109-567: The APAN Star Awards is an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea and contribution to Korean Wave , organized by the Korea Entertainment Management Association (CEMA). Nominees for the awards are selected from Korean dramas that airs on the three major broadcasting networks ( KBS , MBC and SBS ) and cable channels ( tvN , jtbc , OCN , MBN and TV Chosun ) from October of
218-695: A "future-oriented relationship" between the two countries. As part of this initiative, South Korea lifted its unilateral restrictions on the import of Japanese cultural products in 1998, leading to increased cultural exchanges between the two nations. A relevant policies, which was the Open Door Policy implemented by South Korea from 1998 to 2004 played a significant role in facilitating the spread of hallyu in Japan. This policy aimed to liberalize South Korea's cultural industry and promote cultural exports. On November 2, 2021, data released by KOCCA , underscores
327-601: A business-friendly environment with less government intervention, coupled with a shift in societal perceptions to recognize manhwa as a dynamic and creative industry was the key to this change. Recognizing historical challenges was crucial for crafting effective policies to propel the Korean manhwa industry into a vibrant and globally competitive landscape. Korean pop culture is very popular in Taiwan, and an increasing number of Taiwanese are learning Korean language. In Taiwan, where
436-671: A complaint to the United States Senate regarding the restrictions imposed by the South Korean government. Under US pressure and despite fierce opposition from the domestic film industry, in 1988, the Korean government lifted restrictions that required foreign films to be distributed by domestic companies. In 1988, 20th Century Fox became the first American film studio to set up a distribution office in South Korea, followed by Warner Brothers in 1989, Columbia in 1990, and Disney in 1993. By 1994, domestic films reached
545-540: A fictional story set in the wake of the June Struggle. The series caused major controversy, including the withdrawal of sponsors and calls for the show's cancellation. It was accused of historical negationism due to the male protagonist's status as a North Korean agent posing as a student activist, which echoed accusations levelled by the Chun government against the opposition movement. It was also accused of glorifying
654-577: A greater number of Korean programs started to be exported abroad. These media exports were first exported to China, after the two countries formally established diplomatic relations in 1992. Although Jealousy (1992) was the first K-drama broadcast on China Central Television (CCTV), the 1997 broadcasts of the K-drama First Love and Star in My Heart in China are generally considered
763-475: A large portion of civil society, in addition to the "official" political opposition, forming the core of the resistance that would become widespread during the decisive events of June. In the 1980s, many student activists in universities struggled against Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorship in the aftermath of the 1980 Gwangju Uprising . Student radicalism had become particularly widespread in the years leading up to 1987, with 469,000 students participating in protests in
872-580: A major role in opposition movements against the country's military dictatorships. The role they played during June 1987 further emboldened them and allowed them to consolidate their position. Following the June Democratic Uprising, Hyundai Engine Trade Union was established in Ulsan on July 5. Many workers across the country started to establish labor unions and take actions to demand better conditions such as strikes and walkouts . Within
981-470: A meeting of opposition groups was held, and announced that they would hold mass demonstrations on June 10. This coalition took the name of the National Coalition for a Democratic Constitution [ ko ] (NCDC; 민주헌법쟁취국민운동본부 ; 民主憲法爭取國民運動本部 ), or Guk-bon . On June 9, student groups nationwide took to the field and mobilized on campuses across the country, in preparation for
1090-445: A notable shift occurred with the rise of webtoons and educational manhwa. Webtoons, thriving on digitization and online platforms, gained international acclaim. Educational manhwa also played a positive role in children's education, reducing business risks and reshaping the industry. Globalization and digitization further boosted success, allowing Korean animation series and webtoons to capture diverse audiences worldwide. The need for
1199-597: A parliamentary committee debated various proposals for months, on April 13, 1987, Chun suspended even this committee until after the Olympics, citing a need for "national unity" ahead of the Games. This action intensified unrest and broader anti-government sentiment, especially as residents of many areas of Seoul such as Mok-dong were displaced to make way for planned facilities, but Chun continued his program to install Roh as his successor. Meanwhile, anti-government sentiment
SECTION 10
#17327881169111308-660: A policeman. In 2009, Choi Kyu-sok [ ko ; fr ] published 100 °C , a graphic novel based on the events of the June Uprising. An English translation was released by University of Hawaiʻi Press in 2023. The 2017 film 1987: When the Day Comes , directed by Jang Joon-hwan , depicts how the death of Park Jong-chul sparked a chain of events leading to the mass uprising in June 1987. The 2021 K-drama series Snowdrop , broadcast on JTBC , depicts
1417-658: A process of rapid expansion, despite facing increasing control and censorship from the government. As part of Park's development plans, the first commercial radio and television stations opened in the early 1960s and were subject to strict censorship under the Broadcasting Ethics Committee (Korean: 방송윤리위원회 ). This brief expansion ended in 1972, when Park enacted the Yushin Constitution which broadly expanded his powers and codified his de facto dictatorial rule. The enactment of
1526-726: A record low market share of just 15.4 percent, with commentators predicting the demise of the Korean film industry in the near-future. As well, negotiations for the Uruguay Round Agreements Act concluded in 1994, requiring South Korea to liberalize its communications and culture markets. In response to these crises, the National Assembly instituted the Cultural Industry Bureau within the Ministry of Culture and Sports and passed
