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70-727: Following the end of the war, and the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995, it was transformed into the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The ARBiH was the only military force on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina recognised as legal by other governments. Under the State Defense Reform Law the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were unified into a single structure,

140-594: A conflict resolution negotiation that was successful. However, Patrice C. McMahon and Jon Western write that "As successful as Dayton was at ending the violence, it also sowed the seeds of instability by creating a decentralized political system that undermined the state's authority". High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch argued in 2006 that the Dayton framework has allowed the international community to move "from statebuilding via institutions and capacity-building to identity building", putting Bosnia and Herzegovina "on

210-526: A constitutional court. The agreement mandated a wide range of international organizations to monitor, oversee and implement components of the agreement. The NATO-led IFOR (Implementation Force) was responsible for implementing military aspects of the agreement and deployed on 20 December 1995, taking over the forces of the UNPROFOR . The Office of the High Representative was charged with

280-416: A discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example

350-421: A key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain

420-685: A part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast ). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington , and Minnesota's Northwest Angle . A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render

490-527: A quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. (Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island .) Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion

560-549: A separate U.S. inter-agency group led by Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke , who went on to negotiate with Balkan leaders in their capitals. The Holbrooke crew conducted five rounds of intense shuttle diplomacy from August to October, including short conferences in Geneva and New York that resulted in the parties' adoption of principles for a settlement on 8 and 26 September respectively. The Dayton conference took place from 1–21 November 1995. The main participants from

630-580: A single sovereign state known as Bosnia and Herzegovina composed of two parts, the largely Serb -populated Republika Srpska and mainly Croat - Bosniak -populated Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The agreement has been criticized for creating ineffective and unwieldy political structures and entrenching the ethnic cleansing of the previous war . Though basic elements of the Dayton Agreement were proposed in international talks as early as 1992, these negotiations were initiated following

700-529: A territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and

770-472: A territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north. The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with

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840-471: A territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Vatican City and San Marino (both enclaved by Italy ) and Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa ) are enclaved sovereign states . An exclave is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by

910-494: Is a logically extended back-formation of enclave . Enclaves exist for a variety of historical , political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into

980-407: Is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves . A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through

1050-530: Is composed of the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and of the Republika Srpska . Bosnia and Herzegovina is a complete state, as opposed to a confederation; no entity or entities could ever be separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina unless by due legal process. Although highly decentralised in its entities, it would still retain a central government, with a rotating State Presidency, a central bank and

1120-483: Is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. The term pene -exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through

1190-401: Is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts , and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions . In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar ). The word exclave

1260-480: Is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís , accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes , without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border

1330-639: Is to promote peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to endorse regional balance in and around the former Yugoslavia (Article V, annex 1-B). The present political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its structure of government were agreed upon (Annex 4). A key component of this was the delineation of the Inter-Entity Boundary Line to which many of the tasks listed in the Annexes referred. The State of Bosnia Herzegovina

1400-610: The Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (OSBiH), making entity armies defunct. The Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed on 15 April 1992 during the early days of the Bosnian War . Before the ARBiH was officially created, a number of paramilitary and civil defense groups were established. The Patriotic League (PL) and the local Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (TORBiH) were

1470-819: The Mostar region. Pressured and contained by heavily armed Serb forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, the ethnic Croat militia forces – the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) – shifted their focus from defending their parts of Bosnia from Serbs to trying to capture remaining territory held by the Bosnian Army. It is widely believed that this was due to the 1991 Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting where presidents Slobodan Milošević and Franjo Tuđman discussed partitioning Bosnia between Croatia and Serbia . In order to accomplish this,

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1540-699: The second Markale massacre , a NATO intervention was launched, which destroyed much of the VRS' infrastructure in just a few days through Operation Deliberate Force . The war ended with the signing of the Dayton Accord . The Political leadership in Sarajevo had met in Mehurici to decide alternatives if Slovenia and Croatia should follow their stated plans to declare independence. After this board meeting Hasan Cengic met with Rusmir Mahmutcehajic to propose

