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96-404: The ARD has a budget of €6.9 billion, 22,612 employees and is the largest public broadcaster network in the world. The budget comes primarily from a mandatory licence fee which every household, company and public institution, regardless of television ownership, is required by law to pay. For an ordinary household the fee is €18.36 per month, as of 2023. Households living on welfare are exempt from

192-566: A culture-oriented radio station co-produced by Radio Bremen and NDR). Most ARD stations, however, will have at least a news-oriented radio station, a classical music station, a youth-oriented station, and a cultural station. At night some stations will relay common night programming produced on a rota system by the ARD stations themselves. There are four common night programming services: Hitnacht (light music), Nachtkonzert (classical music), Infonacht (all news), and Popnacht (pop music). Most services are on

288-531: A culture-oriented service. It also provides a science-orientated internet channel: Deutschlandfunk Nova . ARD's best-known radio station outside Germany is Deutsche Welle , which broadcasts its radio services around the world in many languages, mostly on analogue shortwave radio, online, and FM partner stations. Deutsche Welle has no FM distribution in Germany. "Archivradio" is an ARD internet radio station that streams raw audio from German sound archives, mainly

384-660: A licence may now increase to account for inflation. As of April 2024, the licence fee is £169.50 for a colour and £57 for a black and white television Licence As it is classified in law as a tax, evasion of licence fees is a criminal offence. 204,018 people were prosecuted or fined in 2014 for TV licence offences: 173,044 in England, 12,536 in Wales, 4,905 people in Northern Ireland and 15 in the Isle of Man. The licence fee

480-483: A licence, giving access to radio and online services free of advertising. The Albanian licence fee is 100 lekë per month, paid as part of the electricity bill. This makes up part of RTSH 's funding: 58 per cent comes directly from the government through taxes with the remainder from commercials and the licence fee. Under Austria 's TV and Radio Licence Law ( Fernseh- und Hörfunklizenzrecht ), all operational broadcast reception equipment must be registered. Since 1998,

576-484: A local influence on local regional broadcasters. NDR cites the influence of Hugh Greene on the early years of their organisation. After the creation of individual broadcasting agencies for most German federal states these principles were further consolidated by Länder broadcasting laws, decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ), and state treaties between

672-455: A mere two-hour schedule per night, television became more widespread in Germany in the 1960s. Color broadcasts were introduced in 1967. Without competition from private broadcasters (other than the francophone Europe 1 and the multilingual RTL (Radio-Television Luxembourg) radio programs), the ARD stations made considerable progress in becoming modern and respected broadcasters. ZDF ( Z weites D eutsches F ernsehen, Second German Television),

768-622: A minority share. Within HRT, 66 per cent of the licence fee income goes to television and 34 per cent to radio. The licence fee in the Czech Republic is 135 Kč per month for television and 45 Kč per month for radio, amounting to 2160 Kč per year. Paid advertisements are not permitted on television except in narrowly defined circumstances during a transitional period. Each household that owns at least one television pays for one licence, regardless of how many televisions they own. Corporations and

864-694: A reduced or zero licence fee. Faced with licence fee evasion, some countries chose to fund public broadcasters directly from taxation or via methods such as a co-payment with electricity billing. In some countries, national public broadcasters carry advertising. In 1989, the Council of Europe created the European Convention on Transfrontier Television. Among other things, this regulates advertising. The treaty came into force in 1993 when it had been ratified by seven countries, including five EU member states . As of 2010 , 34 countries have acceded to

960-475: A say in programming. In the 1950s the ARD radio services became the major factor of the mass media system in West Germany. As early as 1952 the ARD radio stations had ten million listeners. However, the radio stations operated on a regional level, and it was only the development of a television umbrella that helped the ARD to establish itself nationwide. The broadcasting of a countrywide TV broadcast service

1056-485: A second public television broadcaster with a centralized national organization structure, began its programming in 1963, but ARD would encounter no private competition in Germany until 1984. The ARD stations have also been a significant force in German politics ; such investigative news magazines as Monitor and Panorama still reach millions of viewers every week. The environmental movement increased in popularity during

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1152-515: A separate public TV broadcaster. The ARD network began broadcasting on 31 October 1954 under the name of Deutsches Fernsehen ("German Television"), becoming Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen ("First German Television") with a corporate redesign in 1984; it adopted its current short name ( Das Erste ) in 1994. ARD's programmes are aired over its own terrestrial broadcast network, as well as via cable, satellite and IPTV. ARD also produces two free-to-air channels ( one and Tagesschau24 ) and participates in