1635-471: A release of all prisoners of conscience , a guarantee to rights of freedom of assembly , demonstration , and the press , and an end to police use of tear gas. A further day of nationwide protests was to be held if these demands were not met by June 26. As the government refused to compromise, the Great National March of Peace ( Korean : 국민평화대행진 ; Hanja : 國民平和大行進 )
1744-737: A remarkable surge in the export of Korean video content to Japan. In 2021, the export value soared to $ 1.81 billion (approximately 2.46 trillion won), representing a substantial 50 percent increase from the previous year's figure of $ 1.21 billion (approximately 1.64 trillion won). This significant growth reflects the escalating popularity and demand for Korean video content within the Japanese market. June Democratic Struggle Protestors Supported by: [REDACTED] Government of South Korea Supported by: Decentralized leadership Chun Doo-hwan Roh Tae-woo The June Democratic Struggle ( Korean : 6월 민주 항쟁 ), also known as
1853-505: A speech to the Korean People's Army in which he vowed to "extend the fight against the enemy's ideological and cultural infiltration." A US State Department -commissioned study earlier that year concluded that North Korea was "increasingly anxious" to restrict the flow of information, but were struggling to contain the "substantial demand" for South Korean movies and television programs and the "intensely entrepreneurial" smugglers on
1962-496: A state-led media monopoly. As a part of the decolonization process in South Korea, imports of all Japanese media were banned in 1945. Despite this ban, Japanese media was still widely distributed and pirated in South Korea, with both state broadcasters and individual bootleggers being found guilty of illegal importation. The signing of the Japan–South Korea Joint Declaration of 1998 ended this ban, and it
2071-672: A study showing a robust correlation coefficient of 0.89 for Hallyu products, significantly higher than 0.44 for non-Hallyu products, indicating the strong economic influence of cultural exports. Recognizing the global appeal of Hallyu, the South Korean government launched the "Visit Korea Year 2023-2024". This initiative features a series of events and promotions to attract tourists, including K-pop concerts, cultural festivals, and significant discounts on travel and accommodations. The Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) also hosts international roadshows and eco-friendly activities to promote cultural and environmental awareness. More details are available on
2180-465: A thousand students attempted to enter the cathedral in order to join the occupation, but were blocked by riot police , who arrested at least 301 people. While the sit-in was underway, protests continued to grow for the next several days, seeing increased involvement from members of the general public despite the lack of officially planned mobilizations from the Guk-bon for days following June 10. Between
2289-733: A wide range of genres and styles, similar to its Japanese counterpart, manga. During the 2010s, the format would undergo a revitalization as a result of webtoons , which provided the medium a smartphone-optimized layout and room to skirt South Korea's censorship standards. Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. Korean companies like Naver , Kakao , and Lezhin that host webtoons have expanded globally and have begun to offer their titles in different languages. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access of Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in some movie and television show adaptations. The Korean Manhwa industry has undergone significant changes from 1910 to
SECTION 20
#17327881169112398-493: Is more popular than I am in Japan." Following the broadcast, stereotypes of Korea in Japan changed dramatically and tourism from Japan to South Korea would spike, primarily among Japanese women. In the Indian state of Manipur , Hindi-language movies and television channels were banned in 2000 by insurgents , leading broadcasters to use Korean programming as substitutes. Korean dramas and films were also commonly smuggled into
2507-519: The 1997 Asian financial crisis and the end of military censorship over the South Korean entertainment industry, South Korea emerged as a major exporter of popular culture. The Korean Wave was first driven by the spread of K-dramas and Korean cinema into East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia , following the rise of satellite media in the late 1990s. Chinese journalists first coined the term "Korean Wave" ( Chinese : 韓流 ; pinyin : hánliú ; lit. 'Korean wave') in 1999, referring to
2616-539: The Grammy Awards . BTS sold out four concerts at SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles in 2021. Since the 2010s, there have been a greater number of collaborations between K-pop and foreign artists, such as BTS with Steve Aoki and Psy with Snoop Dogg . For many Korean artists, domestic popularity no longer correlates to overall success abroad as South Korea is no longer the world's largest K-pop consumer. Since
2725-510: The June 29 Declaration , capitulating to the demands of the protesters by promising to amend the Constitution and to release political prisoners, including opposition leader Kim Dae-jung , who had been under house arrest since his return from exile in 1985. The declaration was officially approved by President Chun two days later. Prior to 1987, labor movements in South Korea had long played
2834-670: The June Democracy Movement and the June Uprising , was a nationwide pro-democracy movement in South Korea that generated mass protests from June 10 to 29, 1987. The demonstrations forced the ruling government to hold direct presidential elections and institute other democratic reforms , which led to the establishment of the Sixth Republic , the present-day government of South Korea. On June 10,