1610-587: The unsuccessful previous peace efforts and arrangements , the August 1995 Croatian military Operation Storm and its aftermath, the government military offensive against the Republika Srpska , conducted in parallel with NATO's Operation Deliberate Force . During September and October 1995, world powers (especially the United States and Russia), gathered in the Contact Group , pressured the leaders of

1680-554: The "territorial defense" until July where the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was officially established. The new army was divided into corps , each stationed in a particular territory. In 1993, most brigades were renamed as Mountain troops given that the lack of heavy weapons made it organizationally pointless to list them as infantry or motorized . In addition, Bosnian terrain favored light infantry over armored and mechanized formations. The special forces alongside

1750-599: The 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire , and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of

1820-470: The ARBiH and the HVO, launched a series of operations: Flash , Summer '95 , Storm and Mistral 2 . In conjunction, Bosnian forces launched operations like Sana . Bosnian and Croat armies were on the offensive in this phase. From August to December 1995, Serb forces were defeated and driven out of the majority of Croatia and western Bosnia, and the ethnic Serb population fled from these parts. Following

1890-748: The Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany . Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany . Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken , were separated from

1960-592: The Annex IV (the Constitution) and the rest of the peace agreement, the Court actually "established the ground for legal unity " of the entire peace agreement, which further implied that all of the annexes are in the hierarchical equality. In later decisions the Court confirmed that by using other annexes of the peace agreement as a direct base for the analysis, not only in the context of systematic interpretation of

2030-410: The Annex IV. However, since the Court rejected the presented request of the appellants, it did not go into details concerning the controversial questions of the legality of the process in which the new Constitution (Annex IV) came to power and replaced the former Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Court used the same reasoning to dismiss the similar claim in a later case. Before

2100-557: The Bosnian Government delegation during the negotiations. Holbrooke spoke of the "immense difficulty of engaging the Bosnian government in a serious negotiation". The secure site was chosen in order to remove all the parties from their comfort zone, without which they would have little incentive to negotiate; to reduce their ability to negotiate through the media; and to securely house over 800 staff and attendants. Curbing

2170-588: The Bosnian Serbs (9% of today's RS) and also retreated from Una-Sana Donji Vakuf (in Central Bosnia) afterward. A small enlargement of Posavina ( Odžak and parts of Domaljevac) did not change the fact that after Dayton Bosnian Croats controlled just 21% of Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,640 km ), compared to more than 25% prior to Dayton. One of the most important Bosnian Croat territories (Posavina with Bosanski Brod , Bosanski Šamac , Derventa )

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2240-511: The Brčko District, 24,526 km ). Bosniaks got most of Sarajevo and some important positions in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina while they lost only a few locations on Mount Ozren and in western Bosnia. Their percentage grew to 30%, and they greatly improved the quality of the land. Large tracts of prewar Bosniak (and Bosnian Croat) inhabited lands remained under Bosnian Serb control. Bosnian Croats gave most (4% of BiH territories) back to

2310-791: The Croatian forces would have to defeat the Bosnian Army, since the territory that they wanted was under the Bosnian government control. The HVO with great engagement from the military of the Republic of Croatia and material support from Serbs, attacked Bosniak civilian population in Herzegovina and in central Bosnia starting an ethnic cleansing of Bosniak populated territories, such as in the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing . Vastly under-equipped Bosnian forces, fighting on two fronts, were able to repel Croats and gain territory against them on every front. At this time, due to its geographic position, Bosnia

2380-515: The Dayton ( Croatian : Dayton , Bosnian : Dejton , Serbian : Дејтон ) in ex-Yugoslav parlance, is the peace agreement reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio , United States, finalised on 21 November 1995, and formally signed in Paris, on 14 December 1995. These accords put an end to the three-and-a-half-year-long Bosnian War , which was part of the much larger Yugoslav Wars . The warring parties agreed to peace and to

2450-468: The Gambia and Brunei . Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal , Denmark , and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore,