1248-764: A television rights trader and production company; the German Broadcasting Archive (DRA – Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv); the Institute for Broadcasting Technology (IRT – Institut für Rundfunktechnik), responsible for research and development; the Fee Collection Service (Beitragsservice) , and others. ARD is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) initiative that is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for

1344-661: A television set is required to have a licence, but in 2006 non-payment was described as "epidemic" following a series of scandals involving NHK. In 2005, it was reported that "there is no fine or any other form of sanction for non-payment". The NHK Party , often called the Anti-NHK Party, was founded in 2013 as a single-issue political party to oppose the license fee, with its only policy being to encrypt NHK's broadcast signal, meaning only those who watch NHK pay for it . Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk ( NWDR ; Northwest German Broadcasting )

1440-407: A very broad Internet presence with media portals, news and TV programs. National broadcasters abandoned an earlier pledge to restrict their online activities. This resulted in newspapers taking court action against the ARD, claiming that its Tagessschau smartphone app was unfairly subsidised by the licence fee, to the detriment of free-market providers of news content apps. The case was dismissed with

1536-427: Is 8.70 zł per month. One licence is required per household, irrespective of the number of sets. The fee is waived for people over 75. Public health institutions, nurseries, educational institutions, hospices and retirement homes need only one licence per building or building complex they occupy. Commercial premises need a licence for each set, including radios and televisions in company vehicles. Around 60 per cent of

1632-652: Is also involved in several joint venture channels: The international broadcaster Deutsche Welle also produces television services; however, these services are mostly available via satellite. The Tagesschau , produced by the ARD on a nightly basis, is available on the ARD website as a podcast (available as audio-only or as audio and video). Other audio programs from the ARD's members (e.g., BR , MDR ) and Deutsche Welle are available as podcasts, through their respective websites. ARD has 30 correspondents ' offices in 26 countries. ARD operates several other companies and institutions, sometimes jointly with ZDF: Degeto Film ,

1728-563: Is approximately €46 per year. The Bosnian War and associated collapse of infrastructure caused very high evasion rates. This has partly been resolved by collecting the licence fee as part of each household's monthly telephone bill. The licence fee is divided between three broadcasters: The licence fee in Croatia is regulated by the Croatian Radiotelevision Act, 2003. This law was written to ensure compliance with

1824-435: Is billed monthly but typically paid quarterly or yearly. It is collected by Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio which is sometimes criticized for its enforcement measures. Since 2013, only recipients of certain social benefits such as Arbeitslosengeld II or student loans and grants are exempt from the licence fee. People with certain disabilities can apply to pay a reduced fee of €5.83. Low income, in general,

1920-432: Is charged to all owners of equipment capable of receiving television or radio broadcasts. It is set at 1.5 per cent of the previous year's average net salary, which is €137 per year per household with at least one radio or television receiver. It is the main source of revenue for the national broadcaster Hrvatska Radiotelevizija (HRT) , and a secondary source of income for other national and local broadcasters, which receive

2016-416: Is heavily disputed. For example, a 2019 study from Oxford (p. 24) stated that the majority of the audience of German public broadcasters ARD, ZDF and "Deutschland Radio" are left-winged or left of the center of the political spectrum. The AfD took this to show that the broadcaster is biased and contributing to a left-shift in the political environment. The majority of German newspapers have responded that

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2112-652: Is no longer a reason for exemption. Since the fee is billed to a person and not to a dwelling, empty dwellings are exempt. The licence fee is used to fund the public broadcasters ZDF and Deutschlandradio , as well as the nine regional broadcasters of the ARD network. Together, they run 22 television channels (10 regional, 10 national, 2 international: Arte and 3sat ) and 61 radio stations (58 regional, 3 national). Two national television stations and 32 regional radio stations carry limited advertising. The 14 regional regulatory authorities for private broadcasters are also funded by

2208-511: Is paid to the state broadcaster, Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT). In June 2013, ERT was closed down to save money for the Greek government and licence fees were temporarily suspended. In June 2015, ERT reopened and the licence fee resumed at a rate of €36 per year. As of 2020, the cost of a television licence in Ireland is €160 per year. The licence applies to premises so a separate licence

