (from 1998). Defert was the author of numerous articles in the domain of ethno-iconography and public health . He was awarded the decoration of Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur and received the Alexander Onassis prize for the creation of AIDES in 1998. After Foucault's death, Defert inherited his estate despite the fact that their partnership preceded French government recognition of gay couples through civil unions (1999) or marriage (2013) and Foucault left no official will; however Foucault had written

420-523: The association can provide. The first signs of the epidemic date back to the late 1970s, when doctors in New York and San Francisco noticed that many of their homosexual patients were suffering from asthenia, weight loss and sometimes even rare and atypical cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma). In France, the first article on AIDS appeared in 1982 in the weekly Gai Pied, then in 1983 Liberation devoted its front page to this "gay cancer" and Paris Match published

448-416: The association for the fight against HIV. According to streetpress, the victims remained silent for a long time for fear of harming the fight and the actions carried out by the association. One of their video projects is an AIDS awareness cartoon. The cartoon, produced by Goodby, Silverstein and Partners and presented in the style of 1920's era animation, features the comically exaggerated sexual adventures of

476-494: The candidate. In France, professeurs agrégés are distinguished from professeurs certifiés , recruited through the CAPES , the other main competitive exam in the French education system. The agrégés receives a higher salary and are usually endorsed with a smaller teaching service. While agrégés are expected to teach in sixth-form colleges ( lycées ) and universities and the certifiés in secondary schools ( collèges ), there

504-422: The committee. For the remaining lesson, when it exists, the candidate has a full 24 hours to prepare for the examination, and may use several libraries as well as a team of "helpers" (usually doctoral candidates or fellow candidates, but never full professors). Some anticonformist sociologists like Pierre Bourdieu have argued that this exam measures a candidate's social connections as much their ability to present

532-562: The corpus of his intellectual contributions; by contrast, the letters exchanged between the two of them, Defert said in 2012, he intended to "take to his grave." Defert died in Paris on 7 February 2023, at the age of 85. Agr%C3%A9gation in France Originating from the 18th century, the agrégation is a highly prestigious and competitive examination. The level of selectivity varies between disciplines: every year,

560-539: The disease. Defert was the heir to Foucault's estate. Daniel Defert was born on 10 September 1937. He graduated from the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud . He earned the agrégation in philosophy. Defert met Foucault while he was a philosophy student at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France and their relationship lasted from 1963 until Foucault's death in 1984. A professor of sociology, Daniel Defert

588-701: The manuscript ( Confessions of the Flesh , 2018, the fourth and final volume of Foucault's History of Sexuality ), despite Foucault's instruction that no work be published posthumously. Defert explained the decision that after the material became available to researchers with the credentials to acquire a reader card at the national library, Defert and others close to Foucault felt that access should be either available "to everyone or no one". Additionally, many previous posthumous works had already been published, and Defert felt this new addition did not make any encroachment on Foucault's intimate life, but strictly contributed to

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616-409: The opportunity to verify that the candidates possess the appropriate speaking skills and master the main exercises and components of their discipline; for example, in the Agrégation of Classics (French, Greek, Latin), candidates have to translate and comment on classical texts and texts from French literature. These lessons extend well above the secondary education level; the candidate may have to present

644-509: The other hand, Animateur FM Matinales contribute their comments under the title "No Comment". The album also contains 14 covers of songs by individual artists and one new track "Peace Song" contributed by Bob Sinclar . Daniel Defert Daniel Defert (10 September 1937 – 7 February 2023) was a French sociologist and HIV/AIDS activist. Partner to the late Michel Foucault , Defert co-founded France's first AIDS advocacy group, AIDES , following Foucault's death from complications related to

672-413: The professorship positions, called agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur . In this competitive exam, the candidate also has to give several lessons in front of a committee. Usually there are three lessons, spread over several months, except in economics, where there are only two lessons. The first and the last lessons have to be prepared alone, during eight hours, in a library of basic titles selected by

700-703: The rights of people and communities affected by the disease. As of 2007, AIDES is active in France in 100 cities with 400 staff members and more than 1000 registered and trained volunteers. By the number of activists and its budget, it is the largest non-governmental organisation in France working on HIV issues. It is considered to be one of the main analysts of the epidemic in France. Internationally, AIDES has developed strong partnerships with fellow community-based NGOs in Africa, in Europe and in Canada ( Quebec ), to strengthen

728-476: The role of civil society by sharing best practices, and to jointly advocate for global access to care and prevention. It also developed a partnership with the UN Programme on HIV/AIDS . The name of the organization is a reference to the French noun "aide" , from the verb "aider" , 'to help or assist'. The founder chose to pluralize the word because it could be said that there are multiple types of help that

756-411: The threshold set by the yearly quota are pronounced admissible by the jury. The writing part is when most candidates are eliminated. The remaining candidates have to go through an oral part ( admission ), composed of different oral exams. In front of the jury, candidates must demonstrate their ability to prepare and give lectures on any topic within the scope of the discipline. These lectures provide

784-480: Was assistant (1969–1970), maître-assistant (1971–1985), then maître de conférence (from 1985) at the Centre Universitaire of Vincennes, which became in 1972 Université Paris VIII Vincennes . After the death of his partner Michel Foucault from complications related to AIDS, Defert founded AIDES , the first AIDS awareness organization in France. The name invokes the French word for "help" as well as

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