2520-536: The HVO and the ARBiH was agreed upon, with the objective of forming a strong force that could fight the much stronger and better equipped VRS. This was the time of frequent peace negotiations. Despite the loss of several enclaves , notably Srebrenica , 1995 was marked by HVO and ARBiH offensives and later by NATO intervention. Following the Split Agreement , the Croatian Army, with cooperation from

2590-439: The agreement, Bosnian Serbs controlled about 46% of Bosnia and Herzegovina (23,687 km ), Bosniaks 28% (14,505 km ) and Bosnian Croats 25% (12,937 km ). Bosnian Serbs got large tracts of mountainous territories back (4% from Bosnian Croats and some small amounts from Bosniaks), but they had to surrender Sarajevo and some vital Eastern Bosnian/Herzegovian positions. Their percentage grew to 49% (48% by excluding

2660-763: The applicants were not subjects that were identified in Article VI.3 (a) of the Constitution on those who can refer disputes to the Court. The Court also rejected the other request: the Constitutional Court is not competent to evaluate the constitutionality of the General Framework Agreement as the Constitutional Court has in fact been established under the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to uphold this Constitution ... The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina

2730-422: The army was Sefer Halilović . In 1992, the ARBiH was losing most of the battles and consequently, 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), and later Bosnian Serb army (VRS) control, with Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, besieged . The ARBiH had defended Sarajevo with light weaponry, most of them captured from hostile forces or bought off the black market. The army

2800-476: The city, some by only a few meters. True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave . In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco ,

2870-484: The constitutionality of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina since it was alleged that the agreement violated the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina in a way that it undermined the integrity of the state and could cause the dissolution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Court reached the conclusion that it is not competent to decide the dispute in regards to the mentioned decisions since

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2940-591: The enclave and exclave system in Baarle . As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area , people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions. For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3

3010-402: The enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage , or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or

3080-780: The form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov . A key participant in the US delegation was General Wesley Clark . The head of the UK's team was Pauline Neville-Jones , political director of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . The UK military representative was Col Arundell David Leakey . Paul Williams , through the Public International Law & Policy Group (PILPG) served as legal counsel to

3150-414: The formation of a paramilitary that would be an adjunct of SDA . Once approved by Alija Izetbegovic the first defense organization known as the "patriotic league" was formed. Another paramilitary known as the "green berets" would be formed from the people to help places where there where no defense organized by the local authority. As Bosnia declared independence the "territorial defense" was established as

3220-452: The military police were controlled directly by the general staff of the army but that still didn't deny the formations of smaller spec-ops units and military police battalions to be formed in the corps independently or brigades specifically. The Police Detachment for Special Purpose "Bosna" was the first special police force who grew from the former republics one. Made iconic by Dino Merlin and his song "Vojnik Srece" which he dedicated to

3290-521: The official army while paramilitaries such as the Zelene Beretke (Green Berets) and Crni Labudovi (Black Swans) units were also active. Other irregular groups included Bosnian mafia groups, as well as collections of police and former Yugoslav People's Army soldiers. The army was formed in poor circumstances and suffered from a very limited supply of arms. Critical deficiencies included tanks and other heavy weaponry. The first commander of

3360-588: The participants' ability to negotiate via the media was a particularly important consideration. Holbrooke wanted to prevent posturing through early leaks to the press. After having been initialed in Dayton, Ohio, on 21 November 1995, the full and formal agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995 and witnessed by Spanish Prime Minister Felipe González , French President Jacques Chirac , US President Bill Clinton , UK Prime Minister John Major , German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin . The agreement's main purpose

3430-400: The premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality , they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in

3500-568: The prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying , are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law , including giving warnings,

3570-550: The region were the President of the Republic of Serbia Slobodan Milošević (whom the Bosnian Serbs had previously empowered to represent their interests), President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman , and President of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović with his Foreign Minister Muhamed Šaćirbeg . The peace conference was led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher , and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two co-chairmen in

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3640-471: The road to Brussels ". The Dayton Agreement has been the subject of criticism since its inception, including: According to survey results from a 2020 study, "in each of the three main ethnic groups of Bosnia, more people would have voted for Dayton than against it." On 13 February 2008, the head of the Presidency of Bosnia-Herzegovina Željko Komšić said that the 1995 Bosnian copy Dayton Agreement