2304-455: Is required for each household where television programmes are watched or recorded as they are broadcast, irrespective of the signal method (terrestrial, satellite, cable or the Internet). As of September 2016, users of BBC iPlayer must also have a television licence to watch on-demand television content from the service. As of 1 April 2017, after a price freeze that began in 2010, the cost of

2400-439: Is required for holiday homes or motor vehicles which contain a television. The licence must be paid for premises that have any equipment that can potentially decode TV signals, regardless of whether they view RTÉ's content. The licence is free to anyone over the age of 70, to some people over 66, to people on a disability allowance, and people who are blind (these licences are paid for by the state). The Irish post office, An Post ,

2496-489: Is required to pay a broadcasting subscription fee. The monthly fee is €3.50, or €42.00 per annum. Funds are distributed, The Broadcasting Agency of Montenegro collected the fee through telephone bills, but after the privatization of Telekom , the new owners, T-com, announced they would not administer the fee after July 2007. As of 2023, the licence fee in Poland for a television set is 27.30 zł per month, or for radio only

2592-406: Is responsible for the collection of the licence fee and commencement of prosecution proceedings in cases of non-payment, but An Post has signalled its intention to withdraw from its licence fee business. The licence fee makes up 50 per cent of the revenue of RTÉ , the national broadcaster with the rest coming from radio and television advertisements. Some RTÉ services have not historically relied on

2688-523: Is used almost entirely to fund BBC domestic radio, television and internet services. Money received from the licence represents approximately 75 per cent of the cost of these services, with most of the remainder coming from the profits of BBC Studios , a commercial arm of the corporation which distributes content outside of the United Kingdom, and operates or licences BBC-branded television services and brands. The BBC also receives some funding from

2784-939: Is used to fund the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation . The licence fee in South Africa is R 265 (about €23) per annum (R312 per year if paid on a monthly basis) for television. A concessionary rate of R70 is available for those over 70, disabled persons and war veterans who are on social welfare. The licence fee partially funds the public broadcaster, the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), providing R972 million (almost €90 million) in 2008–9. SABC derives much of its income from advertising. Proposals to abolish licensing have circulated since October 2009. The national carrier hopes to receive funding entirely from state subsidies and commercials. In Japan,

2880-618: The Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR, English: "Central German Broadcasting"), and Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB, English: "East German Broadcasting Brandenburg"). The existing NDR service expanded into the north-east, where it also covered Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . The ORB service has since merged with the former Sender Freies Berlin (SFB, English "Radio Free Berlin") to become Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB, English: "Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting") in 2003. Another merger took place between two member organisations of

2976-556: The Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported in February 2019 the ARD wanted to impress upon its audience certain moral views. A manual from the "Berkeley International Framing Institute" (see sources below) was used internally in order to make ARD viewers consider their fees less as a compulsory contribution than as a kind of donation to a good cause. But the website Netzpolitik.org (who published the original document), came to

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3072-547: The ARD . On 1 January 1956, NWDR was succeeded by Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) and Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR). Broadcasting in what was to become NWDR's post-war transmission area was initiated in the early 1920s: From 1934 the north German station operated, under the name of Reichssender Hamburg, as an integral part of the national broadcasting organization RRG – now controlled by Joseph Goebbels 's Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda and known from 1 January 1939 as Großdeutscher Rundfunk. Externally ,

3168-613: The Allied occupation of Germany . In the British Zone of occupation, the military authorities quickly established a station known as "Radio Hamburg" to provide information to the population of the area. On 4 May 1945, transmission started with the announcement: "This is Radio Hamburg, a station of the Allied Military Government". The British Control Commission appointed Hugh Carleton Greene , on secondment from

3264-514: The BBC , to manage the creation of public service broadcasting in their Zone. On 22 September 1945, Radio Hamburg became Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR), the single broadcasting organisation of the British Zone. The army unit allocated to run the station was part of REME Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and its commander was Lt Col Paul Archibald Findlay. The forerunner organization of

3360-450: The FM broadcast band , though some services are also available on DAB . A similar network intended for national coverage is called Deutschlandradio , however, Deutschlandradio is not an ARD member – instead, Deutschlandradio is controlled by both ARD and ZDF. Deutschlandradio provides two terrestrial radio services: Deutschlandfunk (DLF), a news-oriented service, and Deutschlandfunk Kultur ,