2943-645: The Korea Institute for National Unification found that shows like Winter Sonata played a significant role in shaping the decision of the defectors to flee to the South. The institute also stated that some North Koreans near the Korean Demilitarized Zone reportedly tampered with their televisions to receive signals from South Korean stations, while on the northern border , CDs and DVDs were commonly smuggled in from China. A 2012 survey by
3052-657: The Victoria and Albert Museum has hosted the exhibition "Hallyu! The Korean Wave", showcasing the history of the Korean Wave in fashion, music, dance, and art. Min Jin Lee , the author of the novel Pachinko , credited the Korean Wave for her success. The success of South Korean cultural products in Asia has led some governments to pass measures to protect their own cultural industries. China made specific efforts to stem
3161-465: The 11 and 15 June, an estimated forty to fifty students required hospitalization in Seoul daily due to injuries from police violence. The sit-in ended on June 15, after the government announced they would not punish the occupiers provided they left the premises on that day. Successfully leaving the building without arrest, the occupation was seen as a victory and emboldened the movement. On the same day as
3270-440: The 1990s. Worldwide interest in Korean culture has been led primarily by the spread of K-pop , K-dramas and films, with keystone successes including K-pop group BTS , television series Squid Game (2021), and Oscar -winning film Parasite (2019). The Korean Wave has been recognized as a form of soft power and as an important economic asset for South Korea, generating revenue through both exports and tourism. Following
3379-478: The 1997 radio program Seoul Music Room began broadcasting in Beijing. The debuts of BoA in 2000, Rain in 2002, TVXQ in 2003, Super Junior in 2005, BigBang in 2006, and Wonder Girls and Girls' Generation in 2007 were major breakthroughs for K-pop in Asia. BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break into the Japanese market with the release of her album Listen to My Heart (2002), following
APAN Star Awards - Misplaced Pages Continue
3488-600: The Chinese side of the border. On 15 May 2013, the NGO Human Rights Watch found that "entertainment shows from South Korea are particularly popular and have served to undermine the North Korean government's negative portrayals of South Korea". In 2021, Kim Jong Un called K-pop a vicious cancer that serves to undermine the North Korean government. Kim further warned that South Korean entertainment
3597-717: The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , US Secretary of State John Kerry , Afghan Deputy Foreign Minister Meerwais Nab, New Zealand Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade Andrea Smith , the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs , the German Federal Foreign Office , and UK Foreign Office Minister Hugo Swire . A 2018–2019 survey conducted by the Korean Culture and Information Service found that
3706-560: The KTO, more than 100,000 Indians traveled to South Korea in 2018, with the number of Indian tourists rising steadily each year. The Korean Wave, or Hallyu, has significantly influenced the global popularity of South Korean culture, particularly through K-dramas and K-pop, driving increased tourism to South Korea. The strategic initiatives implemented by the South Korean government and tourism industry have capitalized on this trend to enhance South Korea's economic landscape and cultural diplomacy on
3815-485: The Korean Wave as a significant pull factor for tourists, and launched a tourism campaign in 2014 entitled "Imagine your Korea" that highlighted Korean entertainment. Many fans of Korean television dramas are also motivated to travel to Korea, frequently visiting filming locations like Nami Island , featured in Winter Sonata , and Dae Jang Geum Theme Park . The majority of these tourists were women. According to
3924-451: The Korean Wave was a key factor in global perceptions of South Korea. The Korean Wave positively impacted perceptions of South Korea in Taiwan. Taiwanese people's favorable impression of South Korea continues to increase significantly, which also makes the relationship between South Korea and Taiwan very close. Korean culture has become increasingly popular in India, particularly in
4033-502: The Korean Wave, also called Hallyu 1.0, was the initial rise in popularity of Korean popular culture within nearby Asian countries. The first generation began in China during the late 1990s, and consisted primarily of the spread of Korean television programming. In 1990, the National Assembly granted a broadcasting license to the regional Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS), becoming the first private television station since
4142-489: The Korean electorate to compete in the elections in December 1987. His position was greatly improved by the divisions within the opposition, as Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam were unable to unite, or even back a two-round voting system that would create a runoff. Two weeks before the presidential election, Korean Air Flight 858 exploded when it was flying to Bangkok . The revelation of the North Korean conspiracy against
4251-485: The Korean entertainment industry reach overseas audiences, as well as the endorsement of the phenomenon by the South Korean government. The term Hallyu (Korean: 한류 ; Hanja: 韓流 ) is a neologism composed of two root words : han ( 한 ; 韓 ) meaning "Korean" and ryu ( 류 ; 流 ) meaning "flow", "wave", or "trend". On 19 November 1999, the Beijing Youth Daily published
4360-749: The Korean language as a product of the Korean Wave. The Korean Wave has influenced a large number of British university students to pursue Korean language degrees. In India, millennials and members of Generation Z are the most interested in the Korean Wave. On May 31, 2022, BTS visited US President Joe Biden at the White House to discuss the rise in anti-Asian hate crimes . In 2004, KBS sold its K-drama Spring Waltz to eight Asian countries during its pre-production stage two years before its release. The Korean Wave popularized Korean snacks in Kazakhstan, Pakistan, China, Vietnam, Russia, India, and