3710-458: The sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether

3780-433: The state's official army and the patriotic league integrated a month later. The existence of other armed groups would lead the government to request the unification of all armed entities into one formation creating one official armed forces. This reform request would not last long as all other entities except the separatist ones would join finally establishing a centralized army. The newly reformed army would still be known as

3850-597: The task of civil implementation. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe was charged with organising the first free elections in 1996 . On 13 October 1997, the Croatian 1861 Law Party and the Bosnia-Herzegovina 1861 Law Party requested the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina to annul several decisions and to confirm one decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and, more importantly, to review

3920-477: The territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions , such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on

3990-405: The territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein , a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia , a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of

4060-597: The territory of another country." Thus, a pene-exclave , although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007) further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless,

4130-689: The territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia , Turkey and Iran . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters ), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ( Monaco , The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just

4200-644: The then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep

4270-407: The three sides to attend settlement negotiations; Dayton, Ohio was eventually chosen as the venue. Talks began with an outline of key points presented by the U.S. in a team led by National Security Adviser Anthony Lake in visits to London, Bonn, Paris and other European stops 10 – 14 August 1995. These included Sochi, to consult Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev . Lake's team handed off to

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4340-696: The unit. In training and equipping, this unit looked up to the German special police force " GSG-9 ". by the Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan Dayton Peace Agreement The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina , also known as the Dayton Agreement or the Dayton Accords ( Serbo-Croatian : Dejtonski mirovni sporazum , Дејтонски мировни споразум ), and colloquially known as

4410-456: The word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid , signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket"

4480-432: Was adopted as Annex IV to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and consequently there cannot be a conflict or a possibility for controversy between this Agreement and the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was one of the early cases in which the Court had to deal with the question of the legal nature of the Constitution. By making the remark in the manner of obiter dictum concerning

4550-473: Was found in 2017 in a private residence in Pale , resulting in the arrest of the person who was trying to sell it. Enclave An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity . An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters . Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote

4620-424: Was left out of Bosnian Croat control. Canton 10 : Una-Sana Canton : West Herzegovina Canton : Herzegovina-Neretva Canton : Central Bosnia Canton : Zenica-Doboj Canton : Tuzla Canton : Posavina Canton : Bosnian Podrinje Canton : Sarajevo Canton : Brčko District was divided; The immediate purpose of the agreement was to freeze the military confrontation and prevent it from resuming. It

4690-649: Was lost from the Presidency's archive. High Representative for Bosnia-Herzegovina Miroslav Lajčák said: "I don't know whether the news is sad or funny". On 16 November 2009 the French Foreign Ministry delivered a new certified copy of the Dayton agreement to the French embassy in Sarajevo. The copy was later transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The stolen 1995 copy

4760-648: Was surrounded and the transfer of supplies was hard, if not impossible. However, ARBiH forces within the Bosanska Krajina (Bihać pocket) region were steadily defending the territory despite being surrounded by hostile forces. 1993 saw no major changes in the front lines against Serbs. Instead, this year marked the start of the Croat–Bosniak War in Central Bosnia and in Herzegovina , notably

4830-570: Was surrounded by Croat and Serb forces from all sides. There was no way to import weapons or food. What saved Bosnia at this time was its vast industrial complex (steel and other heavy industry), which was able to switch to military production. After a short but bloody war, and once Croats realized that their partnership with Serbs would not bring them any territorial gains, they agreed to the U.S. leadership's "Washington Treaty" peace agreement. From that point on, Croat and Bosnian government forces fought as allies against Serbs. A renewed alliance between

4900-469: Was therefore defined as a "construction of necessity". The Dayton Agreement was aimed at allowing Bosnia and Herzegovina to move from an early post-conflict phase through reconstruction and consolidation, adopting a consociational power-sharing approach. Scholars such as Canadian professor Charles-Philippe David calls Dayton "the most impressive example of conflict resolution". American scholar Howard M. Hensel states that "Dayton represents an example of

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