3456-618: The Gebühren Info Service  [ de ] (GIS) has been responsible for licence administration. GIS was renamed to ORF-Beitragsservice (OBS) in 2024. It is a fully-owned subsidiary of the Austrian public broadcaster, ( ORF ) and an agency of the Federal Ministry of Finance . GIS aims to inform people about licensing, using a four-channel communication strategy consisting of: In 2007 the total licensing income

3552-511: The Länder . ARD members are thus (at least nominally) free of government influence and rely for only a small part of their income on advertising (1995: ten percent). They are financed mainly from licence fees from radio and TV owners, which are set through a complex political process. The mandated aim of the ARD corporations is not only to inform and to entertain but also to encourage the integration of various parts of society and allow minorities

3648-499: The Rundfunkfreiheit (freedom of broadcasting), they have an independent position (within a legal framework). The winning Allies of World War II determined that German radio after World War II would not broadcast the same propaganda as the pre-war Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft ("Reich Broadcasting Company"). A federal structure, the renunciation of state influence and the avoidance of economic dependence were to be

3744-732: The Scottish Government via MG Alba to finance the BBC Alba Gaelic-language television service in Scotland. The BBC used to receive a direct government grant from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to fund television and radio services broadcast to other countries, such as the BBC World Service radio and BBC Arabic Television . These services run on a non-profit, non-commercial basis. The grant

3840-474: The Swiss national public broadcaster SRG SSR must be registered and pay licence fees. The fee is CHF 335 per year for TV and radio for single households, and CHF 670 for multiple households, e.g. nursing homes . Households unable to receive broadcast transmissions are exempt from the fees until 2023 if residents apply to opt out. Residential licence fees are collected by Serafe AG, a wholly-owned subsidiary of

3936-520: The public radios stations have no commercial advertising. RTP3 and RTP Memória can broadcast commercial advertising on cable, satellite and IPTV platforms but not on digital terrestrial television. Licence fees in Serbia are bundled together with electricity bills and collected monthly. There have been increasing indications that the Government of Serbia is considering the temporary cessation of

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4032-501: The "Taxa de Contribuição Audiovisual" (Portuguese for Broadcasting Contribution Tax ), charged monthly through the electricity bills. Following the 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis , government grants ended and RTP was financed only through the "Taxa de Contribuição Audiovisual" and advertising. Since July 2016, the fee is €2.85 + VAT per month. RTP1 can broadcast only 6 minutes of commercial advertising per hour (commercial channels can broadcast 12 minutes per hour). RTP2 and

4128-510: The 1980s largely as a result of the disclosures made by ARD. When private/commercial German-language broadcasters were admitted in Germany by federal law in the mid-1980s, ARD television made subtle changes, adapting somewhat by producing programs oriented to a larger audience for their national networks and shifting many cultural and news programs to the regional networks and to newly created niche channels. Informational television programs and

4224-400: The ARD in 1998. The former Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR, English: "Southern German Broadcasting") and Südwestfunk (SWF, English: "Southwestcast") became Südwestrundfunk (SWR, English: "Southwest Broadcasting") on 1 October 1998. Today, ARD member stations usually produce their radio programming. Some ARD member stations usually collaborate for common radio services (an example is Nordwestradio,

4320-516: The ARD radio archives and the DRA. The program is accompanied by a web portal run by the ARD-member SWR, with background information on the original sounds aired. The main television channels of the ARD are the nationwide Das Erste and seven regional channels operated by the different regional broadcasting institutions. These channels were available on the analogue terrestrial transmitters until

4416-650: The ARD withdrew material critical of the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , a journalist from the magazine Der Spiegel compared this behaviour in an opinion article to the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . To get rid of the "annoying image of state radio", the journalist recommends it would certainly be helpful to keep more distance from the government. Claudia Schwartz from

4512-625: The AfD have misunderstood the Oxford study, and accused the AfD of spreading fake news . Another point of evidence offered is that ARD board member and Director for Programming Christine Strobl is not only a member of the CDU party herself, but also the daughter of Wolfgang Schäuble , a prominent CDU member of parliament. As Director for Programming she is in a position to stop or initiate the production of programs, but also potentially editorial decisions. After

4608-461: The BBC. These other broadcasters are much smaller than the BBC. In addition to public broadcasters, the United Kingdom has a wide range of commercial television funded by advertising and subscription. A television licence is still required of viewers who solely watch such commercial channels, although 74.9 per cent of the population watches BBC One in any given week, making it the most popular channel in