4469-668: The Motion Picture Promotion Law in 1995, providing tax incentives for film production. These incentives were successful in attracting a number of chaebols to the film industry, but these ventures were financially unsuccessful, and most disbanded following the 1997 Asian financial crisis . In January 1999, the Samsung Entertainment Group announced its dissolution and released its final film Shiri in February of that year. But despite
APAN Star Awards - Misplaced Pages Continue
4578-528: The National Assembly passed the Basic Law for Promoting Cultural Industries which provided government support for Korean cultural products. Since the 2000s, the Korean Wave has transformed from a phenomenon driven primarily by satellite broadcasts to one driven by social media and the Internet. Foreign-language subtitles of K-dramas and real-time translations of K-pop performances on the Internet broadened
4687-556: The National Rally Against the Cover-Up and Torture Death of Park Jong-chul and to Repeal the Constitution ( 박종철군 고문치사 조작, 은폐 규탄 및 호헌철폐 국민대회 ) was successfully held in 18 cities across the country. Violent clashes broke out between police and demonstrators throughout Seoul. Many motorists expressed their opposition to the government by honking their vehicle's horns en masse. A soccer match between South Korea and Egypt
4796-603: The United States. The Korean Wave has resulted in the rise in popularity of Korean ramyeon overseas, with the noodles being prominently featured in K-dramas and films. Product placement , a common feature of K-dramas, has fueled interest in India into a variety of brands featured on these shows. Korean fashion, music, and television have been adopted by teenagers in Kashmir , despite concerns by older generations over
4905-484: The VISITKOREA website, which provides updates on upcoming events and offers. Digital technologies also play a crucial role in tourism strategies. Live streaming, for example, has emerged as a strategic tool, significantly influencing viewer engagement through parasocial interactions, where viewers feel a sense of friendship and trust with streamers. This enhances viewer loyalty and encourages more visits, illustrating
5014-572: The Yushin Constitution coincided with a broad crackdown on the South Korean culture industry against what Park alleged was the influence of "foreign decadent culture". Following Park's death and the 1979 coup d'état of December Twelfth , the military regime of Chun Doo-hwan enacted additional restrictions over the media. In 1980, Chun forced the merger of all 29 private broadcasters into the state-owned Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) and Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), creating
5123-464: The announcement finally triggered massive and effective protests. Unwilling to resort to violence before the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul (which garnered large worldwide attention), and believing that Roh could win competitive elections anyway given divisions within the opposition, Chun and Roh acceded to the key demands of direct presidential elections and restoration of civil liberties. Although Roh
5232-492: The army, but fearing a reprise of the violent Gwangju Massacre, he rescinded them within hours. On June 20, a contingent of around 150 protesting Buddhist monks were confronted by riot police in Seoul; when dispersed, they were joined by thousands of civilians. On June 21, forty Guk-bon leaders proposed a list of four demands to the government. They requested a cancellation of the April 13 measure suspending constitutional reform,
5341-525: The constitution still granted significant power to the presidential office, and political activity faced continued suppression. Roh Tae-woo's nomination as Chun's successor was scheduled for June 10, the same day as scheduled protests. As the day approached, authorities took measures to clamp down on dissent. Korea University student leader Lee In-young was arrested on June 2. On June 8, the Ministries of Internal Affairs and Justice pre-emptively declared
5450-517: The country. The term entered common usage following the airing of the romance K-drama Winter Sonata , which was particularly successful in Japan. Hallyu refers to the international diffusion of South Korean culture since the 1990s, following the end of military rule and the liberalization of the culture industry. The term primarily refers to the spread of Korean television, pop music, film, and fashion, but can also include animation, video games, technology, literature, cosmetics, and food. While
5559-559: The drama Jewel in the Palace was extremely popular, some fans reportedly underwent cosmetic surgery to look like lead actress Lee Young-ae. The United States Modern Language Association reported that the number of university students learning Korean doubled between 2006 and 2016. In 2020, Korean became the fastest growing foreign language in Mexico and United States. The South Korean Ministry of Education attributed this rise in interest in
SECTION 50
#17327881169115668-537: The end of the sit-in, an estimated 60,000 students protested at 45 colleges across the country. Protests from June 10 onwards differed from protests earlier in the year due to the degree of mass participation; whereas early protests were driven by opposition groups and students, the June protests saw increased involvement from other sectors of the populace, comprising all social standings. White-collar workers threw rolls of toilet paper from offices, applauding and otherwise voicing their support. Office workers who joined
5777-528: The erasure of traditional Kashmiri culture . In North Korea, the Korean Wave is called the nam-Joseon baram ( Korean : 남조선 바람 ; lit. South Joseon wind). In June 2007, the film Hwang Jin Yi , adapted from a novel by a North Korean author, became the first South Korean production to be made available for public viewing in North Korea. A 2010 survey of 33 North Korean defectors by
5886-482: The expensive, but popular broadcasts from Japan. In 2000, K-dramas were a quarter of the price of Japanese television programs and a tenth of the price of Hong Kong television programs. K-dramas first entered the Taiwanese market during the early 1990s, but the shift to Korean television programming following the financial crisis and the successful airing of Fireworks (2000) and Autumn in My Heart (2000) marked