4704-403: The European Convention on Transfrontier Television, which Croatia joined between 1999 and 2002. In addition to the licensing, the law regulates television advertising. Up to 9 per cent of air time on HRT may be given to advertising, with a limit of only one commercial during short breaks and no breaks during films. This is less than the limit permitted for commercial broadcasters. The licence fee

4800-734: The Federal Intelligence Service, the Gehlen Organization , infiltrated several agents into the NWDR during the Cold War in order to keep alleged enemies of the state in the station under control. One of these agents was August Hoppe , editor from 1948 and later deputy editor-in-chief. According to documents from the BND archive, the NWDR was classified as a “threat to the development of a healthy Western democracy” at

4896-579: The NWDR was split into two broadcasters - Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) in the north and Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR) in North Rhine-Westphalia. NDR continued to operate out of Hamburg, whilst the WDR was established in Cologne . The split was effective from 1 January 1956, although the station NWDR1 remained a joint operation with regional opt-outs. The NWDR television service also remained

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4992-632: The Reichssender Hamburg transmitted propaganda material to listeners overseas – in particular to those living in the British Isles – and, during World War II , broadcast regular programming aimed at sapping the morale of the civilian population of the United Kingdom. Its most famous wartime broadcaster in English was William Joyce (popularly known, from his accent and speaking-manner, as " Lord Haw-Haw "). The Reichssender Hamburg

5088-531: The annual licence fee ( Japanese : 受信料 , jushin-ryo ) for terrestrial television broadcasts is ¥ 14,205, and ¥24,740 for those receiving satellite broadcasts. The fee is slightly less if paid by direct debit . There is a separate licence for monochrome TV, and fees are slightly less in Okinawa . The Japanese licence fee pays for the national broadcaster, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK) . Every household in Japan with

5184-417: The conclusion that "Many of the proposed frames, which are currently heating the minds of many critics, have never been used in public by the public broadcasters representatives. This also shows that the excitement about the report is too high." Licence fee A television licence or broadcast receiving licence is a payment required in many countries for the reception of television broadcasts or

5280-632: The country. A similar licence existed for radio but was abolished in 1971. The licence fee in Ghana was reintroduced in 2015, and is used to fund the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC). Households have to pay between GH¢36 and GH¢60 per year for using one or more televisions at home. The licence fee in Mauritius is Rs 1,800 per year (around €29), collected as part of the electricity bill. The fee provides 60 per cent of

5376-515: The court advising the two sides to find a compromise. The licence fee in Greece is paid through electricity bills. It is charged to every electricity account, including private residences and businesses. There has been discussion of replacing it with a direct licence fee after complaints from people who do not own a television set. An often-quoted joke is that even the dead pay the licence fee, since graveyards have electricity bills. Licensing income

5472-493: The day. Deutsche Welle , Germany's international broadcaster, is also a member of ARD. public-law broadcasting institutions means broadcasters which are not privately owned (German: Privatradio and Privatfernsehen ) and are not governmental radio or TV. ARD is not 'owned by' anybody, particularly not by "Germany" (meaning its government/federal state). ARD members like BR ( Bayerischer Rundfunk ) are not owned by their Land (state and its government, here Bavaria ), either. With

5568-510: The fee goes to Telewizja Polska with the rest going to Polskie Radio . Advertisements are allowed between programmes on public television but it is not permitted to interrupt its programmes for advertisements. The licence is collected and maintained by the Polish post office, Poczta Polska . There is a major problem with licence evasion in Poland: in 2012 around 65 per cent of households evaded

5664-601: The fee was €90.00. Sixty-six per cent of RAI 's income comes from the licence fee (up from about half of total income seven years ago), with another twenty-five per cent from advertising, which is aired pretty regularly every 20 minutes or so, with very few exceptions (football matches, special events, Eurovision Song Contest) Under the Broadcasting Law of December 2002, each household and legal entity in Montenegro able to receive radio or television programmes

5760-499: The fee. However in Canada, between 1914 and 1922 people needed to pass an "Amateur Experimental Certificate of Proficiency", demonstrating the ability to send and receive Morse code at five words per minute, to be allowed to use a radio receiver. With the arrival of television, some countries created separate television licences. Other countries increased radio licence fees to cover the additional cost of television broadcasting, changing

5856-505: The fee. The fees are not collected directly by the ARD, but by the Beitragsservice (formerly known as Gebühreneinzugszentrale GEZ), a common organisation by the ARD member broadcasters, the second public TV broadcaster ZDF , and Deutschlandradio . ARD maintains and operates a national television network, called Das Erste ("The First") to differentiate it from ZDF , a.k.a. "das Zweite" ("The Second"), which started in 1963, as

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5952-551: The highest annual television licence cost, at €343.80, and Salzburg and Burgenland have the highest annual radio licence cost, at €94.92. Annual fees from July 2022 are: Since 2024, the broadcasting fee has been replaced by a household tax that every household pays. It is €15.30 per month. In the federal states of Burgenland, Carinthia, Styria and Tyrol, an additional state tax must be paid - this amounts to between €3.10 and €4.70 per month. The licence fee in Bosnia and Herzegovina

6048-473: The income for Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC). Most of the remaining funds come from television and radio commercials. The introduction of private broadcasting in 2002 has put pressure on MBC's commercial revenues. Private stations argue that MBC affects their profitability and they want the government to make MBC commercial-free. The licence fee in Namibia was N$ 204 (about €23) in 2001. The fee

6144-505: The insurance collections agency Secon. Non-payment of licence fees incurs fines of up to CHF 100,000. For businesses, the fee is on a scale based on the company's annual turnover and is collected by the Swiss Federal Tax Administration. The majority of the fee, CHF 1.2 billion, goes to SRG SSR, with the rest going to a collection of small regional radio and television broadcasters. On 4 March 2018, there

6240-496: The key of the radio and TV institutions under public law ( öffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunk- und Fernsehanstalten , public radio and television organisations). The legal form of the new entity was Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts ("Institution under Public Law"), a non-government and nonprofit organisation with its own administration under the control of two commissions, the Rundfunkrat (Broadcasting Council, responsible for

6336-496: The licence fee (compared to an average of 10 per cent in the European Union ), and in 2020, only 8 per cent of Polish households paid the licence fee. Reasons for non-payment include the opt-in system in which there is no effective means to compel people to register or to prosecute those that fail to do so. Licensing inspectors, who are usually postal workers , do not have the right of entry to inspect premises and must get

6432-458: The licence fee until a more effective financing solution is found. However, as of 28 August 2013 this has yet to be realized. Since June 2013, the annual licence fee in Slovenia is €12.75 per household per month to receive both television and radio services, or €3.77 per month for radio only, regardless of the number of devices capable of receiving television or radio broadcasts. Businesses and

6528-557: The licence fee, and in some states, non-profit community radio stations get small amounts of the licence fee. Germany's international broadcaster, Deutsche Welle , is fully funded by the German federal government, though much of its new content is provided by the ARD. Germany's per capita budget for public broadcasting is close to the European average but the total is one of the largest in the world. In 2006, annual income from licence fees

6624-539: The licence for income, such as RTÉ 2fm , RTÉ Aertel , RTÉ.ie but since 2012 RTÉ 2FM has had some financial support from the licence. The RTÉ Transmission Network operates on an entirely commercial basis. Five per cent of the licence fee goes to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland 's "Sound and Vision Scheme", which provides funds for programme production and restoration of archive material. From 2011 until 2018, five per cent of RTÉ's licence income

6720-411: The name from "radio licence" to "TV licence" or "receiver licence". Today, most countries fund public radio broadcasting from the same licence fee that is used for television, although a few still have separate radio licences. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Japan, have lower fees for households that only own monochrome television sets. In many countries, elderly and disabled consumers have

6816-605: The orientation of " Deutschlandfunk " (Germany's national public radio station, associated with, but not a member of the ARD) programs towards the GDR were of importance to the eventual collapse of the GDR. Established in 1974, the ARD bureau in East Berlin made ARD television the most important source of information for GDR citizens, eighty percent of whom could watch what they referred to as "Westfernsehen". Notwithstanding obstruction on

6912-464: The owner's or occupier's permission to enter. Also, the public media are frequently accused of producing pro-government propaganda and not being independent public broadcasters. Due to widespread non-payment of the licence fee, in 2020 the government gave a 2 billion złoty grant for public media. From September 2003, the Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) was financed through government grants and