5995-508: The fall of barriers that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end of World War II. During the 2008 fiscal year, 68 percent of all K-pop exports from South Korea were exported to Japan. Hallyu 2.0 or the New Korean Wave refers to the second generation of the Korean Wave, beginning in 2008. This generation is characterized by the spread of Korean popular culture through social media and
6104-554: The first generation of Hallyu in the late 1990s to early 2000s remained confined to Asia and referred to the popularity of Korean dramas and film on the continent, the second generation, or Hallyu 2.0, was driven primarily by the popularity of K-pop distributed on online platforms like YouTube. Both "Hallyu" and "Korean wave", were added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2021. Under the military dictatorship of Park Chung Hee , South Korean mass media underwent
6213-526: The first generation of the Korean Wave, Korean films that were exported abroad were primarily consumed in other Asian countries. Through online streaming services like Netflix, the South Korean entertainment industry has been able to expand outside of East Asia. The 2019 black comedy thriller film Parasite won several awards at international film festivals, including four Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , and Best International Film . Parasite also made history as
6322-416: The first known use of the term "Korean wave" (Chinese: 韩流 ; pinyin: hánliú ; lit. 'Korean wave') in an article describing the "zeal of Chinese audiences for Korean TV dramas and pop songs." Other terms used at the time included "Korean tide", "Korean heat", and "Korean wind". In China, the term "Han fever" was also used, comparing the phenomenon to the ongoing Avian flu pandemic in
6431-502: The first non-English language film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Manhwa , the Korean term for comics, first gained popularity outside of Korea during the early 2000s when manhwa were first became available on the Internet. The term "manhwa" is derived from the Korean words "manhwa" (만화), which can be translated to "comics" or "cartoons. Manhwa is directly influenced by Japanese Manga comics. It encompasses
6540-458: The flow of Korean films and dramas into their countries, hurting their sales. This motivated the South Korean cultural industry to break into markets outside of Asia. Prior to the 1990s, the Korean government prioritized funding traditional forms of Korean culture over contemporary Korean pop culture. However, in 1993 the government shifted to a policy of cultural commercialization, incorporating cultural products as economic exports. In 1999,
6649-592: The forced nationalization of private broadcasters in 1980. In December 1991, the National Assembly passed the Cable Television Act which directed the Ministry of Information to provide permits to twenty prospective cable television program providers. The providers were selected in August 1993, and cable television services began in March, 1995. With the liberalization of the South Korean television market,
SECTION 60
#17327881169116758-535: The front lines in order to prevent police from storming the building. The cathedral becoming a major focal point and public forum for the protestors, attracting large amounts of external support. On June 11, the National Security Headquarters defended the actions of their forces on the previous day, describing rallies as illegal, and as violent " disorderly conduct ", and declaring their attention to crackdown on further unrest. The same day,
6867-672: The global pop culture world starting with Wonder Girls in the late 2000s, with BigBang, 2NE1 , Blackpink , and BTS later setting new records on Billboard "one after another". In 2012, Psy's music video for " Gangnam Style " went viral and became the first YouTube video to reach one billion views in December of that year. The release of "Gangnam Style" helped push K-pop into mainstream Indian culture. BTS and other groups have sustained success globally, with world tours and appearances at US Billboard Music Awards and other foreign events. BTS won twelve Billboard Music Awards and eleven American Music Awards , and received five nominations at
6976-406: The global stage. Hallyu-related sectors such as cosmetics, fashion, tourism, and education have seen substantial economic contributions, with cultural exports contributing to a 0.2% increase in South Korea's GDP in 2004, escalating remarkably to $ 12.3 billion by 2019. These figures underscore the profound impact of the Korean Wave on the economy, largely driven by tourism. This growth is supported by
7085-436: The government between June 29 and September 15, with an average of 44 industrial actions being undertaken per day in this period. After the June 29 Declaration, the process of constitutional amendment began in earnest. On October 12 the constitutional bill was passed, and it was approved via a public referendum held on October 28, with 94.4% of voters in favor. It officially took effect on February 25, 1988, when Roh Tae-woo
7194-515: The institute of 100 North Korean defectors reported that South Korean media was prevalent among the North Korean elite. It also re-affirmed that North Koreans living near the northern border had the highest degree of access to South Korean entertainment. Notels , a type of Chinese portable media player introduced to North Korea in 2005, have been credited for proliferating Korean media in the North. In October 2012, Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un gave
7303-601: The language would be expelled from their city. The airing of Winter Sonata in Japan led to a rise in tourism to South Korea and dramatically shifted the demographics of Japanese tourism to South Korea, from primarily Japanese men on kisaeng tours to young Japanese women. South Korea's tourism industry has been greatly influenced by the increasing popularity of its media. According to Korean Culture and Information Service (Kocis), yearly tourism figures have increased from 5.32 million visitors in 2000 to 11.03 million visitors in 2023. The Korean Tourism Organization has recognized
7412-517: The live audition programs like Superstar K . The 2006 historical K-drama Jumong was hugely successful in Turkey, Romania, and Iran, where it achieved nationwide ratings of 80 to 90 percent. The 2019 K-drama Kingdom was highly successful in India. During the COVID-19 pandemic in India , streaming services in India saw a dramatic rise in interest for Korean-language programming. During
7521-727: The meteoric rise of the music video for Psy 's " Gangnam Style ". According to a poll conducted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic, Crash Landing on You , It's Okay to Not Be Okay , and The World of the Married were the three most popular television programs internationally. In the United States, the Korean Wave spread outwards from Korean-American communities, most notably in New York City and Los Angeles . Since September 2022,
7630-459: The mid-2000s, the three major South Korean broadcast television networks, KBS , MBC , and SBS , have faced increasing competition from comprehensive television networks with integrated production teams. The second generation of the Korean Wave produced a number of innovative television programs, including the absurd romantic comedy My Love from the Star , the reality variety show Running Man ,
7739-409: The mid-2010s marked the Korean Wave's expansion outside of Asia into Europe, the Americas, and Africa. During this period, social media and platforms like YouTube , Netflix , and Webtoon played a key role in the dissemination of South Korean popular culture. Since the mid-2010s, the rising success of K-pop groups abroad have become characteristic of the Korean Wave. These successes were led by
7848-488: The military regime of President Chun Doo-hwan announced its choice of Roh Tae-woo as the next president. The public designation of Chun's successor was seen as a final affront to a delayed and deferred process to revise the South Korean constitution to permit direct election of the president . Although pressure on the regime in the form of demonstrations by students and other groups had been building for some time,
7957-478: The northeast , where people feel somewhat alienated from the rest of India and have some similarities to Koreans. India and Korea have hosted cultural events at each other's embassies, with their leaders looking to increase cultural ties. The Korean Wave, began to gain traction in Japan around the late 1990s and early 2000s. This initial surge was largely due to efforts by Japanese Prime Minister Obuchi Keizo and Korean President Kim Dae-jung , who aimed to foster
8066-678: The opposition and allowed the Jogyesa Temple in Seoul to be used as a base for nation-wide gatherings. Information surrounding the events of Park Jong-chol's death was initially suppressed. However, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice (CPAJ), revealed details, including that of a deliberate cover-up by authorities, to the public at a May 18 memorial service for the victims of the Gwangju Massacre , further inflaming public sentiment. On May 23,
8175-438: The plane, and the arrival in Seoul of Kim Hyon-hui , one of the agents responsible for the attack, the day before the election created a profitable environment for Roh Tae-woo. Declassified documents have since confirmed that Chun's government deliberately sought to exploit the events for political gain, including by ensuring that Kim was extradited before the election. The election finally took place on December 16. Roh Tae-woo
8284-456: The planned actions as illegal assemblies , and the Guk-bon as a "subversive organization". Nearly 5,000 dissidents were arrested during overnight raids, and 700 opposition leaders were placed under house arrest . The Democratic Justice Party convention where Roh's nomination took place opened at 6 p.m. on June 10 at Jamsil Arena in Seoul. As students reached nearby Seoul City Hall , police immediately began to attack. Despite police efforts,
8393-423: The planned mass protests on June 10. At 2 p.m., Yonsei University student Lee Han-yeol was seriously injured when a tear gas grenade penetrated his skull. A widely circulated photograph was captured of him injured and being carried away by a fellow student. In critical condition, he quickly became a symbol of the subsequent protests over the weeks that followed. He eventually died of his wounds on July 5, after
8502-535: The popularity of Jewel in the Palace , director Zhang Guoli and actor Jackie Chan both called on domestic audiences to "resist Korean Wave". In 1966, military dictator Park Chung Hee established screen quotas that restricted the number of foreign films shown in cinemas, intended to protect the Korean film industry from Hollywood blockbusters . However, in 1986, the Motion Pictures Exporters Association of America filed
8611-472: The present, facing various challenges along the way. In the early years, the impact of Japanese colonial rule and the aftermath of the Korean War led to heavy government intervention from the 1950s to the 1970s. This intervention, driven by concerns for political stability, resulted in censorship and negative societal views, limiting the industry's growth during that period. Fast forward to the 2000s-2010s,
8720-436: The previous year to September of the current year. Best Mistake Live Like That Be My Boyfriend Deok-gu Is Back Korean Wave The Korean Wave or Hallyu ( Korean : 한류 ; Hanja : 韓流 ; RR : Hallyu ; lit. Flow/Wave of Korea; listen ) is a cultural phenomenon in which the global popularity of South Korean popular culture has dramatically risen since
8829-655: The protest were dubbed the " necktie brigade" because of their work uniforms. Protests also spread to cities that had previously seen little public dissent, such as Daejeon . On June 18, the National Rally for the Abolition of Tear Gas Grenades ( Korean : 최루탄추방국민대회 ; Hanja : 催淚彈追放國民大會 ) brought 1.5 million people into the streets. Writing for the New York Times , Clyde Haberman would describe police as having "[lost] control of
8938-438: The regime had agreed to the people's demands. Over 1.6 million citizens participated in his national funeral, held on July 9. He was buried at May 18th National Cemetery . The 1980 constitution limited the president to a single seven-year term. Although extension to the term via constitutional amendment was possible, this would legally not apply to the sitting president, effectively excluding Chun from serving past 1987. However,