7008-703: The part of GDR authorities and the repeated expulsion of their correspondents, the ARD-Tagesschau and Deutschlandfunk transmitted a report about the Leipzig Monday Demonstrations (which started on 4 September 1989) as early as September 1989. After the unification and the closure of the Deutscher Fernsehfunk , two new regional broadcasters were established in the East, becoming ARD members in 1992. These were originally

7104-409: The possession of a television set . In some countries, a licence is also required to own a radio or receive radio broadcasts . In such countries, some broadcasts are funded in full or in part by the licence fees. Licence fees are effectively a hypothecated tax to fund public broadcasting . Radio broadcasters in the early 20th century needed to raise funds for their services. In some countries, this

7200-413: The producer or importer of the television receiving equipment. Consumers indirectly pay this fee when purchasing equipment. No registration is required for television receiving equipment, except for cellular phones as mandated by a separate law. TRT also receives funding via advertisements. Previously a 2 per cent tax was added to monthly electricity bills but this has been abolished. A television licence

7296-713: The production of Phoenix (current events, news and documentaries), KiKa (kids-oriented), 3sat (cultural-oriented), arte (Franco-German cultural programming), and Funk (teenage-oriented, online only). ARD's programming is produced by its regional members (see also Institutions and member organizations ) ( Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), Hessischer Rundfunk (HR), Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), Radio Bremen , Rundfunk Berlin–Brandenburg (RBB), Saarländischer Rundfunk (SR), Südwestrundfunk (SWR) and Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR)), which operate 54 regional and local radio stations and seven regional TV networks, some of which have opt-outs at during

7392-658: The programmed content) and the Verwaltungsrat (Administration Council, responsible for management and infrastructure), in which different stakeholders from German public life were represented. ARD's founding members were Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR), the station for the former British zone, Südwestfunk (SWF), the station in the French zone, and four stations located in the former American sector— Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR), Hessischer Rundfunk (HR), and Radio Bremen (RB). The new entity

7488-813: The reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface. The radio studio in Strasbourg, which was closed in July 2010 and previously operated by SWR, was responsible for the European Parliament . Since then, reporting has been carried out from Brussels and Paris. The ARD radio studio in Zurich was closed in August 2021. Since then, reporting has been carried out from Geneva. The ARD radio studio in Buenos Aires

7584-429: The self-employed must pay for a licence for each television and radio. The licence fee in Germany is €18.36 per month (€220 per annum) for all apartments, secondary residences, holiday homes and summer houses. Since 2003 it has been payable regardless of possession or use of television and radio. Businesses and institutions must pay, based on factors including numbers of employees, vehicles and, for hotels, beds. The fee

7680-476: The self-employed pay this amount for each set, and pay higher rates where they are intended for public viewing rather than private use by employees. The licence fee is used to fund the national broadcaster RTV Slovenija . In 2007, the licence fee raised €78.1 million, approximately 68 per cent of the broadcaster's operating revenue. RTV Slovenija's advertising income in 2007 was €21.6 million. Any household that receives radio or television programs from

7776-476: The shutdown of the analogue transmitters started in 2003. Das Erste and the third programmes, like the radio stations, are principally funded by licence fees, with a very limited amount of on-air advertising. Das Erste broadcasts nationwide 24 hours a day. However, the schedule does include four and a half hours of joint programming with ZDF each weekday, in the form of the news programmes Morgenmagazin (on air 5.30–9.00) and Mittagsmagazin (13.00–14.00), which

7872-528: The smaller SFB was split off. The first daily news feature, the Tagesschau , went on the air from Hamburg in 1952. The famous 8:00 pm chime and announcement " Hier ist das Erste Deutsche Fernsehen mit der Tagesschau " ("This is the first German television channel with the Tagesschau") remains an ARD hallmark today. The broadcast attracts an average of 8 million viewers. After starting with

7968-466: The time. Half of the top management is very open to Moscow, especially the general director Adolf Grimme and the reporter Peter von Zahn . In February 1955, the Länder of the NWDR's area decided to look again at the regulation of broadcasting. North Rhine-Westphalia decided to establish its own broadcaster, whilst Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein continued with the existing system. To this end,

8064-670: The treaty. Usage and costs of television licences vary greatly between countries. The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago reports that two-thirds of countries in Europe and half of countries in Asia and Africa use television licences to fund public television. Television licensing is rare in the Americas, largely confined to British Overseas Territories . In some countries, radio channels and broadcasters' websites are also funded by