9047-406: The region in the form of CDs and DVDs. By the late 2000s, K-dramas became part of the daily programming of local television channels across East Asia and in China, Korean programs made up more than all other foreign programming combined. During the period between 1997 and 2007, television exports from South Korea would increase from $ 8.3 million to $ 151 million, mostly to other Asian markets. As
9156-469: The ruling Democratic Justice Party as well as the officially-recognized opposition New Korean Democratic Party , amidst tensions over the latter's stance of compromise towards the government, including denunciation of the student movement. On January 13, 1987, activist Park Jong-chul , the president of the student council in the linguistics department of Seoul National University , was detained by police. While under interrogation, Park refused to confess
9265-432: The ruling party lost only two mandates, the result was a major moral victory for the opposition, led by Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam . The opposition's key demand was direct presidential elections, and Chun sought to foil this by initiating a campaign of delay, deliberation, and deferment. In response to a wave of public protest in February 1986, Chun agreed to allow parliamentary debate on constitutional change. Although
9374-478: The scope of Korean pop culture. YouTube has enabled fans to connect with K-pop through their own content, such as dance covers and reaction videos/channels. The creation of remakes on YouTube acted as consumer-generated advertising and helped propel the virality of "Gangnam Style". YouTube and other online video platforms have been vital in the increasing international popularity of K-pop. Asia Today wrote that Korean music content began to receive attention in
9483-425: The shift towards digital engagement in tourism marketing. The Korean Wave has been acknowledged by various heads of state and government, including Chinese paramount leader Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , US President Barack Obama , Indian President Ram Nath Kovind , and Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard . The phenomenon has also been acknowledged by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon ,
9592-474: The space of a year, 4,000 new unions representing some 700,000 workers were established, and union membership would increase from 1.06 million in 1986 to 1.98 million in 1990. Daewoo worker Lee Suk-kyu was killed after being hit by a tear gas canister on August 22, and Hyundai workers occupied Ulsan City Hall on September 2. On September 29, the government announced it would take steps to make workers " middle class ". A total of 3,492 labor disputes were recorded by
9701-535: The start of the Korean Wave in the country. The 2003 historical K-drama Jewel in the Palace has been credited for having the greatest impact on the popularity of Korean television programs in Chinese-speaking countries, including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and China. In May 2005, the show's final episode became the highest-rated television episode in Hong Kong history at more than 40 percent. In
9810-591: The start of the Korean Wave. Compounding the foreign interest in Korean television programs, countries throughout East Asia began opening their television markets to foreign countries in the 1980s and 1990s. In the early 1970s, imported television programs made up less than 1 percent of all airtime on CCTV, while by the late 1990s, that number would rise to 20–30 percent. In Vietnam, Korean television made up more than half of all imported programming in 1988. The 1997 Asian financial crisis led broadcasters throughout East Asia to seek cheaper programs as an alternative to
9919-460: The streets" on this day. In Busan , the city center around Seomyeon Roundabout was filled with 300,000 demonstrators, forcing police to give up firing tear gas. Associated rallies were held in 247 locations in 16 cities nationwide. That night, a protestor, Lee Tae-chun, was fatally wounded in Busan after falling from an overpass due to police releasing tear gas onto the structure. While his death
10028-524: The success of Korean popular culture in China . During the 2000s, Hallyu evolved into a global phenomenon, expanding rapidly into South Asia , the Middle East , and Eastern Europe . By 2008, the value of cultural exports from South Korea surpassed the value of cultural imports for the first time. This expansion was fueled by the advent of social media and the Internet, which played key roles in allowing
10137-488: The transition to K-pop as the primary South Korean cultural export. The period marked the rapid expansion of the South Korean music, animation, and online gaming industries and a shift in government policy, from indifference to enthusiastic support, under the Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye administrations. The mid-2000s marked the expansion of the Korean Wave outside of East Asia into other parts of Asia, while
10246-494: The volume of Korean cultural imports rapidly increased, China's State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television responded with a decision to restrict and limit the number of Korean TV dramas shown to Chinese audiences. In Taiwan, the National Communications Commission asked cable channels to reduce the number of prime time hours allocated to Korean programming. In addition, in response to
10355-443: The whereabouts of one of his fellow activists. During the interrogation, authorities used waterboarding techniques to torture him, leading to his death through asphyxiation on January 14. On February 7, protest marches held in his memory saw clashes with police across the country. On March 3, the forty-ninth day after Park's death and the time for his reincarnation according to Buddhist tradition , Buddhist groups collaborated with
10464-657: The withdrawal of Samsung from the industry, Shiri set box office records in South Korea and achieved commercial success in Hong Kong and Japan, a rare feat for the time. Shiri had been funded partly through venture capital , and the success of the film led to a 1999 revision of the Motion Picture Promotion Law to allow individuals to finance film productions. This influx of capital would fund hundreds of Korean films and dramatically increase their budgets, with average costs per production rising from 0.9 billion won in 1995 to 42 billion won in 2004. The 2001 film My Sassy Girl achieved box office success in Hong Kong and Japan, and
10573-712: The year 1985. On May 23, 1985, students occupied the United States Information Service (USIS) cultural center in Seoul, demanding an apology for alleged US complicity in the actions of the South Korean government in Gwangju, as well as an end to support for the Chun government. The affair and subsequent trial led to significant media publicity throughout the country, as well as attempted copycat actions. On May 3, 1986, student demonstrations [ ko ] in Incheon targeted offices of both
10682-467: The years following its release, the program was exported to over 80 countries around the world. At the same time, the 2003–2004 airing of the romance K-drama Winter Sonata in Japan marked the entrance of the Korean Wave to Japan. Winter Sonata achieved a cult following in Japan among women in their 30s, particularly around the show's lead actor Bae Young-joon . This would lead Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to exclaim in 2004 that "Bae Yong-joon
10791-507: Was assassinated and then replaced by Choi Kyu-hah , who was himself replaced within months by Chun after the Coup d'état of December Twelfth . Since the college was generally hand picked by the regime itself, it did not represent any sort of democratic check on presidential power. Seeking to enhance his domestic and international standing by providing a veneer of democratic representation, Chun held parliamentary elections in 1985. Even though
10900-448: Was cancelled after vast quantities of police tear gas covered the field. A total of 3,831 people were reportedly arrested. That evening, students in Seoul fled police by entering Myeongdong Cathedral , which had become a major centre for religious opposition to the dictatorship. After being unable to leave due to police blockades, they began a sit-in inside the building. Cardinal Kim Su-hwan announced that priests were ready to go to
11009-472: Was duly elected as president that December with a bare plurality , the consolidation of a liberal democratic regime in South Korea was underway. Since the 1972 implementation of the Yushin Constitution by then-president Park Chung-hee , South Korean presidents were elected indirectly by the National Conference for Unification , an electoral college . This system persisted even after Park
11118-471: Was elected president, receiving 36.6% of the vote, with a turnout of 89.2%. The opposition vote was split between Kim Young-sam, who received 28%, and Kim Dae-jung, who received 27%. This election marked the beginning of the Sixth Republic. A segment of the 1999 film Peppermint Candy , spanning 20 years of South Korean history, is set during the events of 1987, while the protagonist is working as
11227-543: Was gradually lifted across four stages between 1998 and 2004. To protect the South Korean culture industry, the South Korean Ministry of Culture received a substantial budget increase, allowing for the creation of hundreds of culture industry departments in universities nationwide. It has justified its financial support for Hallyu, estimated to be worth US$ 83.2 billion in 2012, by linking it to South Korea's export-driven economy . The first generation of
11336-482: Was growing among the public; a May 1987 survey of the "middle class" published in Hankook Ilbo found that 85.7% of respondents felt that it was "more desirable to protect human rights even at the cost of economic growth". Throughout this period, the labor movement , university students , and churches in particular formed a mutually supporting alliance that put increasing pressure on the regime. This mobilized
11445-481: Was having a grave influence on young North Koreans and emphasized the necessity of stamping out "capitalist tendencies". In December 2020 the North Korean government extended the punishment for possessing illegal entertainment from five to fifteen years of hard labor. In a leaked document obtained by Asia Press, Kim Jong Un deemed North Korean women who call their date oppa or " yobo " instead of comrade "perverted". The documents warned that those who were caught using
11554-637: Was held; over 1 million people participated in cities across South Korea, more than the triple the number of those who had participated in protests on June 10. 100,000 riot police were deployed nationwide to block rally points, but these were insufficient to prevent protests. Gwangju saw its largest demonstrations since the 1980 Uprising, and civilians outnumbered police to such an extent that they were able to successfully perform peaceful assemblies in Suwon , Mokpo and Yeosu . On this day, over 3,469 arrests were reported nationwide. Eventually, Roh Tae-woo issued
11663-436: Was inaugurated as president. The 10th Constitution strengthened civil rights. Natural and legal rights were explicitly specified, direct presidential elections were implemented, and the power of the president was reduced in favor of the power of National Assembly of Korea . Roh retained his June 10 nomination as the presidential candidate of the presidency of Democratic Justice Party. Roh had enough legitimate support within
11772-463: Was ruled to be caused solely via falling, an autopsy revealed a skull fracture that implied the impact of a tear gas grenade. One policeman was killed in Daejon after being hit by a commandeered bus. On June 19, Acting Prime Minister Lee Han-key [ ko ] threatened "extraordinary measures" in a televised address if protests did not cease. On the same day, Chun issued orders to mobilize
11881-655: Was the subject of multiple foreign remakes. Prior to the mid-1990s, South Korean music was largely devoid of foreign interest. While SK , Daewoo , and Samsung had expanded into the South Korean music industry during the mid-1990s, under similar circumstances to the South Korean film industry, the 1997 Asian financial crisis abruptly ended these ventures. This vacuum was filled by SM Entertainment (founded by Lee Soo-man in 1995), YG Entertainment (founded by Yang Hyun-seok of Seo Taiji and Boys in 1996), and JYP Entertainment (founded by R&B singer Park Jin-young in 1997). K-pop first gained popularity in China after
#910089