8160-650: The two organizations take weekly turns to produce. Audience share (March 2008):12.5%, from 14 to 49 years 6.9%. The regional members of ARD all, jointly (NDR/rb and SWR/SR) or separately, operate their own regional channels, known collectively as die Dritten ("the Third Programmes") – before recent rebranding, most of these stations had names like West 3 and Hessen 3. The schedules of these regional channels also include sub-regional opt-outs at certain times, in particular for local news. ARD has three additional channels as part of their ARD Digital package: ARD

8256-415: Was a referendum on whether TV licensing should be scrapped, with the slogan "No Billag", a reference to the previous collector of the licence fees. Parliament have advocated a no vote. Voters overwhelmingly rejected the proposal by 71.6 to 28.4 per cent and in all cantons. Following the vote, the fee was significantly reduced. A licence fee of up to 16 per cent is paid to the state broadcaster TRT by

8352-521: Was abolished on 1 April 2014, leaving these services to be funded by the UK licence fee, a move which has caused some controversy. Channel 4 is also a public television service but it is funded through advertising. The Welsh language S4C is funded through a combination of a direct grant from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and advertising, and receives some programming free of charge from

8448-437: Was achieved via advertising, while others adopted a compulsory subscription model with households that owned a radio set being required to purchase a licence. The United Kingdom was the first country to adopt compulsory public subscription with a licence, originally known as a wireless licence , used to fund the BBC . In most countries that introduced radio licensing, possession of a licence was simply an indication of having paid

8544-598: Was closed in 2022. Since then, reporting has been carried out from Rio de Janeiro. The studio for Turkey and Iran (radio) is in Istanbul, see above. The ARD radio studio in Amman was closed in 2013. It only has a branch office in Cairo, from where reporting has been carried out ever since. Since it was founded in 2013, the German party AfD has accused the German broadcasters of being state-driven propaganda machines. This claim

8640-456: Was financed by an obligatory fee that every German household with at least one radio receiver paid. Each station received the money collected in its state. Larger ARD members subsidised smaller ones up to a certain extent. In 1947, American military governor Lucius D. Clay declared diversity of public opinion as the main aim of post-war media policy . Individuals aligned with the post-war Allied forces in their respective sectors of Germany had

8736-542: Was granted to TG4 . RTÉ is now required to provide TG4 with programming. The remainder of TG4's funding is from direct state grants and commercial income. The licence fee in Italy is charged to each household with a television set, regardless of use, and to all public premises with one or more televisions or radios. In 2016, the government reduced the licence fee to €100 per household and incorporated it into electricity bills in an attempt to eliminate evasion, and as of 2018,

8832-485: Was more than €7.9 billion. The board of public broadcasters sued the German states for interference with their budgeting process, and on 11 September 2007, the Supreme Court decided in their favour. This effectively rendered the public broadcasters independent and self-governing. Public broadcasters have announced that they are determined to use all available ways to reach their "customers" and as such have started

8928-587: Was the goal of the ARD from the outset and the go-ahead for this was given at the end of 1952. The same year ARD was admitted as a fully active member of the European Broadcasting Union and the "German sound archive", now German Broadcasting Archive (DRA, D eutsches R undfunk a rchiv), was established as a joint facility of the ARD. In 1955 the founding member NWDR ("Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk", English: "North-West German Broadcasting") split into today's NDR and WDR. The year before (1954)

9024-540: Was the last short-wave station to remain on the air in wartime Germany. Its substation in Flensburg , known as the Reichssender Flensburg, broadcast the last announcements from the headquarters of the German army, OKW , over local cable radio and announced the death of Adolf Hitler to the German people on 1 May 1945. All radio broadcasting ceased at the end of World War II and implementation of

9120-603: Was the organization responsible for public broadcasting in the German Federal States of Hamburg , Lower Saxony , Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia from 22 September 1945 to 31 December 1955. Until 1954, it was also responsible for broadcasting in West Berlin . NWDR was a founder member of the consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany,

9216-552: Was €682 million, 66 per cent of which was allocated to the ORF. The remaining 34 per cent was allocated to the federal government and local governments to fund cultural activities. GIS employs 191 people and has approximately 125 freelancers in the field service. 3.4 million Austrian households are registered with the GIS with 2.5 per cent evading the licence. The television & radio licence fee varies between states . As of 2022, Styria has

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